第一章　養(yǎng)成正確的閱讀習(xí)慣

在考試中，考生需要在既定的時間內(nèi)完成大量的閱讀任務(wù)，因此僅有堅(jiān)實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，考生還需培養(yǎng)正確的閱讀習(xí)慣，掌握一定的閱讀技巧和方法，從而在保證閱讀的正確率的基礎(chǔ)上提高閱讀速度。本篇旨在幫助考生訓(xùn)練并養(yǎng)成正確的閱讀習(xí)慣和閱讀方法。

一、克服不良的閱讀習(xí)慣

想要養(yǎng)成正確的閱讀習(xí)慣，首先要克服不良的閱讀習(xí)慣。在有效閱讀時，眼的快速接受活動和腦的緊張?zhí)幚砘顒討?yīng)是同時進(jìn)行的整體活動。一切外來的活動參與都是多余的，它對閱讀非但沒有幫助，反而會減慢閱讀速度，分散閱讀注意力。許多未受過良好閱讀訓(xùn)練的人往往有很多不良的閱讀習(xí)慣，例如：

1.轉(zhuǎn)頭閱讀

這種不良習(xí)慣表現(xiàn)在閱讀時，讀者隨著眼球視線的移動頭也跟著視線移動。這種毛病主要是學(xué)生閱讀時始終把自己的鼻尖對準(zhǔn)他正在閱讀的每個詞。這樣他順著詞一行一行往下讀時，頭也隨之往來不斷地移動。另外，這個毛病的出現(xiàn)還有可能是因讀者坐姿不正確，眼睛離書本距離過近。美國哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院眼科學(xué)教授David Millei提出，“正常人在閱讀距離為33厘米時，眼睛可以看到長度中等的詞三個”。因此，只要坐姿距離正確，眼球移動視線跨度完全能夠掃過書本，用不著借助頸部的移動。

2.指詞閱讀

這種不良習(xí)慣表現(xiàn)為，學(xué)生在閱讀時經(jīng)常用手指、鉛筆或米尺等其他東西指著詞一個一個地看。這種表象多數(shù)出現(xiàn)在閱讀能力比較差的閱讀者中，他們?yōu)榱俗⒁饬校蛔屢暰€左右復(fù)視，往往借助于某種東西控制自己的視線，并且依賴這種東西引導(dǎo)自己的閱讀。很顯然，這種閱讀方式不僅會減慢閱讀的速度，而且會使學(xué)生的注意力實(shí)際上是集中于一個個的單詞上，很難抓住句子的實(shí)際含義。一般的讀者完全不需要用手或其他東西幫助閱讀，他們的眼睛完全能在書頁上逐行移動。

3.出聲閱讀

它的主要表現(xiàn)形式是：學(xué)生在閱讀時把所看到的每個詞都一個一個地輕聲讀出來，近似喃喃自語（并非朗讀）。還有一種表現(xiàn)形式，即讀者閱讀時雖然不發(fā)出輕微的聲音，但是他的嘴唇、舌、喉頭卻默默地活動，此種形式的弊病主要是使閱讀速度受到了說話速度的限制。由于發(fā)音器官參與了閱讀，讀者一部分注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到如何聲讀某個詞，讀錯了還可能會重讀。因而，逐詞念出來如同指詞閱讀一樣，容易分散閱讀注意力，并且也影響對文章的篇章理解。

4.重復(fù)閱讀

這是指讀者在閱讀的過程中，眼睛的視線短暫地停留在某幾個詞上，或者來回反復(fù)地看幾個詞。這種現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生往往是讀者在閱讀中碰到了生詞，一下子給卡住了，或者是不理解短語或句子的意思，也有可能因?yàn)殚喿x速度過慢導(dǎo)致看到后面忘了前面，整個意思連不起來。為了完全搞清楚整句的意思，重讀一遍是很有必要的，不過不宜過于頻繁，否則很有可能養(yǎng)成重復(fù)閱讀的不良習(xí)慣。

