世界珍貴綿羊品種_寧夏灘羊（中英文）_科技創(chuàng)新探索之

7.世界珍貴綿羊品種——寧夏灘羊（中英文）

一、引　言

寧夏灘羊是生存在中國(guó)西北干旱半荒漠地區(qū)的一個(gè)獨(dú)特的綿羊品種，屬粗毛型輕裘皮用羊。以盛產(chǎn)纖維細(xì)長(zhǎng)、花穗美觀、輕盈柔軟、光澤悅目、顏色潔白的二毛裘皮馳名中外，為寧夏“五寶”之一，不僅在中國(guó)土特產(chǎn)品中占有特殊地位，而且在國(guó)內(nèi)外毛皮市場(chǎng)上享有較高聲譽(yù)。

中國(guó)現(xiàn)有寧夏灘羊近260萬(wàn)只，主要分布在東經(jīng)105°～108°與北緯35°45′～39°40′之間，以寧夏回族自治區(qū)的中、北部為中心，并包括甘肅的景泰、靖遠(yuǎn)、會(huì)寧、環(huán)縣與永登以東等地，陜西的靖邊、定邊以及內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)的鄂托克前、后旗等29個(gè)縣（市、旗），其中寧夏占58%，甘肅占33%，內(nèi)蒙古和陜西分別占7%和2%。就整個(gè)范圍看，是一個(gè)不大的地理空間，面積約6萬(wàn)平方公里。

寧夏回族自治區(qū)是灘羊的原產(chǎn)地，不僅數(shù)量占絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，而且品質(zhì)也最好。灘羊是寧夏草原放牧利用的主體畜種，也是寧夏畜牧業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱。因此，本文通過(guò)對(duì)寧夏灘羊品種的形成和發(fā)展，以及目前生產(chǎn)和利用狀況總結(jié)和分析，揭示灘羊在寧夏回族自治區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的作用，對(duì)確立寧夏灘羊今后的研究方向和資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供主要科學(xué)依據(jù)。

二、寧夏灘羊品種起源與形成

（一）寧夏民族變遷的歷史

寧夏位于中國(guó)西北，歷來(lái)為各民族反復(fù)爭(zhēng)奪之地。據(jù)歷史文獻(xiàn)記載，春秋時(shí)期為“羌戎”居地，后被匈奴所占，秦始皇統(tǒng)一六國(guó)后，逐匈奴北撤七百里，“徙（遷移）民充之”。公元400年初，匈奴族赫連勃勃建國(guó)名“夏”，隨后統(tǒng)治了寧夏。唐末宋初，羌族一支——黨項(xiàng)族以銀川為中心建立“西夏”政權(quán)，統(tǒng)治194年后為蒙古族（元朝）所滅。蒙古人把西征時(shí)從中亞一帶俘虜來(lái)的“色目人”。安之于寧夏；明朝時(shí)又把寧夏人移民長(zhǎng)安（今西安），而遷五方人（其中以吳、楚人居多）來(lái)寧；清朝同治年間，又把陜西回民遷到寧夏。由此可見(jiàn)，民族變遷十分復(fù)雜。從灘羊的來(lái)源上考慮，影響較大者還是匈奴和蒙古人?，F(xiàn)在寧夏民族雖回、漢居多，漢民來(lái)自內(nèi)地“色目人”作為戰(zhàn)俘強(qiáng)迫遠(yuǎn)涉而來(lái)，都不可能帶來(lái)大批羊只。而今所知，其他地區(qū)也沒(méi)有類似灘羊品種可供引入。而匈奴和蒙古人歷史上都是“衣皮毛、事畜牧”的游牧民族。他們占據(jù)寧夏時(shí)，必然會(huì)帶來(lái)大批羊只，并散落在占領(lǐng)地區(qū)。由于寧夏與內(nèi)蒙古在地理位置上相接壤，四周都有蒙古羊分布，內(nèi)蒙古牧民歷來(lái)趕羊群到寧夏游牧，寧夏羊只也時(shí)常到內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)放牧?？梢?jiàn)，在早年，寧夏實(shí)際上屬于蒙古羊分布區(qū)。

另外，灘羊成年羊的外貌、體形和生活習(xí)性和蒙古羊雖有一定差別，但仍有許多類似之處。在灘羊和蒙古羊的過(guò)渡地帶，各種性狀也呈現(xiàn)明顯的過(guò)渡特征。據(jù)此，可以認(rèn)為：灘羊源于歷史上分布在寧夏的蒙古羊，在當(dāng)?shù)刈匀粭l件下，經(jīng)產(chǎn)區(qū)農(nóng)牧民長(zhǎng)期選育而從蒙古羊中分化出來(lái)。

（二）灘羊品種形成的時(shí)期

灘羊品種形成的確切時(shí)期，缺乏可考史料。公元1755年（清，乾隆二十年）編纂的《銀川小志》記載：“寧夏各州，俱產(chǎn)羊皮，靈州（今靈武）出“長(zhǎng)麥穗”?！伴L(zhǎng)麥穗”可能就是今天的串子花穗（農(nóng)牧民也稱“麥穗花”）。公元1780年（乾隆四十五年）《寧夏府志》記載：“中衛(wèi)、靈州、平羅，地近邊，畜牧之利尤廣”。物產(chǎn)富庶，除水稻、鹽、中寧枸杞外，還有“香山之羊皮（今中衛(wèi)香山）。民俗記有“衣布褐、冬羊裘”（即二毛裘皮來(lái)歷）。

1908年（清，光緒三十四年）《甘肅新通志）記載：“裘”，寧夏特佳，而洪廣（今賀蘭縣洪廣營(yíng)）之羊皮最勝，俗稱“灘皮”。即灘羊名稱是由“灘皮”而來(lái)。羊毛加工發(fā)展也很早，1728～1736年（清，雍正六年至乾隆元年）編的《甘肅通志》記有：“花毯，寧夏出者佳”，1908年《甘肅通志》又記載：“花毯，寧夏特佳”?；ㄌ嘿|(zhì)量由“佳”到“特佳”，與加工工藝改進(jìn)有關(guān)，也與羊毛品質(zhì)提高有很大關(guān)系。羊毛品質(zhì)改善與灘羊裘皮要求的特征二者產(chǎn)生的時(shí)期基本一致。因此，可以認(rèn)為灘羊作為一個(gè)裘皮用品種，至少在1755年（清，乾隆時(shí)期）以前就已形成，距今有300多年。

（三）灘羊品種形成的原因

灘羊品種的形成是在自然選擇與人工選擇相互作用下，經(jīng)過(guò)選擇、適應(yīng)、進(jìn)化而逐漸形成的。其原因主要有以下幾個(gè)方面。

1.有適于輕裘用羊發(fā)展的自然生態(tài)條件

灘羊原產(chǎn)地地處我國(guó)西北、寧夏中北部地區(qū)。賀蘭山屏于西北，黃河縱流南北，草原平坦廣闊，自然條件的特點(diǎn)是：①日照長(zhǎng)、熱量充沛，年日照時(shí)數(shù)2850～3150小時(shí)，>10℃的積溫為2700～3400℃，年平均氣溫7～8℃。②降水量少，蒸發(fā)大，氣候干燥。年降水量一般為180～300毫米，并集中在7～9月，年蒸發(fā)量1250～2550毫米。③牧草稀疏低矮，產(chǎn)草量低，而干物質(zhì)中蛋白質(zhì)含量較高。由于牧草生產(chǎn)季節(jié)間極不平衡，羊只要經(jīng)受半年極端困難的枯草期。④由于當(dāng)?shù)亟邓?、蒸發(fā)大，水中富含碳酸鹽、硫酸鹽和氯化物，土壤鹽漬化普遍，牧場(chǎng)有許多耐鹽小半灌木，因此，硫、磷、鈣等礦物質(zhì)含量豐富。這些特點(diǎn)決定了特別適合飼養(yǎng)體格中等、粗毛較細(xì)，絨毛含量少，毛股結(jié)構(gòu)較緊的脂尾型的羊只，這樣的羊毛品質(zhì)，易于形成整齊的彎曲而成為輕裘皮用類型。這是灘羊能在寧夏形成的客觀條件。

2.農(nóng)牧民長(zhǎng)期精心選育

寧夏自古以來(lái)養(yǎng)羊相當(dāng)發(fā)達(dá)，《大明一統(tǒng)志》記載：“寧夏土人善畜牧”，“以耕獵為事，孳畜為生”。當(dāng)?shù)囟竞洌陀^上要求人們對(duì)裘皮質(zhì)量的選擇給予重視，產(chǎn)區(qū)農(nóng)牧民有著極其豐富的選育和繁殖羊只經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這是灘羊品種能形成的社會(huì)條件和技術(shù)條件。

3.社會(huì)需要是灘羊品種形成的動(dòng)力

人們?cè)诳陀^上需求美麗的花毯和優(yōu)質(zhì)的裘皮，這就促使制造商對(duì)原料提出質(zhì)量要求，這種要求通過(guò)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格來(lái)體現(xiàn)，從而促進(jìn)了灘羊品種的形成。如在清朝康熙年間，山西省交城縣皮毛商人就來(lái)寧夏收購(gòu)灘羊二毛皮，采用訂合同、包銷包產(chǎn)、先付錢后交貨等方式，從而大大促進(jìn)了品種育成過(guò)程。

（四）灘羊品種擴(kuò)群的方式

自從“洪廣營(yíng)”的“灘皮”出名之后，各地都以洪廣裘皮相比論優(yōu)劣。為了提高自己的羊群質(zhì)量，農(nóng)牧民通過(guò)親戚關(guān)系和交叉放牧機(jī)會(huì)串換種羊，灘羊就這樣逐步擴(kuò)大發(fā)展。

三、寧夏灘羊品種特征與生產(chǎn)性能

灘羊品種形成時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，性狀遺傳十分穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)近交系數(shù)在0.125以下時(shí)，不表現(xiàn)衰退現(xiàn)象(崔重九、許萬(wàn)善，1981）。對(duì)175只種公羊和6945只羔羊的7項(xiàng)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的遺傳力估測(cè)，結(jié)果為，初生羔羊：體重h₂=0.24±0.11，自然毛長(zhǎng)（肩部）h₂=0.18±0.09，伸直毛長(zhǎng)度（肩部）h₂=0.37，毛彎曲數(shù)（肩部）h₂=0.20±0.08；二毛期羔羊（30日齡）：體重h₂=0.25±0.05，毛彎曲數(shù)h₂=0.18±0.07，優(yōu)良花穗分布面積h₂=0.10。

（一）灘羊外貌特征

1.成年羊

灘羊體型外貌與蒙古羊相似，體格中等，體長(zhǎng)略大于體高，呈長(zhǎng)方形。體質(zhì)結(jié)實(shí)，具有較強(qiáng)的耐艱苦、耐干旱、耐寒熱、抗病力強(qiáng)和適應(yīng)四季飼料（草）供應(yīng)極不平衡的能力。體軀毛色純白，多數(shù)頭部有黑、褐、黃色斑塊。被毛分內(nèi)外兩層，外層由少量有髓粗毛和兩型毛（中間型）組成，內(nèi)層為無(wú)髓毛，毛股結(jié)構(gòu)明顯，有大的波浪彎曲，毛股自然長(zhǎng)度10～18厘米。無(wú)干死毛，前后軀表現(xiàn)一致。

灘羊的體尺存在著地區(qū)差異，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，干草原地區(qū)較大而結(jié)實(shí)，荒漠草原區(qū)體格較小，而個(gè)體間變化較大，主要是由于天然草地植被差異（營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件）所致（表l）。

2.羔　羊

其外貌與蒙古羊特征迥然不同，更不同于其他綿羊品種的羔羊。初生時(shí)體重3.5～5公斤，相當(dāng)于成年母羊體重的8%～9%，多毛性極強(qiáng)，長(zhǎng)著4.5～5.5厘米長(zhǎng)的毛股，整個(gè)毛股上均勻分布著4～7個(gè)波浪形彎曲，毛色潔白如玉。初生時(shí)，體高大于體長(zhǎng)。到一月齡左右，毛股長(zhǎng)達(dá)7～8厘米（即二毛裘皮），體高與體長(zhǎng)幾乎相等，呈方形或長(zhǎng)方形（表2）。

