輸入關(guān)鍵詞語,查找同題新聞背景
3.6.5 輸入關(guān)鍵詞語,查找同題新聞背景
新聞背景(或背景材料)是指新聞中與主體新聞密切相關(guān)的歷史情況、環(huán)境條件以及新聞產(chǎn)生原因和注釋性的材料。一條新聞,可以只用現(xiàn)實(shí)發(fā)生的新聞材料寫成。若只有背景材料是無法寫成一條新聞的。但是否使用和如何使用背景材料,要視實(shí)際情況和表現(xiàn)新聞主題的需要而定。比較復(fù)雜的新聞或知識(shí)性較強(qiáng)的新聞,一般都不可避免地使用相關(guān)的背景材料。
漢英電視新聞翻譯絕非一般意義上的翻譯。正如張健(2003:165)所述,對(duì)外報(bào)道的翻譯是用外文進(jìn)行“再創(chuàng)造”,而背景解釋就是這個(gè)“再創(chuàng)造”過程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。一方面,背景解釋本身就是新聞寫作的重要元素。另一方面,在對(duì)外宣傳報(bào)道中,由于目的受眾是外國人,而外國人對(duì)于中國的情況大多缺乏了解,吳自選(2005:24)指出,一般英語受眾對(duì)中國及其文化的了解相當(dāng)有限,甚至一無所知。因此,在很多情況下,如果一篇內(nèi)宣新聞報(bào)道已經(jīng)非常完整和完善的話,以這篇內(nèi)宣新聞稿為基礎(chǔ)翻譯而來的對(duì)外報(bào)道新聞稿有必要增添上一些必要的背景,這些背景在中國人看來或許是多余的,沒有必要的,但是在對(duì)外報(bào)道中卻是不可或缺的。在從事對(duì)外新聞報(bào)道翻譯的時(shí)候,在譯文中增添一些原文中并不需要解釋的新聞背景就大有必要,也非常重要,有助于外國受眾對(duì)新聞事件獲得更加全面的了解和理解。如在一篇關(guān)于臺(tái)灣商人春節(jié)包機(jī)回臺(tái)灣過年的英語新聞報(bào)道中,在GOOGLE中輸入“兩岸包機(jī)”的譯文cross-Straits charter flights進(jìn)行查詢便可找到多篇我國中央級(jí)媒體對(duì)這一事件的報(bào)道,其中就有如下一段背景介紹:Mainland commercial planes landed and took off on Taiwan for the first time in January 2005 under a landmark agreement on direct cross-Straits charter flights for the Spring Festival.Taipei banned transport,trade and postal links between the island and China mainland back in 1949.這樣的背景在中文稿件中是沒有的,但是在翻譯過程中增添上這一背景,就有助于外國受眾更好地理解。又如,在翻譯一篇關(guān)于某慈善機(jī)構(gòu)為弱勢群體募集冬衣的新聞報(bào)道時(shí),如果在新聞報(bào)道的末尾加上一段文字介紹我國慈善機(jī)構(gòu)在救濟(jì)貧困人口的公益活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮的積極作用,該新聞報(bào)道的價(jià)值就更加凸現(xiàn)。China currently has more than 280,000 non-governmental charity organizations registered in the Ministry of Civil Affairs by the end of 2004.And the membership of the China Charity Federation has risen to 168 in the past 11 years since its founding in 1994.It is estimated that by the end of 2004,about 5 billion yuan or 617 million US dollars had been donated to China's charitable organizations,accounting for 0.05 percent ofthe gross domestic product.In comparison,it was 2.17 percent in the United States.
在翻譯專業(yè)背景很強(qiáng)的新聞稿件時(shí),GOOGLE查詢所獲得的新聞背景更是能夠大顯身手。比如說,有一篇中文新聞報(bào)道說的是江蘇省成功救治首例胎齡最小的早產(chǎn)兒。要做好這篇新聞的翻譯,首當(dāng)其沖的任務(wù)就是要確認(rèn)“胎齡”在英語中怎么說,尤其是新聞?wù)闹羞€提到了醫(yī)學(xué)上對(duì)不同胎齡嬰兒的分類介紹,很顯然,“胎齡”在該新聞中屬于重要新聞內(nèi)容,翻譯時(shí)無法回避。由于專業(yè)背景知識(shí)的缺乏,一下子無法確認(rèn)“胎齡”對(duì)應(yīng)的英文關(guān)鍵詞可能是哪幾個(gè)單詞,從而給查詢帶來一定的困難。于是,只能嘗試用“胎兒”和“年齡”分別對(duì)應(yīng)的英文單詞fetus和age作為線索,希望至少能夠獲得可利用的有效線索,為下一步查詢提供方便。沒想到的是,查詢結(jié)果可謂令人喜出望外,因?yàn)檩斎雈etus age進(jìn)行查詢之后獲得的結(jié)果中,第一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁是美國著名的生活網(wǎng)站About.com提供的答案:gestational age(http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/Gestational-age.htm),而之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)令人喜出望外的結(jié)果是因?yàn)樵摼W(wǎng)站對(duì)gestational age提供的釋義中出現(xiàn)了fetus和age這兩個(gè)單詞,而GOOGLE的高相關(guān)性特點(diǎn)把這兩個(gè)單詞聯(lián)系在了一起,從而使得查詢“胎齡”的過程頗有得來全不費(fèi)工夫的感覺。此外,About.com網(wǎng)站對(duì)gestational age的釋義對(duì)于做好該新聞?wù)牡姆g也大有裨益。根據(jù)該網(wǎng)站的釋義,Gestation is the period of time between conception and birth during which the fetus grows and develops inside the mother's womb.Gestational age is the time measured from the first day of the woman's last menstrual cycle to the current date.It is measured in weeks.A pregnancy of normal gestation is approximately 40 weeks,with a normal range of 38 to 42 weeks.Infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature.Infants born after 42 weeks are considered postmature.The gestational maturity rating is measured by the Ballard scale or Dubowitz exam.
