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        ? 首頁(yè) ? 理論教育 ?掌握正確有效的閱讀方法

        掌握正確有效的閱讀方法

        時(shí)間:2023-04-05 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:掌握正確有效的閱讀方法_英語(yǔ)第二章 掌握正確有效的閱讀方法應(yīng)試者在閱讀時(shí),除了要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣外,還應(yīng)掌握正確而有效的閱讀方法。高效的閱讀者會(huì)因閱讀的目的不同而采用不同的閱讀方法??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),一般有三種閱讀方法:一、略讀所謂略讀,就是一種帶有一般了解目的的快速閱讀法。

        第二章 掌握正確有效的閱讀方法

        應(yīng)試者在閱讀時(shí),除了要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣外,還應(yīng)掌握正確而有效的閱讀方法。高效的閱讀者會(huì)因閱讀的目的不同而采用不同的閱讀方法??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),一般有三種閱讀方法:

        一、略讀

        所謂略讀(Skimming),就是一種帶有一般了解目的的快速閱讀法。在進(jìn)行略讀時(shí),閱讀者不需要將文章全文看完,也不需對(duì)文章有百分之百的理解。它只是閱讀者的一種概要性瀏覽,抓住文章的主旨,判斷有無(wú)自己感興趣的信息或材料,這種閱讀方法通常用于閱讀日常報(bào)刊雜志或查尋所需的材料。在平時(shí)閱讀訓(xùn)練時(shí),閱讀者可采用以下幾種方法進(jìn)行練習(xí),來(lái)提高略讀技巧。

        (1)略讀時(shí)一定要以最快的速度進(jìn)行閱讀。

        (2)由于閱讀速度快,理解水平允許降低,一般理解率能夠達(dá)到50%或60%即可。

        (3)要特別注意文章的標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題以及某些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),如破折號(hào)、引號(hào)等。這些往往能夠告訴我們文章大致講了些什么內(nèi)容。

        (4)通常應(yīng)認(rèn)真地閱讀文章的第一、第二兩段。這兩段常常是引入段或總起段,作者在這兩段通常都會(huì)交代寫作的目的和文章的大概內(nèi)容。弄清這兩段有助于弄清文章的大意、背景、作者的寫作目的、風(fēng)格和語(yǔ)氣等。一旦我們抓住了中心思想就可以把注意力放在快速瀏覽段落的主題句或結(jié)論句,力求抓住段落大意。段落的主題句或結(jié)論句通常會(huì)在段首或段末的位置,因此閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)多注意這些位置。對(duì)于具體的細(xì)節(jié)部分可以不讀,只用眼睛粗略地掃視一下,注意若干的關(guān)鍵詞、詞組或數(shù)字即可。同時(shí),也要特別注意最后一段,因?yàn)樽詈笠欢瓮墙Y(jié)論所在。

        (5)在快速略讀時(shí)還應(yīng)注意文章中出現(xiàn)的各種連接手段。通過(guò)掌握表示對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、總結(jié)等不同邏輯關(guān)系的各種連接手段來(lái)把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。

        例1:

        Car Running Instructions

        Filling up with fuel

        When filling up with fuel,avoid overfilling the tank,the fuel should not be visible in the filler intake tube.If it is and the car is left in the sun,the fuel may expand.Then there is a danger of fuel leakage.If the tank is accidentally overfilled,park the car in the shade with the filler as high as possible.

        Starting

        Check that the gear lever is in the neutral position and that the hand-brake is on.If the engine is cold,pull out the mixture control(choke).Switch on the ignition,check that the ignition and oil-pressure lights glow,and operate the starter.As soon as the engine starts,release the ignition key and warm up the engine.Check that oil-pressure gauge is registering or that the oil-pressure light goes out.

        Warming up

        Warming up the engine by allowing it to idle slowly is harmful and leads to excessive cylinder wear.The correct procedure is to let the engine run fairly fast,approximately one thousand revolutions(revs)per minute(1000 rpm),corresponding to a speed of twenty-five kilometers per hour(25 kph)in top gear.This allows it to reach is correct working temperature as quickly as possible.Far less damage is done by driving the car from cold,than by letting the engine idle slowly.