不同生態(tài)區(qū)域成年灘羊體尺

表2　羔羊體尺與體重

（二）灘羊生產(chǎn)性能

灘羊生產(chǎn)性能具有兼用特征，以生產(chǎn)二毛裘皮為主，同時(shí)可以產(chǎn)毛、產(chǎn)肉和板皮，滿足銷售者多方面的需要。

1.皮性能

灘羊二毛裘皮即為出生后30天左右宰殺剝?nèi)〉母崞?，其特點(diǎn)是：①毛股長(zhǎng)而緊實(shí)（8.0厘米以上），具有美麗的波浪形彎曲（6～8個(gè)彎曲）；②毛纖維較細(xì)而柔軟，兩型毛和無(wú)髓毛比例適當(dāng)（46.0%和54.0%），羊毛密度2312.15～2480.1根/平方厘米，花穗不松散、不氈結(jié)；③毛色潔白，光澤悅目；④皮薄而致密（皮膚厚0.78毫米），重量輕而結(jié)實(shí)，皮板面積2254（1220～3480）平方厘米。鞣制后重量0.35公斤/張。

2.產(chǎn)毛性能

灘羊毛潔白，富有光澤，毛纖維細(xì)而長(zhǎng)，具有自然的波浪彎曲，無(wú)干死毛，易染色，且標(biāo)光感極強(qiáng)，是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的毛纖維類型。灘羊成年毛密度為1771根/平方米，有髓粗毛44.87±10.18微米，伸直長(zhǎng)度9.5～10.7厘米，占7.0%；兩型毛（中間型）33.13±8.62微米，長(zhǎng)度14.3～18.3厘米，占15.22%；無(wú)髓毛19.07±5.85微米，長(zhǎng)度9.8～12.3厘米，占77.78%。凈毛率為65.38%，油脂率7.22%。

不同地區(qū)羊毛品質(zhì)和剪毛量略有差異，荒漠草原羊毛較干草原羊毛細(xì)，但剪毛量稍低（表3）。

寧夏灘羊剪毛量

3.產(chǎn)肉性能

在完全依靠天然草場(chǎng)放牧條件下，灘羊體重發(fā)育較晚熟，一歲體重僅為五歲的46.57%，二歲體重為63.27%，三歲體重為85.14%，四歲體重為91.6%，屠宰率較低（表4）。

灘羊具有較強(qiáng)的放牧育肥性能，可利用夏秋牧草豐茂季節(jié)迅速增加體重，并囤積大量脂肪。在補(bǔ)飼條件下有較大的增重潛力，當(dāng)年羔羊育肥日增重達(dá)100.75克（楊生龍，1979）和180.0克（尹長(zhǎng)安、黃學(xué)雙，1985），四歲羊（去勢(shì)）育肥日增重達(dá)80.5～112.0克（趙志斌，l982）。

灘羊肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩，肉脂混生，無(wú)腥膻味，在粗毛羊中肉質(zhì)最好。灘羊肉名菜（丁超，1992），如手抓羊肉、臘羊肉、黃燜羔羊肉、燴羊雜碎（肺、心、肝、腸、肚混燴）等歷史悠久，香氣飄逸、味美可口。所以，灘羊肉在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)很暢銷。

4.繁殖性能

（1）母羊：灘母羊出生后8～9個(gè)月齡達(dá)到性成熟，18月齡可配種繁殖。繁殖利用年限一般為6年。每年7月份開(kāi)始發(fā)情，8～9月為發(fā)情旺季，妊娠期149～152天。受胎率達(dá)98%，產(chǎn)羔期從12月開(kāi)始至翌年3月，其中1月份較集中，占產(chǎn)羔總數(shù)的36.3%，雙羔率3%，羔羊成活率85%以上。如在飼養(yǎng)條件較好時(shí)，可

灘羊產(chǎn)肉性能

推行“兩年三產(chǎn)羔”技術(shù)（許百善，1986）。（2）公羊：性成熟為7～8個(gè)月齡，一般2歲開(kāi)始利用，利用期為4年。除較集中的牧場(chǎng)進(jìn)行人工授精，大部分農(nóng)牧民采用1∶10的公母比例混群飼養(yǎng)。種公羊一次排精量1～1.5毫升，精子密度為15億～22億/毫升，平均活力0.8（寧夏灘羊科技資料，第一卷,薛忠義，1978）。

5.灘羊的產(chǎn)奶性能

灘羊產(chǎn)奶量受年齡、胎次、產(chǎn)羔季節(jié)及妊娠后期、哺乳期飼養(yǎng)水平等多方面影響。不同年齡母羊泌乳期（1～6月中下旬產(chǎn)奶總量大約為：2歲21.74公斤，3歲57.98公斤，4歲55.96公斤，5歲為25.66公斤，6歲11.16公斤）（楊生龍，1983）。

四、寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)與灘羊數(shù)量分布

（一）寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)體系

寧夏回族自治區(qū)土地總面積51800平方公里，農(nóng)耕地面積175.89萬(wàn)公頃，林地36.29萬(wàn)公頃，森林覆蓋率4.85%，可利用草原面積260.55萬(wàn)公頃。寧夏灘羊優(yōu)良產(chǎn)區(qū)包括銀南、銀川石嘴山（中北部）3個(gè)地區(qū)14個(gè)縣（市），總土地面積35017平方公里，可利用草原面積203.16萬(wàn)公頃，占總面積的77.9%。現(xiàn)有農(nóng)業(yè)人口42.58萬(wàn)戶，190.6萬(wàn)人，其中回民63.04萬(wàn)人，占32.16%。該地區(qū)是寧夏引黃灌溉區(qū)，可灌溉面積36萬(wàn)公頃，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)較為發(fā)達(dá)。種植業(yè)主要盛產(chǎn)小麥、水稻、玉米、蔬菜和瓜果（西瓜、枸杞和蘋果等）。春小麥套種玉米平均產(chǎn)量達(dá)5050公斤/公頃和5895公斤/公頃，水稻（單季）平均產(chǎn)量9000公斤/公頃。瓜甜果香、質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)良。農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值23.5億人民幣。其中，種植業(yè)16.3億元，占69.39%；林業(yè)總產(chǎn)值7662.96萬(wàn)元，占3.26%；牧業(yè)5.38億元，占22.89%；水產(chǎn)6340.63萬(wàn)元，占2.69%；其他4138.0萬(wàn)元，占l.76%。

（二）寧夏灘羊數(shù)量分布

寧夏灘羊資源總量分布范圍包括甘肅、內(nèi)蒙和陜西，分布于四?。▍^(qū)）29個(gè)縣（旗、市）。寧夏是灘羊的原產(chǎn)地，數(shù)量占總量的58%，質(zhì)量也最好。寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)主要集中在中北部地區(qū)（表5），并集中在兩大生態(tài)區(qū)，即以賀蘭山帶為主體的荒漠草原，約占47.34%和黃河以東鄂爾多斯高原（過(guò)渡帶）干旱草原區(qū)，約占總數(shù)的52.66%。飼養(yǎng)量大于年末存欄數(shù)的40%～67%（圖1、圖2），95%以上的羊只分散在農(nóng)牧戶放牧飼養(yǎng)，公有產(chǎn)權(quán)羊約占3%。

寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)灘羊分布情況

圖1　灘羊飼養(yǎng)量與年末存欄數(shù)變化（1987～1992）

五、寧夏灘羊生產(chǎn)

寧夏地處我國(guó)西北內(nèi)陸風(fēng)沙干旱區(qū)，草原生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱而極不穩(wěn)定，降水是影響灘羊草原放牧生產(chǎn)的最主要因子，由于降水呈明顯的季節(jié)性變化，灘羊生產(chǎn)也具有很強(qiáng)的季節(jié)性，灘羊體況也呈明顯的季節(jié)特點(diǎn)，即夏壯、秋肥、冬瘦、春乏。

圖2　灘羊年末存欄數(shù)與組成結(jié)構(gòu)變化（1987～1992）

表6　寧夏天然草場(chǎng)類型面積及載畜能力

（一）草原生產(chǎn)力狀況

寧夏回族自治區(qū)現(xiàn)有天然草原總面積301.4萬(wàn)公頃，占寧夏總土地面積58.2%，其中可利用面積262.55萬(wàn)公頃，總載牧能力為294.1萬(wàn)個(gè)綿羊單位。從南向北，氣候由半濕潤(rùn)向半干旱、干旱到半荒漠過(guò)渡，植被也呈明顯的過(guò)渡特征，共分11個(gè)類型（表6）。以荒漠草原和干旱草原面積最大，占總面積的79.19%，也是寧夏灘羊的主要放牧草地。草地產(chǎn)草量受氣候和降水因素的制約，年際間變化很大。

沿賀蘭山帶荒漠草原區(qū)主要植物有戈壁針茅（Stipa gobica）、沙生針茅（S.glareosa）、紅砂（Reaumuria soongorica）、駱駝蓬（Peganum harmala）、刺旋花（Convolvulus tragacanthoides）、白刺（Nitraria sibirica）、堿蓬（Suaeda salsa）、蓍狀亞菊（Ajania achilloides）、刺葉柄棘豆（Oxytropis aciphylla）、檸條錦雞兒（Caraganakorshiskii）、珍珠（Salsolapusserina）、霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylom）、白沙蒿（Ariemisia sphaerocephala）、黃蒿（Artemisia annua）、銀灰旋花（Convolvulus ammannii）、糙隱子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）等。

干旱草原區(qū)主要植物有本氏針茅（S.bungeana）、短花針茅（S.breviflora）、茭蒿（A .giraldii）、冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）、小葉錦雞兒（Caragana micraphylla）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）、達(dá)烏里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）、阿爾秦狗哇花（Heteropappus altaicus）、硬質(zhì)早熟禾（Poa sphondylodes）、駱駝?shì)铮≒eganum harmala）、牛心樸子（Cynanchum komarovii）、苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）、細(xì)葉韭（Allium tenuissimum）、黑水亞麻（Linum amurense）等。

（二）羊群結(jié)構(gòu)

寧夏灘羊總體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2所示。羊群由公羊、繁殖母羊、后備母羊和羯羊組成，其比例（表7）。

羊群的大小視地區(qū)、草原情況及放牧技術(shù)而定，耕作區(qū)群小而放牧區(qū)則群大。在灌溉耕作區(qū)一般為50～200只/群，而在牧區(qū)為100～400只/群不等。農(nóng)牧民羊群結(jié)構(gòu)與規(guī)模見(jiàn)下例（圖5）。

寧夏灘羊群體結(jié)構(gòu)

圖3　鹽池徐廣灘（376只/群）

圖4　靈武石家壕（227只/群）

圖5　吳忠馬家灘（97只/群）

（三）灘羊放牧與飼養(yǎng)管理

灘羊長(zhǎng)期在嚴(yán)酷的自然條件下生存，終年在外放牧，忍受干旱、酷暑、風(fēng)沙和寒冷。在大牧場(chǎng)或農(nóng)場(chǎng)，公羊與羯羊、1.5歲以上繁殖母羊和1.5歲以下公母羊分別組群放牧，而農(nóng)牧戶通?；烊悍拍?。每天日出時(shí)出圈，日落歸牧，哺乳羔羊單獨(dú)飼養(yǎng)管理，不隨群放牧。據(jù)測(cè)定，放牧?xí)r羊群行進(jìn)速度平均為24.51米/分（李芬、辛綱，1959）。

在寧夏中北部荒漠草原和干旱草原區(qū)，降水量的豐缺對(duì)草原生產(chǎn)力影響極大。正常年分，5月中、下旬至11月為灘羊增膘期，11月體重最大，成年公羊和羯羊活重平均達(dá)44.5公斤/只，母羊36.2公斤/只。12月開(kāi)始，氣候轉(zhuǎn)冷，進(jìn)入冬季枯草期，五月初體重最小，可減少25%～30%，鑒于這種變化，每年入冬時(shí)，將部分老年羊短期肥育淘汰。如遇特干旱年份（1～7月不降水），對(duì)灘羊當(dāng)年發(fā)情、配種、繁殖與羔羊質(zhì)量影響很大，入冬淘汰率則更高，達(dá)30%以上。

冬、春季，歸牧后對(duì)產(chǎn)羔母羊和哺乳羔羊進(jìn)行補(bǔ)飼（以玉米為主），補(bǔ)飼量分別為250克/日和50克/日。春乏期，對(duì)少量瘦弱的1歲母羊也給予適當(dāng)補(bǔ)飼。其他羊只不補(bǔ)飼，除非在特干旱年份。