以上這些不良的閱讀習(xí)慣都會影響考生的有效閱讀，大大降低考生的閱讀速度，因此考生應(yīng)該首先糾正這些習(xí)慣。

二、養(yǎng)成正確的閱讀習(xí)慣

對于考生來說，克服逐詞閱讀、養(yǎng)成按意群閱讀的良好的閱讀習(xí)慣是非常必要的。眾所周知，一個句子的意思是由一個個相互聯(lián)系的語義單位所組成。因此，一個高效的閱讀者在閱讀時，他兩眼的注視點(diǎn)不是在單個的單詞上，而是集中在一個具有特定意義的較大語言單位上。也就是說，他是根據(jù)句子中出現(xiàn)的一個個完整的、有意義的意群進(jìn)行閱讀。采用這種閱讀法，閱讀者停頓的注視點(diǎn)比逐詞閱讀大大減少，從而可以大大提高閱讀速度，而且按照意群閱讀，可以給讀者形成一個更大、更完整的句意概念，從而極大地提高了閱讀理解率。一般來說，可以按照句子的一般語法結(jié)構(gòu)把它劃分成以下意群視讀單位：

1.短句

a.How are you？

b.Here it is.

c.It’s 12 o’clock.

2.名詞短語

a.an old man

b.boys and girls

3.介詞、不定式、分詞短語

a.in the morning

b.to be honest

c.frankly speaking

d.greatly influenced by his teacher

4.動詞短語

a.break out

b.take the place of

c.give up

5.主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

a.The boy is sitting between his father and mother.

b.He has been studying for hours.

c.It is supposed to be true.

6.動賓結(jié)構(gòu)

a.help him

b.try to stop

c.enjoy your time

7.系表結(jié)構(gòu)

a.sound interesting

b.look pretty

c.is nice

8.動狀結(jié)構(gòu)

a.run fast

b.stand outside

c.study very hard

9.從句

a.Could you tell me where the dean is？

b.If I were you，I wouldn’t believe this.

c.What he told you is true.

意群單位的劃分不是絕對的。初練者注視的意群單位可以小一些，注視的次數(shù)可以多一些。隨著訓(xùn)練的增加、技能的提高，注視面可以逐漸擴(kuò)大，停頓的次數(shù)逐漸減少。

訓(xùn)練按意群閱讀的方法如下：

方法一

用挖有一個長方形孔的卡片蓋住詞組。然后用卡片由上往下迅速移動，注意迅速閱讀孔里露出來的詞組。這樣讀完一組詞組后，接著回答下面的問題。用“∨”表示你所選擇的答案。你能在兩分鐘內(nèi)讀完下列十組詞組，并回答六個以上的問題嗎？你可以反復(fù)練習(xí)，不斷提高你成組閱讀的習(xí)慣。第一組例解：

all objects

　　all places

　　all people

　　all pipes

　　all lamps

　　　　What have you learned？

　　books_______

　　papers_______

　　places___∨___

for example

　　in general

　　in conclusion

　　on purpose

　　in the end

　　at command

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　instance＿＿＿

　　general＿＿＿

　　conclusion＿＿＿

at large

　　at last

　　at length

　　at night

　　at noon

　　at random

　　in common

　　in abundance

　　in appearance

　　in addition

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　charge＿＿＿

　　combination＿＿＿

　　random＿＿＿

in detail

　　in English

　　in earnest

　　in essence

　　in front

　　in number

　　in point

　　in position

　　no matter

　　nothing else

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　number＿＿＿

　　earnest＿＿＿

　　abstain＿＿＿

at a disadvantage

　　at a distance

　　at full speed

　　break the record

　　by any means

　　by all accounts

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　might＿＿＿

　　equation＿＿＿

　　speed＿＿＿

by the hour

　　by the way

　　catch up with

　　close the switch

　　come in contact

　　come into fashion

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　switch＿＿＿

　　fashion＿＿＿

　　reason＿＿＿

the windows are close

　　the door is open

　　the lights are off

　　at a different time

　　in a different direction

　　at a different speed

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　experiment＿＿＿

　　room＿＿＿

　　lights＿＿＿

a row of columns

　　all large buildings

　　test the experimenter

　　the bottom is thick

　　the top is dark

　　the walls are stone

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　bottom＿＿＿

　　columns＿＿＿

　　stairs＿＿＿

about3 years ago

　　a very useful metal

　　the most useful metal

　　less and less useful

　　of all the alloys

　　to make it stronger

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　years＿＿＿

　　months＿＿＿

　　weeks＿＿＿

from side to side

　　oil trade of tomorrow

　　synthetic food from coal

　　from within the earth

　　high on the list

　　oil in the sea-bed

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　side＿＿＿

　　girl＿＿＿

　　food＿＿＿

方法二

將短文中的句子分成若干個意群，意群與意群之間用斜線分開，這樣考生可以訓(xùn)練自己對意群的敏感性。例如：

（1）

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation（APEC）/should play an even more important role/ in promoting regional economic growth and prosperity，/said by President Jiang Zemin/ yesterday.

