利用無(wú)人飛行器進(jìn)行航空地球物理探測(cè)
6.5 利用無(wú)人飛行器進(jìn)行航空地球物理探測(cè)
無(wú)人飛行器又稱(chēng)為無(wú)人航空器系統(tǒng)(Unmanned Airborne Vehicle,UAV;Unmanned Aircraft Systems,UAS),飛機(jī)發(fā)明后不久,就有UAV。20世紀(jì)50~60年代美國(guó)將UAV用于軍事偵察,到20世紀(jì)末,美國(guó)等國(guó)家廣泛應(yīng)用UAV執(zhí)行各種軍事任務(wù),隨后UAV開(kāi)始作民用。現(xiàn)在有32個(gè)國(guó)家開(kāi)發(fā)和制造大約250種類(lèi)型的UAV。20世紀(jì)80年代起,美國(guó)一些研究機(jī)構(gòu)就研發(fā)利用UAV進(jìn)行地球物理探測(cè)的技術(shù)(磁測(cè)和甚低頻VLF測(cè)量)。
6.5.1 實(shí)際運(yùn)用
21世紀(jì)起始,有幾家公司利用UAV做航空磁測(cè)商業(yè)飛行[36~37]。加拿大Fugro Airborne Surveys公司2003年與設(shè)計(jì)制造UAV的美國(guó)Insitu公司(小而有名,現(xiàn)已并入波音公司)合作,制成航磁UAV系統(tǒng)——GeoRanger。2005年在試驗(yàn)地飛行幾百測(cè)線公里,與以往的航磁結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,驗(yàn)證取得成功之后,在加拿大魁北克加佩斯附近的圣勞倫斯灣海面上進(jìn)行了首次商業(yè)飛行,共完成13 000測(cè)線公里。Fugro公司計(jì)劃于2006年使用GeoRanger在加拿大和澳大利亞飛行100 000測(cè)線公里,見(jiàn)圖67及圖68。該公司的技術(shù)人員還申請(qǐng)了專(zhuān)利(PCT/CA2005/001557)。
圖6-7 加拿大Fugro公司的GEORANGER無(wú)人航空磁測(cè)飛機(jī)[37]
圖6-8 加拿大Fugro公司GEORANGER的地面控制站[37]
萬(wàn)能飛翔地球物理公司(Universal Wing Geophysics Corporation)2007年在加拿大三個(gè)地區(qū)使用UAV共完成28 100測(cè)線公里的磁測(cè)工作。英國(guó)Magsurvey Ltd.公司經(jīng)過(guò)多年研發(fā),制成Prion(UAV),裝載銫光泵磁力儀做磁測(cè)。加拿大山德?tīng)柕厍蛭锢砉荆⊿anders Geophysics Ltd.,SGL)與渥太華卡列頓大學(xué)(Carleton University)合作制成新型的搭載磁力儀的UAV,命名為GeoSurvⅡ。GeoSurvⅡ樣機(jī)長(zhǎng)3.8m,翼展4.8m,最大起飛質(zhì)量70kg,磁力儀安裝在翼尖。要求飛行高度10m,時(shí)速110km,留空4h。還要求可爬升到2500m高度,以便測(cè)量UAV自身的磁場(chǎng)特征而不受地下的影響。按計(jì)劃GeoSurvⅡ在2008年進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)飛行,同時(shí)還要研究解決障礙物探測(cè)和避撞等問(wèn)題。
6.5.2 應(yīng)用前景
從飛行高度來(lái)看,有的UAV可以飛得很低,可以在離地面20m以下的高度做起伏飛行;有的UAV可以飛得很高,在20~30km的高空飛行。在高、低兩端,有人駕駛的飛機(jī)不能執(zhí)行任務(wù),全靠UAV。對(duì)于地球物理探測(cè)來(lái)說(shuō),在其他的高度上,與有人駕駛的飛機(jī)相比,UAV也有它的優(yōu)越性。在幾十、幾百甚至幾千米高度上采用UAV進(jìn)行地球物理探測(cè)是我們應(yīng)該積極、認(rèn)真考慮的問(wèn)題。英國(guó)巴納德微系統(tǒng)公司(Barnard Microsystems Limited)的巴納德博士,在與FUGRO、SGL等實(shí)力雄厚的航空物探公司的專(zhuān)家們探討之后,對(duì)于運(yùn)用UAV進(jìn)行地球物理探測(cè)問(wèn)題,提出了全面、詳盡的見(jiàn)解[38~39]。
小型的UAV可配備導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)(如GPS)、激光掃描高度計(jì)并用計(jì)算機(jī)控制,可以在20m以下貼地飛行,能夠獲得精確的高分辨率數(shù)據(jù),可以代替費(fèi)力費(fèi)錢(qián)的地面磁測(cè),還有希望代替地面重力測(cè)量。小型的UAV只需要一小塊平地即可操作,不需要飛機(jī)場(chǎng);油耗少、留空時(shí)間長(zhǎng),可在夜間飛行,因此單位測(cè)線公里的成本低。由于成本低,可以在同一地區(qū)多次觀測(cè),提高數(shù)據(jù)的精度和可靠性,并且可以在不同時(shí)間進(jìn)行觀測(cè),探測(cè)物理場(chǎng)隨時(shí)間的變化,提供4維(4D)資料。UAV對(duì)環(huán)境影響小(排放少、噪音低)。根據(jù)目前的實(shí)際情況,利用小型的UAV做航空磁測(cè)是切實(shí)可行的。MagSurvey Ltd.公司的Prion(UAV)、FUGRO AIRBORNE SURVEYS公司的航磁GeoRanger以及Sanders Geophysics Ltd.公司正在研發(fā)的GeoSurv II,起飛質(zhì)量只有幾十千克,載荷幾千克。配備質(zhì)量輕的銫、鉀光泵磁力儀、磁通門(mén)磁力儀和其他配套儀器。我國(guó)也有這一類(lèi)小型無(wú)人飛機(jī),還有氦光泵磁力儀,應(yīng)該可以做得很輕,制作磁通門(mén)磁力儀的技術(shù)也很成熟,與國(guó)產(chǎn)的小型UAV結(jié)合,可組成中國(guó)的航磁UAV。