在農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉區(qū)，農(nóng)戶養(yǎng)羊數(shù)量較少，多采用集中雇人在山上代牧的方式，秋末，把羊接回舍飼過(guò)冬。另外，還有專門從事肥育出售肉羊的專業(yè)戶，一般出欄規(guī)模為500～1200只/年。

總之，寧夏灘羊放牧管理方式和何養(yǎng)水平還十分落后，今后，應(yīng)不斷地改進(jìn)飼養(yǎng)條件和提高管理水平。

（四）灘羊健康問(wèn)題

寧夏灘羊體質(zhì)結(jié)實(shí)，抗逆性強(qiáng)，夏、秋、冬季發(fā)病率低，春季由于營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平過(guò)差，抵抗力降低，發(fā)病率上升，羊只死亡主要在這一時(shí)期，死亡率一般在3%～5%。

急性傳染病如綿羊痘（Sheep pax），羊棱病菌（Clostridial disease of sheep）曾在寧夏局部出現(xiàn)過(guò)，但未造成大范圍流行。20世紀(jì)70年代后，寧夏推行了“傳染病免疫技術(shù)規(guī)程”和綜合防止措施，有效地控制了羊傳染病的發(fā)生，受到國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)部和衛(wèi)生部的表彰。

目前灘羊常見(jiàn)病和多發(fā)病主要有以下幾種。

1.羔羊痢?。↙amb dysentery）

該病主要危害7日齡以內(nèi)的羔羊，以劇烈腹瀉和小腸潰瘍?yōu)樘卣?，引起羔羊大量死亡。?jù)調(diào)查：1987～1989年，3年發(fā)病10472只，死亡2252只，致死率21.5%。本病的發(fā)生與品種有關(guān)，灘羊發(fā)病率較新疆細(xì)毛羊和其他雜種羊低。采用普通抗生素和羔羊痢菌苗（血清），并對(duì)羔羊加強(qiáng)管理及清潔圈舍，就可有效防止，目前能完全控制此病。

2.綿羊肺炎霉形體病（Pneumonic mycoplasmosis of sheep）

1981年在同心首次發(fā)現(xiàn)病例，1982年分離出菌株（謝守棟、趙玉琪）。1987～1989年在全區(qū)范圍內(nèi)抽樣調(diào)查195群羊，平均感染率21.28%。綿羊感染率高于山羊，致死率55.1%。本病用鹽酸土霉素加磺胺增效劑治療，用3%來(lái)蘇兒和10%石灰水消毒圈舍可有效預(yù)防。

3.羊破傷風(fēng)（Sheep tetanus）

本病主要是在接羔、斷臍、剪毛致傷、去勢(shì)、斷角時(shí)消毒不嚴(yán)，傷口感染而發(fā)病。發(fā)病率不高，但致死率很高。自1948～1989年的40年間，累積發(fā)病223847只，死亡64660只。只要嚴(yán)格消毒或注射破傷風(fēng)毒素即可有效防止。

4.羊腦多頭蚴?。ㄓ址Q“羊包蟲(chóng)病”，Coenurosis cerebralis avis）

本病零星散發(fā)，發(fā)病率與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)狗數(shù)量呈正相關(guān)（狗為中間宿主），發(fā)病率l%～3%，口服丙硫苯咪唑有較好的治療效果。

5.羊螨?。⊿arcoptes ovis）

本病是由蚧螨、癢螨寄生在羊體表引起的慢性皮膚病。對(duì)山羊危害較綿羊重。從1955～1981年，此病累積死亡羊數(shù)76802只，其中山羊占70%以上。治療螨病藥物較多，其中以螨凈效果最好，用250毫克/公斤藥浴、600毫克/公斤噴浴或涂擦即可，目前已普遍在生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用。

6.羊鼻蠅幼蟲(chóng)病（Oestrosis nasus avis）

由羊鼻蠅幼蟲(chóng)寄生在羊鼻腔和腔竇引起的慢性鼻炎。據(jù)調(diào)查：從1948～1988年的40年間累積發(fā)病羊數(shù)1585541只，死亡52072只，占總發(fā)病率羊只3.28%。多種藥物治療試驗(yàn)效果表明：法國(guó)產(chǎn)Dovenix療效達(dá)95%，美國(guó)產(chǎn)害獲滅療效達(dá)99%，都是理想的治療藥物。

六、寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)品加工與銷售體系

灘羊生產(chǎn)一年可視為一個(gè)生產(chǎn)周期。母羊18月齡開(kāi)始配種，2歲產(chǎn)羔，每年7～9月為配種期，按1∶20的比例將公羊投放到繁殖羊群，本交配種，受胎率95%以上，配種后撤出公羊，母羊獨(dú)群進(jìn)行放牧管理，12月～豎年3月產(chǎn)羔、產(chǎn)羔率達(dá)90%～95%，羔羊成活率85%以上。羔羊30日齡左右宰殺剝制二毛皮（約占總產(chǎn)羔量的30%）。其余羔羊4～6月齡斷奶，斷奶后公母分群管理，母羊即為后備母羊，公羊去勢(shì)飼養(yǎng)，即為羯羊。成年羊6～7歲后淘汰。

（一）灘羊產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)

灘羊產(chǎn)品主要包括二毛裘皮、灘羊毛、灘羊板皮（成年皮）和灘羊肉（各類產(chǎn)品的特性已在灘羊生產(chǎn)性能中敘述）。由于灘羊主要分散在農(nóng)牧戶中飼養(yǎng)，實(shí)際飼養(yǎng)量比官方認(rèn)可數(shù)（統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒）多40%～60%，所以，灘羊產(chǎn)品也相應(yīng)比《統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》公布數(shù)要大。主要產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)量如下。

1.二毛裘皮

二毛裘皮生產(chǎn)主要集中在2～3月。1992年生產(chǎn)230000張，按飼養(yǎng)量測(cè)算大約在21.84萬(wàn)～37.00萬(wàn)張之間。

2.灘羊毛

灘羊毛每年剪兩次，即6月上旬（為春毛）和九月上中旬（稱秋毛）各剪一次，春毛產(chǎn)量占全年產(chǎn)毛量的61.54%（幼年毛）～71.67%（成年毛），秋毛占38.46%。1992年寧夏灘羊毛總產(chǎn)量為2602.54噸，根據(jù)飼養(yǎng)量測(cè)算總量為3310.22噸。

3.灘羊板皮（成年皮）

板皮生產(chǎn)主要集中在11～12月，即羊只整群后，將老弱羊經(jīng)短期肥育后宰殺（淘汰）取皮。1992年共生產(chǎn)灘羊板皮467022張。此外還有約2.0萬(wàn)～3.0萬(wàn)張羔皮（由于母羊奶量不足，羔羊質(zhì)量不夠二毛皮，為保護(hù)母羊而宰殺的羔皮）。

4.灘羊肉

灘羊肉生產(chǎn)分羔羊肉和大羊肉，羔羊肉嫩、鮮，在市場(chǎng)上售價(jià)比大羊肉高20%以上。羔羊肉生產(chǎn)季節(jié)與二毛裘皮相同，剝制二毛皮時(shí)，即可獲得羔羊肉；11～12月整群淘汰老弱羊，即可宰殺獲取板皮和灘羊胴體。不同年齡胴體差別較大（表4）。1992年寧夏灘羊肉生產(chǎn)總量為6500噸，其中羔羊肉1830噸，平均胴體重5.0±2.3公斤/只，大羊肉4670噸，平均胴體重12.0±3.5公斤/只。

（二）灘羊產(chǎn)品的加工與銷售

目前，除灘羊肉直接進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)銷售外，灘羊二毛裘皮，板皮和毛纖維的加工體系較為健全，設(shè)備總加工能力大于產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)量。各個(gè)加工企業(yè)都設(shè)有專門銷售部門負(fù)責(zé)原料購(gòu)買和產(chǎn)品銷售，其價(jià)格由生產(chǎn)成本和市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系決定。灘羊其他副產(chǎn)品如血、臟器等，因加工技術(shù)、投資以及原料產(chǎn)品的收集都有一定的困難，故此，還未能進(jìn)行深度加工（仍被食用）?，F(xiàn)將主要產(chǎn)品加工情況簡(jiǎn)述如下：

1.二毛裘皮加工

寧夏現(xiàn)已建成銀川、鹽池和吳忠3家毛皮廠，其中銀川毛皮廠規(guī)模最大，設(shè)備和加工工藝技術(shù)也較為先進(jìn)，年加工二毛皮30萬(wàn)張，產(chǎn)品包括時(shí)裝、床罩、圍巾和披肩等。產(chǎn)品銷往歐共體、東南亞和美洲等地區(qū)。鹽池毛皮廠年加工二毛皮能力為10萬(wàn)張，產(chǎn)品部分外銷。吳忠毛皮年加工能力近10萬(wàn)張，產(chǎn)品主要內(nèi)銷。此外，還有一些技術(shù)水平很低，以傳統(tǒng)方法生產(chǎn)的個(gè)體作坊。裘皮加工總能力達(dá)60萬(wàn)張，可以滿足灘羊二毛皮和中衛(wèi)山羊滑子皮（也是30日齡宰殺剝制的裘皮，與二毛裘毛股花穗十分相似）。

灘羊二毛皮從生產(chǎn)、加工到銷售的價(jià)格與利益分配大致為：二毛皮生產(chǎn)價(jià)格（農(nóng)牧民售價(jià)）35.0±7.5元/張→鞣制成本（加工成本）5.0～7.5元/張→成品（成裝）出廠價(jià)400.0±50.0元/件→銷售商售價(jià)（零售價(jià)）500.0±30.0元/件。

2.灘羊板皮加工

寧夏已建成銀川、鹽池、同心、固原4家規(guī)模較大的皮革加工企業(yè)。另外，仍有十多家個(gè)體加工作坊。每年加工成年羊皮（包括山羊皮）近100萬(wàn)張。其中銀川皮革廠擁有各類設(shè)備約100臺(tái)，年加工設(shè)計(jì)能力40萬(wàn)張，成革177777.8平方米（約208萬(wàn)平方英尺）。鹽池、同心、固原制革廠各加工能力為10萬(wàn)張/年?，F(xiàn)有加工總能力可滿足寧夏羊皮（包括山羊板皮）生產(chǎn)量。灘羊革主要用于國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。

成年板皮從生產(chǎn)、加工到銷售價(jià)格與利益分流趨向是：灘羊原皮價(jià)格（農(nóng)牧民銷售價(jià)）60.0±25.0元/張→鞣制成本費(fèi)（加工費(fèi)）8.0±1.50元/張→成品革售價(jià)（出廠價(jià)）13.0±2.00元/尺→制造商（成衣）銷售價(jià)440±30.0元/件→銷售商（國(guó)內(nèi)）價(jià)格480.0±20.0元/件。

3.灘羊毛纖維加工

灘羊毛加工主要以粗紡（Woolen）為主，現(xiàn)已建成銀川（較大型）、平羅、靈武（2家）、吳忠、中寧、中衛(wèi)和固原等8家毛紡織廠（包括地毯），總加工設(shè)計(jì)能力可生產(chǎn)100萬(wàn)條提花毛毯、1200噸地毯毛紗。其中銀川毛紡廠1954年建廠，現(xiàn)每年生產(chǎn)30萬(wàn)條提花毛毯，是我國(guó)國(guó)產(chǎn)純羊毛毛毯生產(chǎn)規(guī)模最大的企業(yè)，工藝和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也是國(guó)內(nèi)最好的。6502灘羊牌提花毛毯和6508夏桂牌毛毯，自1980年以來(lái)一直被國(guó)家確認(rèn)為銀質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)（不設(shè)金獎(jiǎng)）和輕工部?jī)?yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品獎(jiǎng)。產(chǎn)品在國(guó)內(nèi)享有很高聲譽(yù)，遠(yuǎn)銷歐、美、澳等國(guó)。

灘羊毛纖維生產(chǎn)、加工與產(chǎn)品銷售價(jià)格及利益分流趨向是：原毛價(jià)格（農(nóng)牧戶售價(jià)，不分級(jí)）14.00±3.50元/公斤→羊毛商銷售價(jià)16.0±4.50元/公斤→紡織加工（毛毯出廠）價(jià)格138.0～170.0元/條→銷售價(jià)（國(guó)內(nèi)零售價(jià)）148.0～200.0元/條。%%