        Running in

        The way a new car is looked after will have an important effect on its future life.Engine and road speeds during this early period must be limited.During the first eight hundred kilometers:Do not exceed seventy kilometers per hour.Do not operate at full throttle in any gear.Do not allow the engine to labor in any gear.After the running-in period,speeds should be gradually increased up to maximum performance.

        Ignition light

        The light should glow when the ignition is switched on.It should go out and stay out at all times while the engine is running above normal idling speed.On cars with an alternator,the warning light should go out immediately the engine is started.Failure to do so shows a fault in the battery charging system.Check that the fan-belt is correctly tensioned,before consulting your dealer.

        Temperature gauge

        When the engine is running,the gauge shows the temperature of the coolant leaving the cylinder head.When the ignition is switched off,the needle returns to the“cold”position.

        這段說(shuō)明文字共有六段,每一段以黑體詞點(diǎn)出中心意思。通過(guò)閱讀文章的題目《汽車運(yùn)行指南》,我們就可以了解本文的體裁是說(shuō)明文,文章的主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于汽車運(yùn)行時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)。再通過(guò)閱讀各段的黑體詞,我們就可知道每一段是關(guān)于汽車運(yùn)行哪一方面的指令性說(shuō)明。如果我們只對(duì)其中一條或數(shù)條感興趣,則可較細(xì)心地讀完有關(guān)段落,對(duì)其余的只要讀一下黑體詞就可以了。

        例2:

        Not Only for Children?

        Recently,a rather sophisticated woman told me shyly that she saves up all her presents until Christmas morning and then sits up in bed and opens them,just like a child.She thought I would laugh at her and say how silly she was.But in fact I was absolutely delighted to meet someone who treats Christmas as I do.

        M any people today have a very different attitude to Christmas.They think it’s just a time when shopkeepers make a lot of money and everyone rushes round buying presents they don’t want to give and food they don’t want to eat.But have they grown so far away from their own childhood that they can’t remember all the good things?

        First of all,Christmas takes you out of the ordinary routine of life.For children,the fun begins weeks before when the decorations are put up,and excitement gradually increases as December the 25th approaches.

        Everyone seem s much friendlier to each other than usual at Christmastime.You can lean out of a car window when you are stopped at the traffic lights and say“Merry Christmas”,and people will smile and respond.You probably wouldn’t think of doing that at any other time of the year.Perhaps it’s because most people are on holiday or because everyone knows that they are sharing a similar experience.Giving presents can be very satisfying,too,if you plan enough in advance and really think of the right present for the right person.

        Indeed,whatever shopkeepers gain out of Christmas,it is still a“holy day”,the words from which“holiday”is derived and it gives people time to pause and concentrate for a moment on non-commercial values.

        這篇文章的題目《不僅僅為了孩子?》提出了一個(gè)問(wèn)題。這種題目通常是論說(shuō)文的題目,而且常常是駁斥型論說(shuō)文的題目。這是我們通過(guò)閱讀文章題目可以得到的關(guān)于文章體裁方面的信息。然后,我們通過(guò)快速略讀文章首尾兩段、各段的段首句和段尾句就可以把握全文的主要內(nèi)容和作者關(guān)于這一問(wèn)題的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。這篇文章主要是探討人們對(duì)圣誕節(jié)應(yīng)持的態(tài)度。第一段通過(guò)舉例表明了作者對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的基本觀點(diǎn)——即第一段最后一句話所表明的意思“事實(shí)上,我非常高興能看到有人和我一樣對(duì)待圣誕節(jié)”。第二段的段首句說(shuō)明了該段的中心意思“現(xiàn)在很多人對(duì)待圣誕節(jié)的態(tài)度和我們十分不同”。而該段的段尾句表明了作者對(duì)這些人所持態(tài)度的評(píng)價(jià)。從這一句不難看出作者是不贊成這些人對(duì)待圣誕節(jié)的態(tài)度的。第三段和第四段分別論述了和圣誕節(jié)相關(guān)的美好的事情——“圣誕節(jié)可以把你從循規(guī)蹈矩的日常生活中解放出來(lái)”和“在圣誕節(jié)期間大家對(duì)彼此好像比平時(shí)更為友好”,都是用段首句表達(dá)了該段的主要意思。最后一段為結(jié)尾段,既總結(jié)了圣誕節(jié)的意義——“它是神圣的節(jié)日”,又再次表明了作者對(duì)圣誕節(jié)的肯定態(tài)度。因此,在讀這篇文章的時(shí)候,只要抓住這些重點(diǎn)部分,通過(guò)略讀的方法可以很快地了解文章的主要內(nèi)容。

        例3:

        In bringing up children,every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition(學(xué)會(huì))of each new skill—the first spoken words,the first independent steps,or the beginning of reading and writing.It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate,but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child.This might happen at any stage.A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early,a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads.On the other hand,though,if a child is left alone too much,or without any learning opportunities,he loses hisnatural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.

        Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children.Some may be especially strict in money matters.Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals.In general,the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness.

        As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child,consistency is very important in parental teaching.To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality(道德).Also,parents should realize that“example is better than precept”.If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach(說(shuō)教),their children may grow confused,and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves,and realize they have been to some extent fooled.

        A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.

        這篇文章主要是探討在孩子成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中父母所起的作用。第一段主要談及了父母望子成龍的心情以及由此心情導(dǎo)致的種種催促孩子學(xué)習(xí)各種新技能的做法,并指出了這種做法的副作用。第二段的結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰,段首句點(diǎn)出了該段的主要內(nèi)容“父母在管教孩子的嚴(yán)格程度上有所不同”。隨后,用“一些人”和“另一些人”分述了父母的不同之處。段尾用“總的來(lái)說(shuō)”說(shuō)明了導(dǎo)致這些不同之處的根結(jié)“父母在要求孩子的時(shí)候考慮的是他們自身的需要和社會(huì)的認(rèn)可,而不是孩子們自身的需要”。第三段的中心意思是由段首句和“also”后面的句子共同表達(dá)的——“在教育成長(zhǎng)中的孩子道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí),父母教育上的一致性是非常重要的”和“父母的以身作則在教育成長(zhǎng)中的孩子道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)同樣很重要”。因此,可以看到在用略讀的方法閱讀這篇文章時(shí),除了應(yīng)該注意到在略讀中應(yīng)注意的文章首尾兩段及每段的段首和段尾句,還應(yīng)該注意到表示文章邏輯的轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)展的信號(hào)詞——我們?cè)诘谝黄兄v的各種表示文章關(guān)聯(lián)的手段。

        二、掃讀或查讀

        這是一種帶有具體目的的速讀方法。它是指讀者在面臨大量文獻(xiàn)資料時(shí),為了迅速準(zhǔn)確地獲取所需要的具體信息所采用的快速掃視定位式的閱讀方法。它的特點(diǎn)是閱讀時(shí)間少,收到的實(shí)際效果快。讀者在查讀時(shí)不必閱覽全部材料,只需針對(duì)自己的閱讀目的進(jìn)行有選擇的閱讀,從中找出答案。它與略讀有所差別,略讀是閱讀者對(duì)生疏的材料進(jìn)行總的了解,而查讀是閱讀者對(duì)閱讀材料在事先有所了解的情況下所進(jìn)行的一種解決具體問(wèn)題的閱讀。具有較強(qiáng)的查讀能力是做好閱讀理解中的大量細(xì)節(jié)題目的關(guān)鍵。

        在讀者的日常生活中經(jīng)常會(huì)運(yùn)用這種閱讀方式。例如,讀者在電話號(hào)碼簿上查找某個(gè)特定單位的電話號(hào)碼,或者在列車、輪船或航班時(shí)刻表上查尋某次車、船、航班離開(kāi)或到達(dá)的具體時(shí)間以及沿途的停靠情況,若要準(zhǔn)確、迅速地做到這些,就需要對(duì)電話號(hào)碼簿、車船時(shí)刻表的編排方式先有個(gè)大致的了解。那么怎樣才能掌握好這一技巧呢?一般來(lái)說(shuō),讀者應(yīng)按照下列幾點(diǎn)要求去做:

        (1)在確定了要找的具體信息后,要注意熟悉材料的編排方式以及具體內(nèi)容所在的位置。有些材料是按字母順序編排的,如詞典、電話號(hào)碼簿等;有些資料是按時(shí)間順序編排的,如電視節(jié)目單、年鑒等。有些則是按內(nèi)容編排的,如報(bào)紙、雜志的各種版面,書籍的目錄等。不管是什么材料,它們都有自己一定的編排方式。如果想了解某事是何時(shí)發(fā)生的,那就要在材料中尋找日期線索。如果想要知道某個(gè)特定的人做了什么事,那就應(yīng)順著人名的線索來(lái)找。如果想找書中的某個(gè)章節(jié),就要先翻看書的目錄,等等。注意,與所查內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)的信息就可以一帶而過(guò)。