在獲得了正確答案之后,為了進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)這個(gè)說法的可靠性,再輸入gestational age進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證查詢,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)著名網(wǎng)絡(luò)百科全書維基百科有著更為詳細(xì)的釋義:Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an embryo or fetus(or newborn infant)from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period(LMP).This standard system of counting the progression of pregnancy starts approximately two weeks before fertilization takes place;it does not in itself constitute the beginning of pregnancy.There is some controversy over the beginning of pregnancy,and alternative counting systems have been suggested.A full-term human pregnancy is considered to be 40 weeks(280 days),though pregnancy lengths between 38 and 42weeks are considered normal.A fetus born prior to the 37th week of gestation is considered premature and faces increased risk of morbidity and mortality.An approximation of the due date is given by Naegele's rule.The gestational age should not be confused with the fertilization age,(also called conceptional age or developmental age)of an embryo or fetus;the fertilization age is always counted from fertilization,and the gestational age is usually greater by about two weeks.
在該中文新聞的正文中,有一段內(nèi)容是關(guān)于這個(gè)最小早產(chǎn)兒出生時(shí)的情況以及醫(yī)學(xué)上是如何對(duì)不同胎齡的嬰兒進(jìn)行分類的:
【同期】南京市兒童醫(yī)院醫(yī)生
體重只有1.1公斤,他的身長只有30公分左右(貼照片畫面)。
【配音】醫(yī)生說,這可是個(gè)“性急”的小家伙,在媽媽肚子里只待了25周零6天就迫不及待地降生了,比正常臨產(chǎn)少了70多天。
【同期】南京市兒童醫(yī)院醫(yī)生
從28周出生到不足37周這段時(shí)間出生的,我們稱為早產(chǎn)兒,而對(duì)于低于28周的我們就叫做超早早產(chǎn)兒。
得益于上述詳細(xì)的專業(yè)背景介紹,翻譯好這篇新聞就顯然容易得多了。根據(jù)漢英新聞翻譯的再創(chuàng)造翻譯原則,上述同期聲和配音的翻譯大致可以編譯如下:
When delivered by caesarean section at least 13 weeks prematurely,the infant weighed 1.1 kg and measured no more than 30 centimeters in length.The doctors said he is an extremely premature infant because he was prematurely born 90 days earlier than the typical gestation of approximately 40 weeks.A pregnancy of normal gestation is about 40 weeks,with a normal range of 38 to 42 weeks.Infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature.Infants born with a gestational age of between 24 and 28 weeks are considered extremely premature.
分析:由于上述中文新聞的正文中在其他地方提到了這是一起剖宮產(chǎn),因此在譯文中介紹孩子出生時(shí)的體重和身高時(shí)就提前提及了When delivered by caesarean section。根據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索到的專業(yè)背景,胎兒的正常妊娠周期為38周到42周,考慮到該中文新聞援引醫(yī)生的話說該嬰兒早產(chǎn)70多天,因此,譯文就取妊娠周期為38周,再減去新聞中明確指出的25周,因此就決定其出生提早了至少13周at least 13 weeks prematurely。不過,這里其實(shí)有些矛盾,因?yàn)?3周至少有91天,與中文新聞中的70多天不符,出現(xiàn)這個(gè)時(shí)間跨度差異可能是由于中文新聞寫作隨意性較大的原因。但為了確保在英語新聞中提供可靠的說法,因此把中文新聞中的70多天改為90天,這樣做也許可以被視為是新聞翻譯再創(chuàng)造的靈活運(yùn)用。
在翻譯該中文新聞的過程中,同樣得益于GOOGLE提供的豐富專業(yè)背景,新聞?wù)闹谐霈F(xiàn)的“腹膜透析”、“中心靜脈置管”和“生命體征”等其他專業(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞語都在網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢中找到了答案。此外,通過這一新聞的翻譯,我們還得以知道,雖然中文同為“妊娠”,但《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》對(duì)“妊娠”只提供了如下釋義:人或動(dòng)物母體內(nèi)有胚胎發(fā)育成長。但是,其相應(yīng)的英語說法卻大有學(xué)問,如果是指胎兒的妊娠過程,其對(duì)應(yīng)英語單詞并不是我們很熟悉的pregnancy,而是絕大多數(shù)人并不了解的gestation。根據(jù)《朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典》,所謂gestation指的是the process by which a child or young animal develops inside its mother's body before birth,而pregnancy則是the condition of being pregnant or the period of time when a woman is pregnant。
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