上述價(jià)格僅是在寧夏目前加工工藝水平下的情景，如進(jìn)一步提高工藝水平和產(chǎn)品檔次，產(chǎn)品銷售價(jià)格還可增加。

七、灘羊生產(chǎn)對(duì)寧夏社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用與意義

寧夏灘羊獨(dú)特的生產(chǎn)性能和產(chǎn)品特征，在世界綿羊品種中是絕無(wú)僅有的，它已引起國(guó)內(nèi)外科學(xué)家和市場(chǎng)的注意。灘羊是寧夏天然草原放牧利用的主體，是寧夏畜牧業(yè)的支柱，也是農(nóng)牧民經(jīng)濟(jì)收入的最主要來(lái)源之一。因此，在寧夏社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中有著十分重要的作用和意義。

（一）灘羊生產(chǎn)是寧夏畜牧業(yè)的主體

以1992年灘羊飼養(yǎng)羊量（2065036只）和市場(chǎng)價(jià)格為基數(shù)測(cè)算（表8），寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)總值30405.2萬(wàn)元，占寧夏畜牧業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的56.5%，也就是說(shuō)寧夏畜牧收入的一半來(lái)自灘羊生產(chǎn)。

表8　寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)灘羊產(chǎn)值測(cè)算

（二）產(chǎn)品加工的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)意義

通過(guò)對(duì)灘羊產(chǎn)品的深度加工，不僅使灘羊產(chǎn)品增值，而且為國(guó)家創(chuàng)匯并增加了利稅，同時(shí)也為更多的人提供了工作的機(jī)會(huì)。據(jù)測(cè)算，灘羊二毛皮、板皮和毛纖維加工后，總產(chǎn)值達(dá)16710.76萬(wàn)元，比原料產(chǎn)品增值8050.46萬(wàn)元，為國(guó)家上交稅利2500萬(wàn)元/年（包括羊只稅），為1萬(wàn)人提供了就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，為社會(huì)消費(fèi)提供了更多的產(chǎn)品。

（三）是貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)牧民生活的最主要經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源

眾所周知，灘羊生存的環(huán)境是半荒漠和干旱草原生態(tài)條件，除寧夏引黃灌溉平原區(qū)外，絕大部分地區(qū)（包括甘肅、內(nèi)蒙和陜西產(chǎn)區(qū)）經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展十分落后，灘羊成為當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)牧民生活的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源。在寧夏中北部產(chǎn)區(qū)，按飼養(yǎng)量計(jì)算，每個(gè)農(nóng)牧戶養(yǎng)羊4.8只，每年可給家庭帶來(lái)近千元的收入。例如，在鹽池縣惠安堡鄉(xiāng)楊兒莊村和中衛(wèi)縣紅泉鄉(xiāng)紅泉村2個(gè)灘羊定位觀測(cè)點(diǎn)，戶均養(yǎng)羊分別為30只和60只，養(yǎng)羊收入占家庭收入的40.5%和60%。

寧夏是一個(gè)回族集居的少數(shù)民族地區(qū)，灘羊成為他們生活中不可分割的極為重要的一部分，回民中從事羊只生產(chǎn)、販運(yùn)、銷售和屠宰加工者相當(dāng)普遍。因此，灘羊生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，對(duì)少數(shù)民族地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展十分重要。

八、寧夏灘羊生產(chǎn)的制約因素與潛力

寧夏灘羊生存的生態(tài)環(huán)境十分特殊，灘羊生產(chǎn)本身又受自然環(huán)境及多方因素的制約，但產(chǎn)品特性又為其發(fā)展提供了機(jī)會(huì)和市場(chǎng)前景，只要不斷地改善其品質(zhì)、改進(jìn)加工工藝并綜合利用，其潛力也是巨大的。

（一）灘羊生產(chǎn)的制約因素

1.自然生態(tài)條件惡劣

寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)地處中國(guó)西北內(nèi)陸，屬典型的大陸性氣候，自然生態(tài)條件十分惡劣。從灘羊放牧管理的現(xiàn)狀看，草原受干旱制約，植被稀疏、產(chǎn)草量低，加之長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)放牧利用過(guò)渡和人為破壞（挖甘草），導(dǎo)致草原嚴(yán)重退化，土地大面積沙化。目前，天然草原97.0%的面積呈現(xiàn)出程度不同的退化，缺水草場(chǎng)占28.4%，沙化草場(chǎng)占34.64%。畜草供求不平衡，尤其在冬、春季節(jié)，正是灘羊產(chǎn)羔期，如沒(méi)有充足的飼草料來(lái)保證懷孕母羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要，不僅會(huì)影響裘皮品質(zhì)，甚至?xí)蝠囸I而導(dǎo)致母羊、羔羊大量死亡。由于草原退化、缺水和沙化，生產(chǎn)力下降，與六七十年代相比，灘羊體尺相應(yīng)有降低的趨勢(shì)，2.5歲羯羊體重下降約23.0%，2.5歲母羊體重下降28.02%。

2.產(chǎn)區(qū)農(nóng)牧民生活持續(xù)貧困

與農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉區(qū)相比，灘羊放牧區(qū)不僅草原生態(tài)條件惡劣，而且土壤瘠薄、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件差、種植業(yè)產(chǎn)量低，農(nóng)牧民生活長(zhǎng)期處于貧困狀態(tài)。由于農(nóng)牧民持續(xù)貧困，致使教育文化和科學(xué)技術(shù)知識(shí)貧乏，同時(shí)生產(chǎn)性投入能力也很低，尤其遇到大旱年分（降水極少）時(shí)，更是沒(méi)有能力抗災(zāi)自救（不能保證灘羊補(bǔ)飼）。嚴(yán)重影響了灘羊生產(chǎn)水平的提高和灘羊生產(chǎn)潛力的發(fā)揮。

3.科學(xué)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)短缺、研究手段落后

就全國(guó)來(lái)講，寧夏回族自治區(qū)是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和科學(xué)技術(shù)落后的地區(qū)。政府雖然十分支持灘羊的科學(xué)研究工作和灘羊資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用，但財(cái)政困難。因此，灘羊科學(xué)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)短缺，研究部門儀器、設(shè)備落后，對(duì)灘羊品種資源深度研究與開(kāi)發(fā)、產(chǎn)品加工及工藝改進(jìn)等方面仍未能獲得較大突破，也是影響灘羊資源開(kāi)發(fā)與利用，制約生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要因素。

4.飼料工業(yè)發(fā)展滯后

寧夏飼料工業(yè)起步于1980年，經(jīng)過(guò)13年發(fā)展已初具規(guī)模，年實(shí)際生產(chǎn)約10萬(wàn)噸，產(chǎn)品以家禽和豬配合飼料為主，羊、牛等家畜飼料產(chǎn)品幾乎沒(méi)有，高質(zhì)量的濃縮飼料及復(fù)合添加劑生產(chǎn)更是空白，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滿足不了畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展。飼料工業(yè)的滯后，也影響了灘羊生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。

（二）寧夏灘羊生產(chǎn)的潛力

1.寧夏灘羊是世界現(xiàn)存的一個(gè)珍貴綿羊品種

全世界現(xiàn)有綿羊品種有200多個(gè)，但具備像寧夏灘羊這種獨(dú)特生產(chǎn)性能的綿羊品種（二毛裘皮和毛纖維）沒(méi)有第二個(gè)。因此，它是世界上現(xiàn)存的一種十分珍貴的動(dòng)物品種資源（基因庫(kù)），這一品種資源本身就蘊(yùn)藏著不可估量的生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)利用潛力。寧夏灘羊生存地域環(huán)境（范圍）和數(shù)量是很有限的，確保寧夏灘羊品種資源，是極富科學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的一項(xiàng)工作。

2.灘羊毛纖維、二毛裘皮和板皮具有高開(kāi)發(fā)價(jià)值

上文雖已闡述了灘羊產(chǎn)品的加工及價(jià)值，但目前水平仍很低，還未進(jìn)入高水平開(kāi)發(fā)。灘羊毛纖維特殊的光澤和理化特性，在世界綿羊品種中是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的，尤其是2歲以下的幼年毛，全部為兩型毛（中間型），長(zhǎng)而細(xì)，可開(kāi)發(fā)高檔精紡織物，具有很好的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)前景。灘羊二毛皮和板皮也具有很高的開(kāi)發(fā)價(jià)值，據(jù)浙江海寧雪豹集團(tuán)公司試驗(yàn)，灘羊板皮成革和成裝質(zhì)量在國(guó)內(nèi)板皮中也屬上乘原料。

3.灘羊肉市場(chǎng)走俏

寧夏灘羊肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩，肉脂混生，無(wú)腥膻味，在粗毛羊中肉質(zhì)最好。灘羊肉（胴體）不僅是寧夏回、漢民喜歡的肉類，而且還進(jìn)入山西、北京、天津和廣州市場(chǎng)，需求量不斷增加，這種供求關(guān)系的變化，將會(huì)刺激價(jià)格并提高生產(chǎn)潛力。

4.寧夏引黃灌溉平原區(qū)飼料資源充足

就寧夏天然草原生產(chǎn)力而言是十分低下的，但引黃灌溉平原區(qū)飼料和農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品資源卻十分充足。這就為灘羊冬、春季補(bǔ)飼提供了條件和保證。寧夏灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)（中北部）天然草原載畜量232.6萬(wàn)個(gè)綿羊單位，而實(shí)際在草原上放牧的羊只（包括山羊）超過(guò)300萬(wàn)個(gè)綿羊單位。其中1/3的羊只在冬、春季下山入川，利用農(nóng)作物秸稈、樹(shù)葉、蔬菜、干草和玉米等飼料（草）舍飼圈養(yǎng)，這對(duì)于減輕草原放牧壓力起了有效作用。

寧夏每年可提供383200噸玉米、222200噸糠麩、31300噸餅類（主要是胡麻餅和豆餅）、1933000噸農(nóng)作物秸稈，可收集81500噸樹(shù)葉，甜菜渣300000噸和其他飼料資源（龐琪燕,1992）。用這些飼料資源加工羊用配合飼料，只需用17.6%的玉米和6.0%的粗飼料，按每只羊每日平均補(bǔ)充750克配合飼料測(cè)算，就可滿足150萬(wàn)只灘羊180天（12～5月）的冬、春季補(bǔ)飼。因此，寧夏引黃灌溉平原區(qū)豐富的飼料資源，為灘羊發(fā)展提供了有力的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和巨大的生產(chǎn)潛力。

九、寧夏灘羊研究工作評(píng)價(jià)

自1954年張松蔭、劉相模等人深入灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)調(diào)查研究，在《中央畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)》第3卷、第2期（37～40頁(yè)）首次發(fā)表“灘羊毛之初步研究”以來(lái)，至今灘羊研究工作已進(jìn)行了40年。在這期間，先后有50多名科學(xué)家和數(shù)百名基層技術(shù)人員參與了寧夏灘羊研究工作，已正式發(fā)表有關(guān)灘羊研究文獻(xiàn)163篇（見(jiàn)附錄），小型專著2本。1977年，寧夏、甘肅、內(nèi)蒙古和陜西四省（區(qū)）“灘羊選育協(xié)作組”成立后，使灘羊選育研究工作有計(jì)劃、有組織地進(jìn)行，共編輯寧夏灘羊科技資料7本，收集研究資料200篇。對(duì)寧夏灘羊的發(fā)展和質(zhì)量的提高起到積極作用。

（一）寧夏灘羊研究活動(dòng)（按時(shí)間順序）

1.1954年，西北畜牧部和寧夏省畜牧廳聯(lián)合對(duì)寧夏灘羊資源進(jìn)行了首次調(diào)查，撰寫了《寧夏省灘羊調(diào)查報(bào)告》，詳細(xì)地記載了灘羊的分布區(qū)域、數(shù)量、體質(zhì)外貌、繁殖及毛皮生產(chǎn)等。此項(xiàng)工作主要由劉金發(fā)、楊國(guó)珍、黃建邦等人完成。

2.1959年，由寧夏畜牧局、寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所（原寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究所）和中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院西北畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所3家協(xié)作對(duì)灘羊系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行了調(diào)查（第2次調(diào)查），工作9個(gè)月，完成了8萬(wàn)字的調(diào)查報(bào)告。韓安、李芬、黃樹(shù)德、辛綱、賀光明等人主要完成。

3.1960～1964年，寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所和西北畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所合作進(jìn)行了灘羊選育研究，提出了選擇優(yōu)良種公羊，開(kāi)展人工授精，對(duì)羔羊品質(zhì)進(jìn)行早期鑒定的可行辦法，此項(xiàng)研究主要由崔重九、許白善、張悠等完成。

