在直接中的應(yīng)用
對于急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的PCI治療,其主要原則就是盡快開通梗死相關(guān)冠狀動脈,現(xiàn)已成為大型心臟中心搶救AMI患者的首選方法。直接PCI較一般擇期PCI更復(fù)雜、更危險(xiǎn)、更容易發(fā)生并發(fā)癥。在直接PCI過程中,術(shù)者不僅要處理手術(shù)本身的問題,還要處理患者瞬息萬變的病情,直接PCI如果失敗,其病死率顯著高于保守治療方式。所以,對于直接PCI不僅要快,更要成功開通梗死相關(guān)冠脈。
目前,PCI手術(shù)路徑主要有3種:①股動脈,是最傳統(tǒng)的,最經(jīng)典的PCI路徑;②肱動脈,雖然肱動脈路徑較股動脈路徑開展早5年以上,但其較股動脈細(xì),且周圍有正中神經(jīng)、橈神經(jīng)、尺神經(jīng)走行,并發(fā)癥多且嚴(yán)重,現(xiàn)已基本淘汰;③橈動脈,其并發(fā)癥少,患者痛苦小,現(xiàn)已有逐漸替代股動脈傳統(tǒng)路徑的趨勢。
1.經(jīng)橈動脈直接PCI的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)(表6-8)
表6-8 TRI與TFI直接PCI優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)比較
2.關(guān)于TRI在直接PCI中應(yīng)用的臨床研究 2003年,TEMPURA前瞻性研究表明經(jīng)橈動脈通路行直接PCI,可顯著減少穿刺部位的并發(fā)癥和住院時(shí)間,而且手術(shù)時(shí)間、曝光時(shí)間、造影劑用量和近遠(yuǎn)期心血管不良事件發(fā)生率等方面與股動脈通路相比無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。對于肥胖、合并高血壓、接受糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑治療等高出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者TRI較TFI出血并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更低。2005年,Kim JY等研究顯示,AMI患者經(jīng)橈動脈行直接PCI與經(jīng)股動脈相比在梗死相關(guān)冠脈開通時(shí)間,手術(shù)時(shí)間等方面無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但血管并發(fā)癥(7%vs 16%)和住院時(shí)間上(5.3±2.6 vs 8.4±6.2)顯著低于經(jīng)股動脈途徑。2007年,Cruden NL等回顧性分析了287例AMI行補(bǔ)救PCI的患者,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TRI與TFI相比PCI成功率、住院期間病死率、手術(shù)時(shí)間、曝光量無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但TRI使血管并發(fā)癥顯著減低,并縮短了患者的術(shù)后住院天數(shù)。2008年,Yan ZX等連續(xù)入選103例年齡≥65歲的老年AMI接受直接PCI的患者,分為TRI組57例,TFI組46例,對比兩組的穿刺成功率、穿刺時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥、1個(gè)月MACE等,結(jié)果(表6-9)提示,老年AMI患者經(jīng)橈動脈行直接PCI安全、有效,可顯著縮短住院天數(shù)和穿刺點(diǎn)血管并發(fā)癥。2009年,Ruzsa Z等對比了單中心2001-2006年5年來AMI患者經(jīng)橈動脈與經(jīng)股動脈兩種途徑行直接PCI的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和臨床結(jié)果。連續(xù)入選582例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者,其中43例由于心源性休克或補(bǔ)救PCI被除外,其余539例患者分為TRI組(n=167),TFI組(n=372),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),TRI組有5%的患者改變?nèi)肼?,TFI組有0.8%的患者改變?nèi)肼?,(P<0.05);主要的血管并發(fā)癥TRI組為0,TFI組為5%,次要的血管并發(fā)癥TRI組為4%,TFI組為9%,TRI組均顯著低于TFI組;1個(gè)月時(shí)MACE發(fā)生率TRI組(4%)也顯著低于TFI組(11%);兩組間器械耗材無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,提示,TRI在STEMI患者中同樣安全、有效,且并發(fā)癥少。
表6-9 65歲以上AMI患者TRI與TFI的比較
(高 陸 張 萍)
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