目前利用小型UAV作航空重力測(cè)量還不太可能?,F(xiàn)有的航空重力儀,質(zhì)量100~150kg。航空重力梯度儀更重,為300~400kg,小型UAV搭載不動(dòng)。但是新型重力梯度儀的出現(xiàn),值得注意。意大利比薩大學(xué)物理系的Bertolini教授等正在研制一種在常溫下工作的輕便單軸重力梯度儀,位置(位移)轉(zhuǎn)換器是一個(gè)藍(lán)寶石微波介電諧振器,已做成實(shí)驗(yàn)室原型,質(zhì)量2kg,準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行靜態(tài)試驗(yàn)。他們?cè)O(shè)想將這種重力梯度儀用于地面和航空重力測(cè)量[40~41]。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Colin Reeves.Aeromagnetic surveys principles,practice &interpretation[M].Published by GEOSOFT,EBook,2005.
[2] Logachev A A.The development and application of airborne magnetometers in the USSR[J],Geophysics,1946,11:135147.
[3] Hood P,Ward S H.Airborne geophysical methods[J].Advances in Geophysics,Acadmic Press,New York and London,1969:13.中譯本:[加]P.胡德,[美]S H沃德著,航空地球物理方法[M].王啟輝等譯.北京:地質(zhì)出版社,1977.
[4] НикитскийВЕ,ГлебовскийЮС,Магнеторазведка(2еизд.)[M].Москва:НЕДРА,1990.
[5] Jr Lowman P D.Twelve Key 20thCentury Discoveries in the Geosciendes[J].Journal of Geoscience Education,1996,44:485.
[6] COX A.Plate tectonics and geomagnetic reversals[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman and Company,1973.
[7] Morris B,Ugalde H,Thomson V.Magnetic remanence constraints on magnetic inversion models[J].The Leading Edge,2007,26(8):960965.
[8] Vacquier V,Steenland N C,Henderson R G,Zietz I.Interpretation of aeromagnetic maps[M].Geological Society of America,Memoir 47,1951.
[9] Scott Hogg R L(Scott Hogg &Associates Ltd.).Practicalities,pitfalls and new developments in airborne magnetic gradiometry[EB/OL].PDAC presentation,March 2004,PDAC(The Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada).
[10]Bruce McMonnies,Justin L.Ward(De Beers Canada Exploration Inc.).Beyond singlesensor magnetic surveying.The past,present and future of airborne magnetic acquisition for kimberlite exploration[C].8th International Kimberlite Conference Long Abstract 13,June 2003:Victoria,B.C.,Canada.
[11]夏國(guó)治,許寶文,孫文珂等.二十世紀(jì)中國(guó)物探(19302000)[M].北京:地質(zhì)出版社.
[12]孫文珂.關(guān)于物探方法技術(shù)進(jìn)步的若干思考[C].中國(guó)地球物理學(xué)會(huì)第十五屆年會(huì),合肥,1999.
[13]GeoForschungs Zentrum Potsdam(GFZ),Zweijahresbericht 2004/2005[R].
[14]Asbjorn N.Christensen,Mark H.Dransfield.Airborne vector magnetometry over banded ironformations[C].Presentation Files from the SEG/Salt Lake City 2002Annual Meeting&International Exposition.
[15]Aircraft equipped for airborne vector magnetic exploration surveys[P].M Dransfield,G Liu,AN ChristensenUS Patent 7,262,601,2007.
[16]The Impact of SQUIDs on Geophysics[R].Cathy Foley(CSIRO)on behalf of Keith Leslie,David Tilbrook,Marcel Bick,Jia Du,Simon Lam,Rajan Gnanarajan,Rex Binks,Peter Sullivan,Bob Thorn,Chris Sharman,Emma Mitchell,David Clark,Phil Schmidt and Brian Spies.