4.1962年，寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所和西北畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所合作，對(duì)灘羊整個(gè)生命期（胚胎一羔羊一成年羊）生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育規(guī)律進(jìn)行研究，經(jīng)過(guò)4年研究，系統(tǒng)地揭示了灘羊各階段生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育規(guī)律。崔重九、張幼麟、潘君乾等人主要完成。

5.1963年，寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所和西北畜牧獸醫(yī)所合作，對(duì)灘羊的生理血液指標(biāo)及其季節(jié)變化進(jìn)行了測(cè)定。此項(xiàng)研究，對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)灘羊品種資源的確定、育種和疾病診斷提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要完成人員為陳殉、張悠、張幼麟等。

6.1964年，寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所、西北畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所和北京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)合作，對(duì)影響灘羊二毛裘皮品質(zhì)的因素進(jìn)行研究，揭示了產(chǎn)羔季節(jié)母羊年齡、羊毛品質(zhì)、懷孕期母羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平等因素對(duì)二毛裘皮品質(zhì)影響與規(guī)律，由崔重九、張幼麟、蔣英等人完成。

7.1965～1973年，鹽池灘羊選育場(chǎng)，1980～1985年，寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所先后進(jìn)行了灘羊裘皮花穗遺傳規(guī)律及應(yīng)用研究。經(jīng)過(guò)大量試驗(yàn)和資料分析，肯定了二毛裘皮優(yōu)良花穗性狀具有遺傳優(yōu)勢(shì)。應(yīng)用這一原理，采用同質(zhì)選配，其后代二毛裘皮優(yōu)良花穗類型比例增加5.0%～20.0%，這一研究成果為培育優(yōu)良品系提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。由康夢(mèng)松、崔重九、許百善、王天新、張國(guó)榮等人完成。

8.1966～1985年，鹽池灘羊選育場(chǎng)同寧夏畜牧工作站合作，進(jìn)行灘羊選育研究，經(jīng)過(guò)5個(gè)世代選育，培育出1號(hào)品系（串字花品系）羊12160只，并向全國(guó)11個(gè)?。▍^(qū)）推廣種公羊20000余只，由郭祥壽、康夢(mèng)松、王永慶、辛綱、楊學(xué)斌等人完成。

9.1970～1979年，寧夏農(nóng)墾局暖泉農(nóng)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行了灘羊本品種選育研究，經(jīng)過(guò)9年選育，優(yōu)質(zhì)花穗率占91.44%，隨后又經(jīng)過(guò)9年，培育出A品系（代表賀蘭山東麓半荒漠草原生態(tài)區(qū)的串字花品系）。由楊生龍、余璉、任海洋等人完成。

10.1976～1980年，①1976年，中國(guó)科學(xué)院寧夏南部山區(qū)資源利用科學(xué)試驗(yàn)隊(duì)、寧夏科技情報(bào)所和蘭州沙漠研究所合作，對(duì)寧夏灘羊生態(tài)地理特征進(jìn)行了研究，探索了不同自然生態(tài)因子對(duì)灘羊生產(chǎn)的綜合作用（沈長(zhǎng)江、傅金海、邸醒民）；②1976～1978年，鹽池灘羊選育場(chǎng)，1980～1982年，寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所，分別進(jìn)行了灘羊近交效果的研究（康夢(mèng)松、崔重九、許百善）；③1978～1980年，寧夏農(nóng)墾局暖泉農(nóng)場(chǎng)對(duì)灘羊主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的遺傳力、相關(guān)和回歸進(jìn)行了分析測(cè)試（余璉、楊生龍等）。

11.1978年，根據(jù)國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)部《關(guān)于組織全國(guó)畜禽品種資源調(diào)查》要求，寧夏畜牧局與寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所合作，對(duì)灘羊品種資源進(jìn)行了第3次調(diào)查，撰寫了《灘羊品種志》。由崔重九、張悠、辛綱、楊希賢等人完成。

12.1977年，在農(nóng)業(yè)部科技司和寧夏畜牧局倡導(dǎo)和支持下，成立了寧夏、甘肅、內(nèi)蒙古和陜西4?。▍^(qū)）灘羊選育協(xié)作組，廣泛開(kāi)展群眾性灘羊選育活動(dòng)。

13.1980年，寧夏農(nóng)學(xué)院牧醫(yī)系與暖泉農(nóng)場(chǎng)合作對(duì)灘羊l3種生理指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。由王酯偉、陳如熙、徐杰等人完成。

14.1981～1990年，寧夏農(nóng)學(xué)院畜牧獸醫(yī)系、寧夏畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所和寧夏畜牧工作站先后進(jìn)行了寧夏灘羊“三高一快”（羊群總增高、質(zhì)量高、商品率高、周轉(zhuǎn)快）研究與推廣，寧夏灘羊經(jīng)濟(jì)雜交利用研究，灘羊二年三產(chǎn)羔研究及育肥試驗(yàn)等。王寧、許百善、尹長(zhǎng)安等人完成。

15.1992年，將提高灘羊經(jīng)濟(jì)效益綜合技術(shù)研究列入寧夏回族自治區(qū)科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃。

（二）科學(xué)工作者的貢獻(xiàn)

1.灘羊品種起源、遺傳、選育與培育研究

①寧夏農(nóng)林科學(xué)院畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所崔重九、許百善研究員和張悠等人，從事了20多年的灘羊研究工作（1960、1962、1963、1964、1965、1978、1980），對(duì)灘羊品種的起源與進(jìn)化、生產(chǎn)性能、選育和培育等做了大量系統(tǒng)而富有成效的研究工作。主要研究成果包括：寧夏灘羊本品種選育研究及鑒定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)定；灘羊品種特性與生態(tài)條件關(guān)系；灘羊生產(chǎn)性能、裘皮品質(zhì)及其影響因素；灘羊裘皮花穗遺傳規(guī)律及育種方法等8項(xiàng)主要內(nèi)容。1978年獲得寧夏回族自治區(qū)科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)。②楊生龍高級(jí)畜牧師、余璉、任海洋等人，從1970～1985年，經(jīng)過(guò)15年的選育和培育，在暖泉農(nóng)場(chǎng)，培育出寧夏灘羊A品系（半荒漠草原生態(tài)區(qū)）。1986年獲寧夏回族自治區(qū)科技進(jìn)步2等獎(jiǎng)。③1966～1985年，郭祥壽、康夢(mèng)松和辛綱高級(jí)畜牧師及王永慶、楊學(xué)斌等人，經(jīng)過(guò)5個(gè)世代，長(zhǎng)達(dá)20余年的努力，在鹽池灘羊場(chǎng)培育出1號(hào)串字花品系（干旱草原區(qū)）。1988年獲寧夏回族自治區(qū)科技進(jìn)步3等獎(jiǎng)。

2.提高寧夏灘羊生產(chǎn)性能和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益研究

①寧夏農(nóng)學(xué)院畜牧獸醫(yī)系王寧教授、景維珍、武新、馬振中等人，于1976～1980年在鹽池草原試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行了寧夏灘羊“三高一快”研究與推廣。把寧夏灘羊從傳統(tǒng)的游牧生產(chǎn)方式引向注重市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、加快畜群周轉(zhuǎn)的現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)軌道。該項(xiàng)成果1980年獲寧夏回族自治區(qū)科技進(jìn)步3等獎(jiǎng)。后又經(jīng)過(guò)鹽池縣政府8年的努力，這種生產(chǎn)方式目前已被農(nóng)牧民普遍接受并應(yīng)用于灘羊生產(chǎn)。②寧夏農(nóng)學(xué)院畜牧獸醫(yī)系尹長(zhǎng)安教授，1981年應(yīng)用優(yōu)選法原理，提出灘羊最優(yōu)化畜群結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇和合理屠宰期的數(shù)學(xué)判斷式。改變了羊群結(jié)構(gòu)不合理（公羊占6.62%，基礎(chǔ)母羊占46.61%，羯羊占15.7%，后備母羊占31.0%），羊群周轉(zhuǎn)緩慢的狀況，把基礎(chǔ)母羊的比例提高到60%，對(duì)灘羊生產(chǎn)起了指導(dǎo)作用。該研究1982年獲寧夏回族自治區(qū)科技進(jìn)步3等獎(jiǎng)。③許百善（1965、1985、1986、1988），譚光兆高級(jí)畜牧師（1979、1980、1982），尹長(zhǎng)安（1982）、蔣克平（甘肅省畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所副研究員1985、1986）等，分別對(duì)灘羊繁殖性能（二年產(chǎn)三羔）、泌乳性能、經(jīng)濟(jì)雜交利用以及強(qiáng)度肥育等方面做了許多有益于提高灘羊生產(chǎn)性能的研究工作，為進(jìn)一步提高灘羊生產(chǎn)性熊提供有意義的科學(xué)依據(jù)。

3.寧夏灘羊國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制訂

張悠（寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)校高級(jí)講師）、楊希賢、辛綱和王禮成等人，1979年開(kāi)始研究制定寧夏灘羊國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，1980年由國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局正式頒布。寧夏灘羊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定，對(duì)促進(jìn)寧夏灘羊品種選育、生產(chǎn)、統(tǒng)一產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量以及市場(chǎng)起到了重要作用。

4.寧夏灘羊生態(tài)研究

沈長(zhǎng)江、傅金海、邸醒民研究員（1977、1979、1982），張悠（1982），甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)畜牧系教授胡自治（1984），盧泰安（1980、1982、1989），張漢武（1984、1985），康夢(mèng)松（1985），李紹欣（1985）等人，分別從灘羊生態(tài)環(huán)境、植被、氣候、草原放牧、生態(tài)與選育等不同角度對(duì)灘羊生態(tài)進(jìn)行了大量研究工作，使灘羊生產(chǎn)與生態(tài)環(huán)境相結(jié)合。

5.灘羊產(chǎn)品加工技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)

灘羊二毛裘皮（服裝）和提花毛毯是灘羊資源開(kāi)發(fā)的主要產(chǎn)品。張志超、王淑珍（銀川毛紡廠原高級(jí)工程師）等人，不斷改進(jìn)工藝技術(shù)，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，生產(chǎn)的6502灘羊牌提花毛毯和6508夏桂牌提花毛毯，自1980年以來(lái)，分別被確認(rèn)為國(guó)家銀質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)（不設(shè)金獎(jiǎng)）和輕工部?jī)?yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品獎(jiǎng)。鹽池毛皮廠王應(yīng)傅、黃奇鵬等技術(shù)人員，在引進(jìn)新技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合灘羊皮的特點(diǎn)，使灘羊二毛皮鞣制、漂白、染色及成裝等工藝達(dá)到國(guó)內(nèi)同行業(yè)先進(jìn)水平，1986年獲寧夏回族自治區(qū)科技進(jìn)步3等獎(jiǎng)。

6.寧夏灘羊走向世界

1988年，澳大利亞南澳州阿德萊德大學(xué)懷特農(nóng)業(yè)研究院畜牧科學(xué)系副教授John R.Sabine博士首次來(lái)寧訪問(wèn)（共來(lái)4次），考察了灘羊生產(chǎn)情況，對(duì)寧夏灘羊品種及毛纖維資源給予高度評(píng)價(jià)和新的認(rèn)識(shí)。同時(shí)做了許多有益的宣傳工作，提高了寧夏灘羊在海外的聲譽(yù)。1993年6月14～28日，Sabine博士應(yīng)寧夏科委邀請(qǐng)?jiān)俅慰疾炝藢幭臑┭?，并就合作進(jìn)行灘羊研究簽署了協(xié)議。1993年6月14日～28日，澳大利亞國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)研究中心駐北京使館中國(guó)項(xiàng)目主經(jīng)理李玉小姐（Miss RITTER）受Dr.COPLAND委托來(lái)寧考察了灘羊生產(chǎn)情況。在澳大利亞國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)研究中心Dr.COPLAND和李玉小組的關(guān)心和支持下，寧夏灘羊國(guó)際間合作研究必然會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)，這將給灘羊產(chǎn)區(qū)的農(nóng)牧民帶來(lái)更大經(jīng)濟(jì)收益，寧夏灘羊也有機(jī)會(huì)走向世界，灘羊資源也將會(huì)對(duì)世界作出貢獻(xiàn)。

（三）今后研究與開(kāi)發(fā)方向

綜上所述，40多年來(lái)，寧夏灘羊研究與開(kāi)發(fā)做了大量的基礎(chǔ)性工作，并取得了很大成就。但也存在著一定的局限性，對(duì)灘羊品種資源潛在價(jià)值的認(rèn)識(shí)還不深，研究深度還不夠，高附加值產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)還未能有大的突破。