        (2)查讀時(shí),為了提高速度,要綜合利用目光的各種掃視。由于查閱是一種捕捉具體信息的速讀方式,尋覓時(shí)眼睛的運(yùn)動(dòng)可采用來(lái)回掃視型、垂直繅絲型、左下右上掃視型和Z字掃視型,直至尋找到所需的內(nèi)容。

        (3)查讀的準(zhǔn)確性應(yīng)是100%,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)所找的內(nèi)容就得仔細(xì)閱讀,同時(shí)查閱也就結(jié)束。

        例4:

        Evolution of the World Record for the One—Mile Run Up to the Four-Minute Mile

        Year Individual/Country Time

        1864   Charles Lawes/Britain     4:56

        1865   Richard Webster/Britain    4:36.5

        1868   William Chinnery/Britain   4:29

        1868   W.C.Gibbs/Britain       4:28.8

        1874   Walter Slade/Britain     4:26

        1875   Walter Slade/Britain     4:24.5

        1880   Walter George/Britain     4:23.2

        1882   Walter George/Britain     4:21.4

        1882   Walter George/Britain     4:19.4

        1884   Walter George/Britain     4:18.4

        1894   Fred Bacon/Scotland      4:18.2

        1895   Fred Bacon/Scotland      4:17

        1895   Thomas Conneff/U.S.      4:15.6

        1911   John Paul Jones/U.S.     4:15.4

        1913   John Paul Jones/U.S.     4:14.6

        1915   Norman Taber/U.S.      4:12.6

        1923   Paavo Nurmi/Finland      4:10.4

        1931   Jules Ladoumegue/France    4:09.2

        1933   Jack Lovelock/New Zealand   4:07.6

        1934   Glenn Cunninghan/U.S.     4:06.8

        1937   Sydney Wooderson/Britain   4:06.4

        1942   Gunder Haegg/Sweden      4:04.6

        1943   Arne Andersson/Sweden     4:02.6

        1944   Arne Andersson/Sweden     4:01.6

        1945   Gunder Haegg/Sweden      4:01.4

        1954   Roger Bannister/Britain    3:59.4

        (Selected from Skimming and Scanning 1982)

        (1)How fast did Roger Bannister run the one-mile run?

        (2)Who broke his own record the most time?

        (3)In what year was the mile run in 4:07.6minutes?

        (4)How fast was the one-mile run in 1864?

        (5)In what years did a runner from Sweden break the record?

        (6)Which country broke the record most often?

        (7)In what year was the mile run in 4:06.8minutes?

        答案:1.3:59.4  2.Walter George  3.1933  4.4:56  5.1942—1945  6.Britain  7.1934

        在用查讀方式做這一練習(xí)時(shí),首先要清楚閱讀材料的編排方式以便迅速查找所需信息。這篇閱讀材料是以表格形式按年代先后順序編排的,左邊一欄是年代,中間一欄先是個(gè)人然后是國(guó)家,右邊一欄是時(shí)間(速度)。在具體做題是要注意抓住題干中最有提示作用的關(guān)鍵詞以保證可用最快的速度找到所需信息。在第一題中,最有提示意義的是大寫的人名Roger Bannister,由于人名比較復(fù)雜,可將它簡(jiǎn)化為RB,這樣查找起來(lái)就比較簡(jiǎn)單了。所需信息出現(xiàn)在材料最后一行,由于問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是速度,因此答案是3:59.4。第三題應(yīng)以時(shí)間4:07.6為參照點(diǎn);第四題以年代1864為參照點(diǎn);第五題以國(guó)家Sweden為參照點(diǎn);第七題以時(shí)間4:06.8為參照點(diǎn)。這些題目都較為簡(jiǎn)單,做題方法也比較機(jī)械。但是,剩下的第二、第六題就稍微復(fù)雜一些。這時(shí)由于沒(méi)有直接的參照點(diǎn)可以利用,就必須明確用什么方式可以最快找到答案。所謂的哪個(gè)人、哪個(gè)國(guó)家打破記錄的次數(shù)最多,其實(shí)就是哪個(gè)人的人名、哪個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)名重復(fù)次數(shù)最多。明確了這一點(diǎn),就很容易找到答案了。由此練習(xí)可以看出:正確迅速地判斷具有提示作用的題干關(guān)鍵詞是什么是做題速度和準(zhǔn)確性的有力保障。