[17]Wynn W N,F(xiàn)rahm C P,Carroll P J,et al.Advanced superconducting gradiometer/magnetometer arrays and a novol signal processingtechnique[J].IEEE,Trans.Mag.,1975,11:701707.
[18]David V Smith,Robert E Bracken.Field experiments with the tensor magnetic gradiometer system for UXO surveys:a case history,U.S.Geological Survey[J].2004,SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2004,23:806809.
[19]Philip J Brown II,Robert E.Bracken,David V Smith.A case study of magnetic gradient tensor invariants applied to the UXO problem[J].U.S.Geological Survey,2004,SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2004,23:794797.
[20]Patrick G Killeen.Exploration Trends &Developments in 2008[J].Supplement to the Northern Miner,2009,95(1):23.
[22]Patrick G Killeen.Exploration Trends &Developments in 2010[J].Supplement to the Northern Miner,2011,97(1):21.
[22]Chwala A,Stolz R,Zakosarenko V,Schulz M,Rompel A,et al.Full Tensor SQUID Gradiometer for airborne exploration[C].22nd International Geophysical Conference and Exhibition,2629February 2012Brisbane,Australia.
[23]Jeffrey Gamey T,Tatiana Starr,William E.Doll,Les P.Beard,Initial design and testing of a fulltensor airborne SQUID magnetometer for detection of unexploded ordnance[J].2004,SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,V.23,798801.
[24]張昌達(dá),董浩斌.量子磁力儀評(píng)說(shuō)[J].工程地球物理學(xué)報(bào),2004,1(6):499507.
[25]Tristan Technologies,Inc.,3axis SQUID Magnetometers[EB/OL].http://www.tristantech.com/prod_geomagnetic.html.
[26]Fagaly R L.Superconducting quantum interference device instruments and applications[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,77,101101,2006,146.
[27]Jeffrey Gamey T.Development and Evaluation of an Airborne Superconducting Quantum Interference DeviceBased Magnetic Gradiometer Tensor System for Detection,Characterization and Mapping of Unexploded Ordnance[R].Serdp Project MM1316Final Report 2008.
[28]Joan Esterle,Graham Carr.The Glass Earth[J].AIG NEWS,Quarterly Newsletter No.72May 2003,AIG:Australian Institute of Geoscientists.
[29]Foley C P.Superconducting Electronics Research at CSIRO Australia 2004.http://www.ewh.ieee.org/tc/csc/News/CathyF92004.pdf.
[30]Phillip Schmidt,Jia Du,Cathy Foley,et al.GETMAGA New Geophysical Tool[J].Eos.Trans.AGU,Joint Assembly Suppl.,Abstract,2004,85(17).
[31]David Tilbrook,Cathy Foley,David Clark,et al.Design and Development of a SQUID Tensor Gradiometer[C].Presented at Applied Superconductivity Conference[EB/OL].Houston,Texas,August 2002,http://www.cip.csiro.au/IMP/SmartMeasure/ASC2002_GETMAG_Presentation.pdf.
[32]Colm A Murphy.The AirFTGTMairborne gravity gradiometer system[C].Lane R J L.editor,Airborne Gravity 2004Abstracts from the ASEGPESA Airborne Gravity 2004Workshop:Geoscience Australia Record 2004/18,714.
[33]Rebecca Thyer.Australian mining technology makes it more difficult for submarines to hide[J].Solve(A Csiro)review of scientific innovations for Australian industry),Issue 3,May 05,2005.
[34]Nic Svenson.A better way of sub spotting in flight[J].Australian defence science,Summer Issue,2005,12(4):89.
[35]Leslie K,Schmidt P,F(xiàn)oley C,et al.Helicopter trial of magnetic tensor gradiometer[C].ASEG Extended Abstracts,2007,(1).
[36]張紅瑞,范正國(guó).2000年來(lái)西方國(guó)家航空物探技術(shù)的若干進(jìn)展[J].物探與化探,2007,31(1):18.
[37]Patrick G Killeen.Exploration Trends &Developments in 2005[J].Supplement to the Northern Miner,2006,92(2):710.
[38]Barnard J.The use of Unmanned Aircraft in Oil,Gas and Mineral Exploration and Production activities[C].23rd Bristol International UAV Systems Conference,7April 2008.
[39]Barnard J.The use of unmanned aircraft in oil,gas and mineral E+P activities[J],SEG Expanded Abstracts 2008,27:1132.
[40]Bertolini A,et al.A sapphire monolithic differential accelerometer as core sensor for gravity gradiometric geophysical instrumentation[J].Annals of Geophysics,2006,49(45):10951103.
[41]Beverini N,et al.A Differential Accelerometer for Gravitational Gradiometry[C].EGM 2007International Workshop,Innovation in EM,Grav.and Mag.Methods:A New Perspective for Exploration,Capri.,Italy,April 1518,2007.
免責(zé)聲明:以上內(nèi)容源自網(wǎng)絡(luò),版權(quán)歸原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原創(chuàng)版權(quán)請(qǐng)告知,我們將盡快刪除相關(guān)內(nèi)容。