因此，建議今后灘羊品種資源研究與開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面入手：第一，重新認(rèn)識(shí)寧夏灘羊資源的價(jià)值。要以灘羊品種的生產(chǎn)特性和產(chǎn)品特征為基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)灘羊資源進(jìn)行新的評(píng)價(jià)和認(rèn)識(shí)，要糾正對(duì)外貿(mào)易中把灘羊二毛皮譯為Tibet lamb-skin（意為藏羊皮）的錯(cuò)誤譯法，否則，會(huì)在國(guó)際上引起很大的誤解，對(duì)寧夏灘羊資源的開(kāi)發(fā)是很不利的。第二，采用生物新技術(shù)和基因工程，加速改進(jìn)和提高灘羊生產(chǎn)性能。寧夏灘羊毛纖維和二毛裘皮獨(dú)特的性能已引起國(guó)際有關(guān)方面的重視，具有較好的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)前景。因此，要充分利用國(guó)際合作研究機(jī)會(huì)，采用生物新技術(shù)和基因工程方法，提高其生產(chǎn)性能，改進(jìn)毛纖維品質(zhì)（降低毛纖維細(xì)度離散系數(shù)）。第三，深化毛纖維開(kāi)發(fā)研究，尤其在紡織工藝及新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)上多下功夫，開(kāi)發(fā)高附加值精紡織物。第四，注重灘羊品種資源的綜合利用，探索生化制品開(kāi)發(fā)的最佳工藝。

1993年12月　　

〔本文執(zhí)筆：井玉平，達(dá)文政，郭祥壽，龔偉宏，袁長(zhǎng)銀，席永平〕

【附件】

灘羊研究的文獻(xiàn)目錄

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The World’ s Precious Sheep Breed

——Ningxia Tan Sheep

Ⅰ.Introduction

As a unique sheep species and a coarse wool and light lambskin fur producer, Ningxia Tan sheep survives and lives in the arid semi-desert zone of northwest China and produces largely lambskin fur of light, soft texture, nice pure white color and fine curly hairs, which is famous both at home and abroad.The Tan sheep lambskin fur, one of the“five treasures of Ningxia”, has not only a special place in China’ s local specialty production but also a high reputation both in domestic and foreign fur market.China now has2,600,000 heads of Ningxia Tan sheep which are distributed over the regions within east longitude105°～108°and north latitude35°45′～39°40′, including29 counties（cities or banners) in the mid and north parts of Ningxia, Gansu province’ s Jingtai, Jingyuan, Huining, Huanxian and the east part to Yongdeng county, Shaanxi province’ s Jingbian and Dingbian and Inner -Mongolia’ s Otogqianqi and Otoghouqi banners.Ningxia takes up58%of the total Tan sheep number, Gansu province33%, Inner-Mongolia7%and Shaanxi2%.The distribution range is not a large area, about60,000km².

As a main animal sheep breed used for steppe grazing and utilization as well as a principle“prop”in the animal husbandry economy of Ningxia, Tan sheep is a native sheep breed of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and has not only an incomparable priority in quantity but also the best quality.Therefore, through summing up and analyzing Ningxia Tan sheep breed formation evolution, present production and utilization, the paper details Tan sheep’ s functions in Ningxia agriculture and socioeconomic development and provides a valuable basis for determination of Tan sheep research orientation and resources utilization in the future.

Ⅱ.Species Origin and Formation of Ningxia Tan Sheep

1.History of Ningxia’ s nationality changes

Ningxia is located in the northwest of China and was for a strategic place contested repeatedly by different nationalities in past dynasties in history.On the basis of historic records Ningxia was the residential place of“Qiangshu”people during the period of770-476 BC and was captured by Xiongnu afterwards.After Qinshihuang（the first emperor of Qin Dynasty) unified China, Xiongnu were driven out of the area and retreated350 km northwards.In the beginning of AD400, Helian Bobo of Xiongnu nationality set up a state called“Xia”and took possession of Ningxia later on.Dangxiang, a branch of Qiangshu people established“West Xia”state in the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Song Dynasty, taking Yinchuan as the capital and controlled the state for l94 years until Mongolian took it away in Yuan Dynasty.

“Semu”, a caste established in Yuan Dynasty, were captured and settled in Ningxia by Mongolian troops when they marched westwards and conquered the mid Asia.Ningxianese were moved into Changan（today’ s Xian City) in Ming Dynasty by the government and people from other place（mainly from Wu and Chu states) were settled in Ningxia.During the period of Emperor Tongzhi’ s rule in Qing Dynasty, Hui people from Shaanxi were migrated into Ningxia.The history of Ningxia’ s nationality changes is very complex.In consideration of the origin of Tan sheep, those who affected Ningxia greatly are Xiongnu and Mongolians.Though Han and Huiare the major residents in Ningxia nowadays, neither of them are unlikely to the first breeders of Tan sheep since historically the former are from inland China and the latter develop from“Semuren”, who were captives brought into Ningxia from faraway and could not bring sheep in large quantity.Also there are no other places, until now, from where sheep breed similar to Ningxia Tan sheep can be introduced.While Xiongnu and Mongolian are nomadic-based people who had been engaged in animal husbandry in history, they must have brought a large quantity of sheep along and scattered them over the occupied areas when they took possession of Ningxia.Because Ningxia has joint borderlands with Inner-Mongolia geographically, so there are Mongolian sheep everywhere in the borderline areas.For hundreds of years Mongolian herdsmen have driven their flocks of sheep into Ningxia for pasturing and Ningxia sheep sometimes would go to Inner-Mongolia to graze.It is thus clear that Ningxia actually belongs to Mongolian sheep distribution region in history.

In addition, although mature Tan sheep are a little bit of difference in body form, behaviors and characteristics from Mongolian sheep, they still share many analogous aspects to each other.Within transitional zones from Tan sheep’ s distribution area to that of Mongolian sheep, various behaviors, features and appearance of the sheep show correspondingly transitional characteristics, too.Therefore it can be inferred that Tan sheep originated from Mongolian sheep historically spread in Ningxia and were selected and bred, under the local natural conditions, by local farmers and herdsmen over a long time.

2.Formation period of Tan sheep breed

There are few historic records about the formation period of Tan sheep breed.“Yinchuan Annals”written in AD l755（the20th year of Emperor Qianlong’ s rule in Qing Dynasty) says,“Every prefecture in Ningxia produces lambskin fur and especially Lingzhou（Lingwu county today) produces‘Changmaisui（long spike)’ , a beautiful lambskin fur with long, fine curly hairs”.“Changmaisui”is likely to be today’ s“Chuanzihua”or“Maisuihua”lambskin fur, which earns the name from local farmers for its long cluster of curly fleece resembling the ear of wheat.

Compiled in AD1780(the25th year of Emperor Qianlong’ s rule in Qing Dynasty),“Ningxia Prefecture Records”says,“counties of Zhongwei, Lingzhou and Pingluo are near frontier and benefit from animal husbandry particularly”.The counties are rich in a variety of products and resources and have Xiangshan(today’ s Xiangshan Mountain in Zhongwei County) lambskin fur besides rice, cooking salt and Zhongning wolfberry.There are folklores recorded saying“l(fā)ocal folks wear crash clothes during warm days and lambskin fur in winter’ ’ , and this explains where Tan sheep lambskin fur comes from.Compiled in1908（the34 year of Emperor Guangxu’ s rule in Qing Dynasty), the book named“Gansu Xin Tong Zhi（Gansu new general records)”says“the（lambskin) fur of Ningxia is especially good, while that of Hongguang(today’ s Hongguangying in Helan County of Ningxia), called ‘Tan fur’by the folks, is the best”.Thus it is known that the name of“Tan sheep”came from“Tan fur”.Wool processing has a long history as well.“Gansu Tong Zhi（Gansu general records)”compiled in the year1，728 to1，736 notes that“the woolen blanket of Ningxia is very good”;the volume of“Gansu Tong Zhi”written in1908 says again“the woolen blanket of Ningxia is the best”.The quality of woolen blanket from“very good”to“the best”has to do with the improvement of processing techniques and wool quality.Generally speaking, the emerging time of the improvement of wool quality is in accordance with that of the feature required for Tan sheep.So, it can be considered that Tan sheep as one breed of lambskin fur had been formed at least before1，775（Emperor Qianlong’ s time of the Qing Dynasty), and that was more than300 years ago.

3.Reasons for the formation of Tan sheep

Through alternate functions of natural and artificial, selection, adaption and evolution, an sheep has been gradually formed.The reasons for its formation are as follows.

Firstly, local natural ecological conditions are suitable for raising sheep for light lambskin fur.

The origin of Tan sheep is located in the northwest of China and the middle and north parts of Ningxia, with Helan Mountain as a protective screen in the northwest, the Yellow River running from the south to the north and the vast flat pastures.The features of natural condition are as follows.①Long sunshine duration, and abundant heat.Annual sunshine duration is2,850 -3,150 hours;accumulated temperature more than or equal to10℃is2,700 to3,400℃;annual mean temperature is from7 to8℃.②Annual precipitation is low, from180 to300 mm, with a concentrative distribution during the period from July to September, and annual evaporation is from1，250 to2,550mm.③Herbage is sparse and low, with low output, while the content of protein in dry matter is high.Because of serious imbalance between herbage production seasons, the sheep has to endure half year of difficult grassless period.④Because of less precipitation and strong evaporation in the locality, the local water is rich in carbonate, sulfate and chloride, the soil is generally salinized and the pasture has many salt -tolerant bushes which contain many minerals such as sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, etc.All those features determine that it is feasible to raise the fat-tailed type of sheep with a medium size, fine coarse wool, a little content of the fine and short hair and the tight structure of wool.This wool quality is apt to form neat curl and light lambskin fur.These are the objective reasons for the formation of Tan sheep in Ningxia.

Secondly, the long-term elaborate breeding by the local farmers and herdsmen is another necessary condition.

Raising sheep in Ningxia has been quite developed since ancient times.The book called“Da Ming Yi Tong Zhi(integrated historical records of the Ming Dynasty)”Says that“the native of Ningxia is good at livestock breeding;they are engaged in farming and hunting and live on animal husbandry”.The local climate is terribly cold in winter, which requires the local to pay much attention to the choice of lambskin fur’ s quality, and the local have rich experience in the breeding and reproduction of sheep.These are the social and technical conditions of the formation of Tan sheep.

Thirdly, social demand is the motivation of formation of Tan sheep.

People subjectively need beautiful woolen blanket and top quality lambskin, which make processors claim for the quality of materials.The quality of lambskin fur is reflected by market price, so formation of Tan sheep is promoted.For example, in Emperor Kangxi’ s time of the Qing Dynasty, fur -dealers from Jiaocheng County of Shanxi Province came to Ningxia to buy lambskin fur by means of making contract, exclusive selling, and paying before delivering as well, thus promoting the process of breeding.

4.The ways of the flock’ s expansion of Tan sheep

Since Hongguangying’ s Tan sheep was well-known, the quality of lambskin fur produced elsewhere was judged by Hongguangying’ s.In order to improve their flock’ s quality, farmers and herdsmen exchanged stud rams by means of relative visits and the chance of alternate herding.In this way Tan sheep was gradually developed.

Ⅲ.Characteristics and Productivities of Tan sheep

Since the breed has developed for a very long time, the gene of Tan sheep is very stable.Even with the inbreeding coefficient of less than0.125, it did not show any sign of degeneration(Cui Chongjiu, Xu Baishan,1981).The heritability of seven major economic traits tested on175rams and6945 lambs were:

New born lamb: body weight h²=0.24±0.11;staple length（shoulder) h²=0.18±0.09;stretched length（shoulder) h²=0.37;strand crimps（shoulder) h²=0.2±0.08.

Lamb of thirty days: body weight h²=0.25±0.05;strand crimps h²=0.18±0.07;the area of distinctive crimps in strand h²=0.10.

1.External characteristics（conformation trait)

（1）Mature sheep

Similar to Mongolia sheep, the mature Tan sheep is medium sized with the length slightly exceed the height, body in a rectangle shape.With strong constitution, it is able to endure drought, cold and hot weather and disease, and the unstable feed supplies between seasons.It is pure white and has black, brown or yellow colored patches on head.The wool cover of the sheep has two layers.The outer layer formed with medullated fibers and heterotypical fibers;the inner one with non-medullated fibers.The clear strands have large wavy crimps with staple length of10-18 cm, with no withered hair and are consistent through all parts of the body.