The region’s biggest informal forum APEC/recognizes“the reality of diversity in the region/and holds the key to/the success of its member economies/through closer cooperation”，/he said/during the meeting of leaders/from APEC member economies.

The Ninth APEC Economic Leaders’Meeting/concluded yesterday/in Shanghai/as eight months of multilevel gatherings/culminated with a joint declaration/addressing the global economic pains and efforts/to balance globalization.The group also issued a statement/ contemning terrorism/as symbolized by the Sep.11 terrorist attack/on the United States.

The leaders clad/in traditional Chinese silk attire，/concluded their annual gathering yesterday/with a vision for a bright future/in defiance of the current hardships/and promises for closer cooperation.

“The meeting has attained/all its expected goals”，/Jiang told reporters/during a press conference.“APEC members are satisfied with/the achievements of the meeting，/believing that it is a meeting/of great significance/and far-reaching impact.”

By hosting this year’s APEC meetings/on the brink of/its pending entry into WTO，/ China has demonstrated/its commitment to its opening up/and reform policies，/Jiang said.

（2）

Exchange a glance/with someone，/then look away.Do you realize/that you have made a statement？Hold the glance/for a second longer，/and you have made a different statement.Hold it/for 3 seconds，/and the meaning has changed again.For every social situation，/there is a permissible time/that you can hold a person’s gaze/without being intimate，rude，or aggressive.If you are on an elevator，/what gaze-time/are you permitted？To answer this question，/consider what you typically do.You are very likely to/give other passengers/a quick glance/to size them up（打量）/and to assure them/ that you mean no threat.Since being close to another person/signals the possibility of interaction，/you need to/emit a signal/ telling others/you want to be left alone.So you cut off eye contact，/what sociologist Erving Goff man（1963）calls/“a dimming of the lights”.You look down/at the floor，/at the indicator lights，/anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes.Should you break/the rule against staring at a stranger/on an elevator，/ you will make the other person/exceedingly uncomfortable，/and you are likely to/feel a bit strange yourself.

If you hold eye contact/for more than 3 seconds，/what are you telling another person？Much depends on/the person and the situation.For instance，/a man and a woman/ communicate interest in this manner.They typically/gaze at each other/for about 3 seconds/ at a time，/then drop their eyes down/ for 3 seconds，before letting their eyes meet again.But if one man/ gives another man/a 3-second-plus stare，/he signals，“I know you”，/“I am interested in you”，/or“You look peculiar/and I am curious about you.”This type of stare/ often produces hostile feelings.

（3）

In the old days，/children were familiar with/birth and death/as part of life.This is perhaps/the first generation of/American youngsters（年輕人）/who have never been close by/during the birth of a baby/and have never experienced/the death of a family member.

Nowadays/when people grow old，/we often send them to nursing homes.When they get sick，/we transfer them to a hospital，/where children are forbidden/to visit terminally ill patients/even when those patients are their parents.This deprives（剝奪）the dying patient of/significant family members/during the last few days of his life/and it deprives the children of/an experience of death，/which is an important learning experience.

Some of my colleagues and I/once interviewed and followed/approximately 500 terminally ill patients/in order to find out/what they could teach us/and how we could be of more benefit，/not just to them/but to the members of their families as well.We were most impressed by/the fact that/even those patients/who were not told of their serious illness/were quite aware of/its potential outcome.

It is important/for family members，and doctors and nurses/to understand these patients’communications/in order to/truly understand their needs，fears，and fantasies（幻想）.Most of our patients/welcomed another human being/with whom they could talk openly，honestly，and frankly/about their trouble.Many of them/shared with us/their tremendous need/to be informed，/to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition/and to be told when the end was near.We found out/that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly/ were better able to/cope with the approach of death/and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance/prior to death.