        三、精讀或研讀(Intensive Reading)

        精讀是讀者最熟悉的一種閱讀方式,它是指讀者對(duì)文章進(jìn)行細(xì)致的閱讀,力求對(duì)文章有深層次的理解,以獲得精確、具體的信息。在進(jìn)行精讀時(shí),讀者經(jīng)常要綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言基本功,借助語(yǔ)法常識(shí)對(duì)句意進(jìn)行分析,以達(dá)到精確理解的目的。這種閱讀方法通??梢杂脕?lái)解答考試中關(guān)于作者的意圖、句意的引申,以及詞義猜測(cè)之類的題目。

        應(yīng)試者在考試時(shí)應(yīng)綜合利用這三種閱讀方法來(lái)回答各種類型的問(wèn)題。首先,應(yīng)試者應(yīng)采用略讀法迅速瀏覽一遍短文,對(duì)短文的體裁及題材、文章的主題、結(jié)構(gòu)等細(xì)節(jié)的分布情況有一個(gè)大概的了解。這時(shí)不可糾纏于短文中的生詞或難句,應(yīng)盡可能快地讀完全文。同時(shí),略讀法還可用來(lái)回答關(guān)于文章主題思想的問(wèn)題。然后,再閱讀短文后的問(wèn)題,這時(shí)用查閱的方法迅速在短文中鎖定與問(wèn)題相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)部分的位置。最后,再用精讀的方法,仔細(xì)閱讀與題目相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)部分的內(nèi)容,以便準(zhǔn)確地找到答案。由此可見(jiàn),正確有效的閱讀方法對(duì)于提高閱讀理解力和答題的正確率是十分關(guān)鍵的。應(yīng)試者在平時(shí)的閱讀訓(xùn)練中就應(yīng)注意運(yùn)用這幾種閱讀方法。

        此外,應(yīng)試者可充分利用試題冊(cè),在相關(guān)處做記號(hào)??次恼聲r(shí)最好隨時(shí)在文章各段的關(guān)鍵詞句上做標(biāo)記,尤其對(duì)帶有特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的地方、大寫的人名地名和某些重要地方,如主題句、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)(因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、列舉、舉例)等處畫線,答題時(shí)能幫助應(yīng)試者理解文章,省去查找的時(shí)間。

        在做題時(shí),應(yīng)試者應(yīng)遵循先易后難的原則。一般來(lái)說(shuō),一篇文章的選擇題的先后順序是根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容的先后安排的。除了推理性問(wèn)題,跳蹦現(xiàn)象很少。因此,提倡一口氣做完。遇到暫時(shí)做不了的,先在題上打上記號(hào),繼續(xù)往下做。這樣,可大大節(jié)省時(shí)間,而將難題留在檢查時(shí)再重點(diǎn)擊破。對(duì)某詞或某句不甚理解時(shí),不要停留在原處反復(fù)閱讀,應(yīng)對(duì)整段迅速再讀一遍,了解整體意義,結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行推測(cè)。對(duì)做不出的題,在前后上下文語(yǔ)言環(huán)境的烘托下再思考,找出正確答案,絕不留空題。

        最后,應(yīng)試者應(yīng)切記:一切從原文出發(fā)?;卮饐?wèn)題一定要嚴(yán)格遵照文章中直述的或隱含的觀點(diǎn),絕不要根據(jù)自己的主觀想象去臆斷。閱讀理解部分的解題方法與其他測(cè)試項(xiàng)目的解題方法一樣,主要采用直接確定法或排除法。直接確定法適用于考生能在原文中直接找到或推測(cè)出問(wèn)題的答案,然后做出正確的選擇;排除法要求考生必須結(jié)合問(wèn)題及原文,將四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)一一檢驗(yàn),排除各個(gè)干擾項(xiàng),最后得出正確信息。特別對(duì)于難題可采取排除法,把不可能成為答案的選項(xiàng)逐一排除,剩下的一個(gè)可能就是正確答案。

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