The body size of Tan sheep differs from regions to regions.Generally, it is larger in steppe and smaller in desert steppe and there are very significant variations within individuals.The causes of these variations in body size are not genetic but nutritional.It is closely related with the vegetative cover（nutritional conditions) of the natural grassland（Table1).

（2）Lamb

The lamb is totally different from Mongolian lamb or other sheep breeds.The body weight of new born lamb is3.5-5kg（8%-9%of mature ewe).It is hairy with4.5 to5.5cm long brands and4-7 wavy crimps are evenly distributed on each brand.The wool is pure white.The body height is longer than length when born and will grow to nearly equal in one month when the strands grow up to7-8cm(reach the standard of lamb fur and looks like a rectangle or square（Table2).

2.Productivity of Tan sheep

Tan sheep is a multiple-purpose sheep breed which not only produces the major product—lamb fur but also wool, meat（1amb meat and mutton), skin, etc.to meet the demands of different consumers.

（1）Lamb fur

The lamb fur of Tan sheep is the lamb pelts got from about30-day-old lambs.It has the following features:①The strands are long（8.0 cm and over) and tight with beautiful crimps（6－8 crimps).②The fiber is fine and soft with proportional mixture of hete(46.0%) and non-medullated fiber(54.0%);the wool density is2，321.5－2，480.1 per cm²;the strand is neither slack nor is locked together.③Wool is pure white and lustrous.④Skin is thin but dense（0.78mm thick), light in weight but sturdy;the areas of the skin is2，254（1，220-3，480) cm²and only weigh for0.35 kg after tanning.

Table1　Body Size of Tan Sheeo in Different Econogical Regions

Note:①Tested at Changluishui of Alashan Left Banner of Inner Mongolia in1965.

②Tested by Ningxia Animal Science Institute at the foot of Helan Mountain in l962.

③Result drawn from Tan Sheep Breeding Farm in Yanchi,1976.

④Tested at Xiaonangou, Huan County of Guansu Province in1978.

（2）Wool

The wool of Tan sheep is unique fiber which is white, lustrous, long and fine with natural wave-like crimps;no withered hair or kemp;very brilliant when dyed.

Body Size of Tan Sheep Lamb

The wool density of adult sheep is1，771/cm², which contains7.0%of medullated fiber（44.87±10.18/cm,9.5-10.7 cm long),15.22%of heterotypical fiber(33.13±8.62 pm,14.3-18.3 cm long) and77.78%of nor-medullated fiber（19.07±5.85μm).The clear content is65.38%and lanolin is7.22%.

The quality and yield of wool differ from regions to regions.The wool from desert steppe is finer but with fewer yields than that of steppe（Table3).

（3）Meat

The sheep is a late mature breed under the condition of grazing on completely natural grassland.The body weight of yearling is only46.57%of the five-year-old one’ s;while the two year old is63.27%, three year old is85.41%and the four year old is91.60%.The dressing percentage is low（Table4).

Tan sheep is a hardy breed of sheep, able to thrive on very poor pastures.It can rapidly gain weight and store fat during summer and autumn when the grass resources are the best.It still has weight-gain potential if under conditions of feedlot management.Yearlings could gain daily100.759(Yang Shenlong,1979) and180g(Yin Changan, Huang Xueshuang,1985).The four -year -old sheep(castrated)’ s daily weight gain could reach80.5－112.0g（Zhao Zhibin,1982).

The Wool Yield of Tan Sheep

Note:①Tested at the eastern foot of Helan Mountains by Ningxia Animal Science Institute

②Tested at Tan Sheep Breeding Farm in Yanchi.

Meet Productivity of Tan Sheep

Note:①Tested at eastern foot of Helan Mountain by Ningxia Animal Science Institute in l979 to December l982

②TestedbyYanchiGrasslandStationinNovember1977.

The meat of Tan sheep is tender;fats and lean meat are well mixed.Without the smell of mutton, it is of the best quality among coarse wool sheep breeds.The dishes made of Tan sheep mutton(Ding Chao,1992), such as boiled mutton, preserved mutton, lamb stew and braised chopped entrails of sheep(mixed lung, heart, liver, intestines, tripe, etc.) are delicious and have long history.Thus Tan sheep meat is well known by local people and sells very well in domestic markets.

（4）Reproductive capacity

①Ewe.The age of puberty of Tan sheep is8-9 months and at the age of18 months, the ewe can be used for reproduction and can be continually used for six years.The ewe starts estrus in July and each peak in August and September.The gestation period is149-152days and the conception rate is98%.Lambing period is from December to March and January is the most concentrated month in which about36.3%of the lambs are born;the twin rate is about3%;the survival rate is85%.Under better nutritional condition, the“three lambs in two years”technique is recommended（Xu Baishan,1986).

②The age of puberty for rams is8 months.The ram starts service at age of two years and can be used for four years.Most herdsmen mix herding the rams and ewes at a rate of1:12 for natural tupping.Large farms also employ artificial insemination technique.The ejaculate volume of ram is1 -1.5 ml with sperm density of1.5 to2.2 billion/ml;the average sperm motility rate is0.8（Xue Zongyi,1978).

（5）Milking ability

The milk yield of Tan sheep is greatly affected by several factors such as age, times of lambing, lamb season and the nutritional level during the late period of gestation and lactation.The total milk yield in lactation(January to June) at different ages are: two year old21.74 kg;three year old57.98 kg;four year old55.96kg;five year old25.66kg and six year old11.16kg（Yang Shenlong,1983).

Ⅳ.Agricultural System and Tan sheep Quantity Distribution in Ningxia’ s Tan Sheep Raising Areas

1.Ningxia agricultural production system

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has a total area of51,800 km², of which arable lands are1,758,900 hectares, woodlands362,900 hectares with forest coverage of4.85%, and available steppes3,605,500 hectares.The excellent Tan sheep raising areas in Ningxia include14 counties（or cities) in the three regions of north of Yinchuan, Yinchuan and Shizuishan’ s mid and northern parts, covering a total area of35,017 km2 , in which available steppe area is2,031,600 hectares,77.9%of the total.In the areas there are425,800 households and1,906,000 rural population, of which630,400 are Huis, accounting for32.16%.The areas, with3600,000 hectares of irrigated farmland, benefit a great deal from gravity irrigation of the Yellow River and enjoy better development in agriculture.

Wheat, rice, corn, vegetable, melon and fruit such as watermelon, wolfberry and apple are cultivated at large areas.The average yield of intercropping spring wheat with corn amounts to5,050～5,892 kg/ha;one crop of rice yields9,000kg/ha averagely.Melons and fruits are of superior quality.The total agriculture output value reaches to2.35 billion Yuan（RMB), of which cropping output value occupies1.63 billion Yuan, accounting for69.39%;forestry76.63 million Yuan,3.26%;animal husbandry538 million Yuan,22.89%;fishery63.4million Yuan,2.69%;and other41.38 million Yuan(RMB).

2.Quantity distribution of Ningxia Tan sheep

Ningxia Tan sheep are distributed all over Ningxia, Inner-Mongolia, Gansu and Shaanxi, covering29 counties（cities or banners) in the four provinces.Ningxia as the origin of Tan sheep produces58%of the total and the best in quality.Ningxia’ s TAN Sheep is mainly raised in the mid and northern parts of Ningxia(see Table5) and is intensively distributed in the two ecological zones, i.e.the desert steppe zone centered around the Helan Mountain, taking up47.3%and the arid steppe of Orders Plateau to the east of the Yellow River, occupying the other52.66%.The raising number of Tan sheep is40%-67%, greater than the yearending population(see Fig.1.2).By means of grazing, over95%of the sheep scatter in farmers and herdsmen’ s households and only3%are state owned.

Table5　Tan Sheep Distrubution in Ningxia Sheep Rarising Areas

Ⅴ.Production of Ningxia Tan Sheep

Ningxia is located in the arid windy inland northwest of China, with extremely fragile and unsteady steppe ecological environment.Precipitation is the principle factor impacting Tan sheep pasturing and production.Owing to significant seasonal changes of rainfall, the sheep production has obvious seasonal characteristics and so do the sheep’ s weight and health conditions.

1.Productivity of steppe

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has at present3,014,000 hectares of natural steppe, taking up58.2%of Ningxia’ s total land area.Available steppe area amounts to2,625,500 hectares with a total sheep-bearing capacity of2,941,000 sheep units.From south to north, climate changes from semi-humid to semi-arid, arid to semi-desert.Vegetation types（11 types, see table6) show clear transitional properties as well.Among the11 types, desert and arid steppe take up the largest percentage, accounting for79.19%of the total area, and are the main grazing region of Ningxia Tan sheep.Grass yield of the steppes varies greatly from year to year due to the influence of climate and rainfall.

Fig.1　Variations in livestock-and population of Tan Sheep-Ending（1987-1992）

Fig.2　Variations of year-ending population and component of Tans Sheep（1987-1992）

The main plants in the desert steppe zones along the Helan Mountain include Stipa gobica, S.glareosa, Reaumuria soongorica, Peqanum harmala, Convolvulus tragacanthoides, Nitrara sibirica, Suaeda salsa, Ajania achilloides, Oxytropis uccphylla, Caragana korshiskii, Salsala passerina, Zygophyllum Xanthoxyonn, Aremisa sphaerocephala, Artemisia annua, Conuolvulus ammannis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, etc.

Ningxia Natural Grassland Types, Area and Livestock-Load Capacity

In arid steppe zone the main plants are S.dungeana,S.dreviflora, A.giraldii, Atemisia frigida, Caragena microphylla, Clycyrrheza uralensis, lespedeza davurica, Heteropappusaltaicus,Poa.Sphondylodes,Peganumharmala,Cynanchurn komorovii,Sophraalopecuroides,Alliumtenuissimum,Komorovii,Sophora alopesuroides, Allium tenuissimum, Linum amurense, etc.

2.Tan sheep flock Structure

Tan sheep flock structures are shown in Fig2 and consist of ram, ewe, replacement ewe and wether;the ratios of each are listed in Table7.

Table7　TAN Sheep Flock Structures

Tan sheep flock size is decided by conditions of region, steppe and grazing technique.Generally speaking, the flock size is smaller in cultivated areas and larger in pastoral areas.A sheep flock is usually composed of50-200 heads in irrigated cropping areas and100-400 heads in pastoral areas.Flock sizes and structures are detailed in Fig3-5.

3.Tan sheep grazing and raising management

Fig.3　(376 heads/flock)

Fig.4　(227 heads/flock)

Fig.5　(97 heads/flock)

Fig.3 Xuguangtan in Yanchi County（376 heads/flock)

Fig.4 Shijiahao in Lingwu County（227 heads/flock)

Fig.5 Majiatan in Wuzhong County（97 heads/flock)

In harsh natural environment, Tan sheep has been surviving for a long time, pasturing all the year round, enduring drought, hot summer, wind, sandstorm and cold winter.On larger fa.rms, rams and wethers, ewes1.5 years old, replacement rams and ewes under the age of1.5 years are pastured in different groups respectively;while agro-pastoral households generally pasture their sheep in mixed flock.The sheep are out for grazing after sunrise and back before sunset;Lambs sucking period are given special care, separated from other pastured groups.According to field observation, sheep flocks move at a speed of24.51m/min on average during grazing（Li Fong, Xin Gang,1959).

In the desert steppes and arid steppes in mid and north Ningxia, the amount of rainfall has a great effect on steppe productivity.Usually the period from the mid and end of May to November is Tan sheep’ s fattening time.Tan sheep has the heaviest weight in November,44.5 kg on average for mature ram or wether and36.2 kg for ewe.

From December, when weather gets cold and winter comes, begins the grassdeficient period and it last till next May, during which the sheep weight is the lowest, losing25%-30%compared with the largest.In view of these changes, some of old sheep would be fattened first and culled before winter.The rate for elimination is greater than30%in extremely dry year（if there is no rainfall for7 months from January to July) when the Tan sheep’ s estrus, mating, propagation and lamb quality are seriously affected.

In spring and winter, lambed ewes and sucking lambs are fed with corn as one of supplementary feed for pasturing by an amount of250 g and50 g daily;For the smaller amount of one-year-old weak ewes supplementary feeding is necessary in spring, too;other sheep do not need special treat unless in seriously dry years.

