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        ? 首頁(yè) ? 理論教育 ?肺癌的化學(xué)預(yù)防

        肺癌的化學(xué)預(yù)防

        時(shí)間:2023-05-06 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:肺癌的預(yù)防在于戒煙,從西方國(guó)家多年來(lái)大力戒煙而使肺癌的發(fā)生率趨于穩(wěn)定已得到證明。維甲酸受體的激活可影響細(xì)胞內(nèi)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,對(duì)癌前病變細(xì)胞的逆轉(zhuǎn)具有較好作用。流行病學(xué)的調(diào)查資料顯示,β-胡蘿卜素的攝入與肺癌的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān),是否可作為化學(xué)預(yù)防劑尚待臨床的進(jìn)一步研究。前者可降低谷胱甘肽水平,而后者與肺癌的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)。

        第五節(jié) 肺癌的化學(xué)預(yù)防

        肺癌的預(yù)防在于戒煙,從西方國(guó)家多年來(lái)大力戒煙而使肺癌的發(fā)生率趨于穩(wěn)定已得到證明。化學(xué)預(yù)防的研究周期長(zhǎng),至少需要數(shù)以千計(jì)的志愿者,因此,在實(shí)際操作上十分困難。目前采用分子生物學(xué)指標(biāo)的測(cè)定,從而加快了研究的進(jìn)展以及減少了受試者人數(shù)。

        可以作為檢測(cè)標(biāo)志物的是痰液。Prindiville等人發(fā)現(xiàn),痰液中出現(xiàn)中度或重度間變上皮細(xì)胞,則10年內(nèi)有20%患者發(fā)生肺癌。因此,一些臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)將痰液中上皮細(xì)胞的間變發(fā)生率作為觀察的終點(diǎn)指標(biāo)。由于正常細(xì)胞向腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)某些基因的甲基化,因此,測(cè)定DNA甲基化也可作為痰液上皮細(xì)胞檢查的指標(biāo),兩者同時(shí)檢測(cè)可以增加肺癌發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估的正確性。另一種研究指標(biāo)是通過(guò)纖維支氣管鏡檢查支氣管上皮,這是一種最簡(jiǎn)易且清晰的研究指標(biāo),但反復(fù)纖維支氣管鏡檢查造成志愿者的痛苦。纖維支氣管鏡檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)支氣管上皮細(xì)胞從間變到癌前病變以及原位癌的病理發(fā)展過(guò)程。在化學(xué)預(yù)防實(shí)驗(yàn)中,最好的觀察可使用熒光纖維支氣管鏡,利用免疫組織學(xué)技術(shù)測(cè)定Ki-67基因的表達(dá),后者與支氣管上皮細(xì)胞的間變以及間變的程度有關(guān)。其他與腫瘤發(fā)生的相關(guān)因素包括COX-2、PGIS、PGES、CPLA以及EGF-R等均可作為分子標(biāo)志物來(lái)進(jìn)行化學(xué)預(yù)防的研究。

        由于研究周期較長(zhǎng)且研究的最終觀察點(diǎn)不一致,因此,化學(xué)預(yù)防藥物的研究目前仍較滯后,報(bào)道較多的是維生素A族的預(yù)防作用。

        1.視黃醛(維甲酸)視黃醛是維生素A族的衍生物,其作用可調(diào)控正常細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞的分化、增殖和凋亡。天然和人工合成的維甲酸包括全反、13-順式和9-順式維甲酸,可在細(xì)胞內(nèi)很快轉(zhuǎn)化為立體異構(gòu)體。維甲酸受體的激活可影響細(xì)胞內(nèi)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,對(duì)癌前病變細(xì)胞的逆轉(zhuǎn)具有較好作用。

        2.β-胡蘿卜素β-胡蘿卜素是維生素A族類化合物的前體。流行病學(xué)的調(diào)查資料顯示,β-胡蘿卜素的攝入與肺癌的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān),是否可作為化學(xué)預(yù)防劑尚待臨床的進(jìn)一步研究。

        3.其他主要包括N-乙酰半胱氨酸和維生素E。前者可降低谷胱甘肽水平,而后者與肺癌的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者合用的效果更好。

        (錢 浩 沈 磊)

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