In irrigation agricultural regions, each household owns only a small number of Tan sheep, so farmers employ a herdsman to gather the sheep from every family and pasture them over hills.Farmers get their sheep back at the end of autumn for confined rearing to survive the winter.Moreover, there are some households specially engaged in sheep fattening and selling mutton sheep（500-12,000 heads a year).In a word, the level of grazing management and raising of Ningxia Tan sheep remains backward and is necessary to be bettered in the future.

4.The health problem of Tan sheep

Ningxia Tan sheep has strong body, great resistance to diseases.Sheep disease incidence rate is lower during summer and winter, and goes up in spring because of deficient nutrition and decreasing immunity.and the sheep’ s death mainly occurs in this period with a mortality rate about3%-5%.

Acute infectious disease such as sheep pox and clostridial disease of sheep occurred in parts of Ningxia, but did not cause wide spread.After1970s Ningxia implemented“Infectious disease immune technique regulation”and general prevention measures, to effectively control sheep infectious disease was awarded by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Health of the State.

The present common disease and frequently occurring disease are mainly as follows:

（1）Lamb dysentery: The disease mainly endangers lamb within seven days old, whose symptoms include intensive diarrhea and small intestine ulcer, causing the death of lambs in great number.It is estimated that there were10,472 lambs caught by the disease and2,252 lambs died in the three years from1987 to1989, and the death rate is about21.5%.

The occurrence of the disease is related with breeds.The incidence rate among Tan sheep is lower than Xinjiang fine-wool sheep and other hybrid sheep.By adopting common antibiotics and lamb dysentery vaccine（serum), strengthening management and cleaning the sheep pen can effectively control the disease up to now.

（2）Pneumonic mycoplasmosis of sheep: The case was first found in Tongxin, Ningxia, in l981 and from l987 to1989 sample investigation on195 flocks of sheep in the whole region of Ningxia was conducted to find out that the average infection rate was21.28%;the infection rate of sheep is higher than goat’ s;mortality is55.1%.Hydrochloric acid, terramycin, and sulphanilamide sylaergist can cure the disease;3%Lysol and10%limewater can disinfect the sheep pen and prevent the disease effectively.

（3）Sheep tetanus: The disease is caused by undemanding disinfection or contagion of the wounds during delivering lambs, cutting umbilical cord, shearing wool and castration.Though the incidence rate is not high, the death rate caused is higher.There were223,847 sheep got infected and64,660 sheep died in the40 years from1948 to1989.With strict disinfection or injection of tetanus toxin, the disease can be prevented effectively.

（4）Coenurosis cerebralis avis: This disease occurred sporadically, whose incidence rate is in positive correlation with the amounts of dogs raised in countryside(the dog is intermediate host).The incidence rate is1%-3%.Oral intake of Albendazole can get better effect.

（5）Sarcoptes ovis: This chronic skin disease is caused by the parasite of sarcopticmite.Goat is more likely to be harmed than sheep.The diseases caused76,802 sheep dead from1955 to1981, of which goat took up more than70%.There are a lot of medicines to choose to cure the disease, of which miticide is the best;by250 ppm bath,600 ppm spray or inunction can cure the disease.It is widely used now in production.

（6）Oestrosis nasus ovis: Oestrosis nasus avis is nasosinusitis caused by the parasite in sheep’ s nasal cavity.It is estimated that there were52,072 sheep died in the40 years from1948 to1988.The total incidence rate is3.28%.The trial treatment effect with many medicine shows that Dovenix made in France can be effective up to95%and a medicine made in American can be effective up to99%;both are ideal medicine.

Ⅵ.Manufactory and Marketing System of Tan Sheep Products

The ewe starts tupping at l8 months old and gives lamb at the age of two years old.During July to September, the tupping season, put the rams into the reproductive ewe flocks at a rate of1∶12(ram: ewe) for natural tupping.The conception rate can be over95%.Separate rams from ewes after tupping season.Lambing starts from December till next March.The lambing rate was90%－95%, and the lamb survival rate is95%.About30%of the lambs are killed at age of30 days for Tan sheep lamb fur.Weaning the rest at age of4 to6 months, the ram and ewe lambs are separately raised in different flocks.The ewe lambs then become replacement ewes and most of ram lambs are castrated and raised as wether.Mature sheep will be culled at6-7 years old.

Producing of Tan Sheep Products

Tan sheep products include lamb fur, wool, skin(mature sheep skin) and meat.Most products have been described in Part IV.Since Tan sheep are mainly raised in households, the actual raising number is40%-60%larger than the official statistics in statistical yearbook, so is Tan sheep products.The yields of main products are listed as follows.

Lamb fur: the lamb fur is mainly taken at February to March.In1992230,000 fur-pieces were produced.On the basis of raising numbers the yield is around218.400 to370,000 pieces.

Wool: Tan sheep is sheared twice a year, i.e.the beginning of Jun（spring wool) and the first half of September(autumn wool).Spring wool accounts for61.54%-71.67%of the total yield of a year, and autumn wool38.46%.In1992 the total output of Ningxia Tan sheep wool is2,602.54 tons, and estimated on the basis of raising number the overall quantity can reach to about3,310.22 Tons.

Skin(Mature sheep skin): Tan sheep skin is mainly produced in November and December when the flocks are readjusted to cull the old and weak sheep after quick fattening.The total yield of Tan sheep skin in l992 was473,699 pieces and20,000－30,000 lamb skins（the ewe did not have enough milk and the lamb’ s pelt cannot match the quality required for lamb fur but have to be killed to protect the ewes).

The Tan sheep meat: Tan sheep meat includes lamb meat and mutton.Mostly, the price of fresh tender lamb meat is20%higher than mutton.The lamb meat is produced during getting the lamb fur.The culled sheep are killed to get sheep skin and mutton in November and December.The carcass weights of mutton in different ages are different（Table4).The total output of Tan sheep mutton was6,500 Tons(including1,830 tons of lamb meat) in l992.The average carcass weight of lamb is5.0±2.3kg and mutton,12.0±3.5 kg.

1.Processing and marketing of Tan sheep products

Except mutton and lamb meat which were directly sent into markets, the process system of Tan sheep products are well developed and the processing capacity are greater than the quantity of production.Each large processing enterprise has its own marketing department responsible for purchasing raw materials and selling products.The price is highly affected by the cost of the product and the demands of market.By-product of sheep such as blood, entrails etc.are not be further processed(but still consumed as food) due to lack of technology, capital and difficulty in collecting raw materials.

（1）Processing of lamb fur: Three factories located in Yinchuan, Yanchi and Wuzhonare specificly established to process lamb fur, among which Yinhuan Fur Processing Factory is the largest with more advanced equipments and techniques.It could process300,000 lamb furs into coat, bed cover, shawl, scarf, etc, which have been sold to Europe, South East Asia and America.Yanchi Fur Factory has a capacity of processing100,000 lamb furs and some of its products have been sold to international markets.Wuzhong Fur Factory also has a capacity of processing100,000 lamb furs and most of its products are sold in domestic markets.There are also some small private workshops which still employ traditional method in processing lamb fur.Thus in this region, more than600,000 lamb fur can be processed each year, which is more than enough for processing Tan sheep lamb fur and Zhongwei goat skin（with the similar feature as lamb fur).

The profit allocation of lamb fur is as follows:

Price of lamb fur（herdsman’ s sales price) is35.0±7.50 Yuan/piece tanning cost is5.0 to7.5Yuan/piecefactory price of finished product(for coat) is400.0±50.0 Yuan/pieceMarket price（retail price) is500.0±30.0 Yuan/piece.

（2）Process of sheep kin: Four large factories and a dozen of small private workshops exist in Yinchuan, Yanchi, Tongxin and Guyuan, which can process1,000,000 sheep and goat skins every year.Yinchuan Leather and Fur Factory have100 unit equipments and is able to process400,000 skins and produces1600,000 Chi²(about2,080,000 feet²) of leather.Each of the leathery factories in Yanchi, Tongxin and Guyuan can process100,000 pieces of sheep skin every year.The sheep and goat skins processing capacity in this region can meet the overall production output in Ningxia.Most leather produced from Tan Sheep is sold in domestic market.

The price and profit allocation of sheep skin:

Raw skin price is60.0 ±25.0 Yuantanning cost8.0 ±1.50Yuanfinal leather product（factory sales price)13.0±2.00 Yuan/chi2sales price（of coat)440.0±30.0 Yuanretail price（in China)480.0±20.0 Yuan.

（3）Process of Tan sheep wool

Tan sheep wool processing is mainly woolen based.Eight woolen mills are located in Yinchuan, Pingluo, Lingwu, Wuzhong, Zhongning, Zhongwei and Guyuan, which are able to produce1,000,000 flowery blankets,1,200 tons of woolen yarn.Established in1954, Yinchuan Woolen Mill can produce300,000 flowery blankets each year, and is one of the largest mills in China to produce pure woolen blankets.The technique and the quality of the products are also among the best ones in China.The“Tan Sheep”brand6502 flowery blanket and“Xiagui”brand6508 blanket have been awarded with silver prize by Chinese government(no gold prize is set) and recommended as best quality products by the Ministry of Light Industry since1980.These two products have very good reputations in China and have been sold to Europe, America and Australia.

The price and profit allocation of Tan sheep wool: grease wool(not sorted)14.00 ±3.50 Yuan/kg—whole sale16.0 ±4.50 Yuan/kg—the blanket unit price(factory sales price) ,138.0 －170.0 Yuan/piece—retail price(in China)148.0 -200.00 Yuan/piece.

The above prices are only based on the present level of product processing technique.It still can be raised higher if the processing technique and the style and the quality of products are improved.

Ⅶ.Effect of Tan Sheep Production on the Development of Society and Economy and Its Significance

The special characteristics and productive capacity of Tan sheep are unique in the world, thus they have attracted more and more attention from not only scientific researcher but also markets both at home and aboard.Tan sheep is a major part of utilizing natural pasturing in Ningxia, the pillar of Ningxia’ s animal husbandry, and principle source of income for farmers and herdsmen.Hence, it plays a very important role in the social and economic development of Ningxia.

1.Tan sheep production is the main prop in Ningxia’ s animal husbandry

From the survey carried out on the basis of Tan sheep’ s raising quantity and its market price in1992, it can be seen that the total production value of Tan sheep is304,052,000 Yuan,56.5 %of the total output value of Ningxia, i.e., a half of Ningxia’ s animal husbandry revenue comes from Tan sheep production.

2.Social and economic meaning of Tan sheep products processing

The further processing of Tan sheep products does not only results in the products output value rising but also more foreign exchanges, tax profits and more chances for jobs.According to statistics, after processing, the total value of lamb fur, sheep skin and wool have been increased to86,603,000 Yuan than that of the raw material, which is180,504,600 Yuan;profit taxes are2,500,000 Yuan;jobs for10,000 people have been offered and more products have been manufactured for the whole society’ s consumption.

Ⅷ.Inhibition Factors on the Development of Tan Sheep and Its Potentiality.

In spite of the fact that Tan sheep lives in a very special environment and its production is affected by the limitation of natural conditions, the special characteristics of Tan sheep products indicates a great vision for its further development.Its potentiality is great provided that Tan sheep product quality and processing techniques have continuously improved.

1.Inhibition factors

（1）Adverse circumstances

Tan sheep live in inland northwest of China, with a typical continental climate and worse natural conditions.Due to factors of drought, insufficient vegetation and unrestricted overgrazing and exploitation of, serious deterioration of steppe and desertification in a large scale are caused.At present,97%of natural grasslands show signs of degradation to varying degrees;among them28.4 %are water -deficient of moisture and34.64 %are desertified.There is an obvious imbalance between supply of and demand for forage.Especially during the period of scarcity of water and stock food in winter and spring(season of lambing), pregnant ewes have not enough feed to ensure its nutritional need, consequently, not only fur quality will be affected but also losses of ewes and lambs will be caused.Compared with1960－70s, Tan sheep weight shows sign of decline at the rate of23.0 %for wethers and28.02 %for ewes at age of2.5 years.

（2）Long terms of impoverished living situation for residents in Tan sheep production area:

On account of the inferior conditions in pastures, the investment in Tan sheep reproduction is far less than expected.All of this condemns the residents to nothing but a depressing living standards, poor education and limited technique.It is under such a state that the development of productivity is hindered and the potential is diminished.

（3）Research funds are not enough and equipments are backward.

Compared with other east and south parts of China, Ningxia is backward in economic, cultural, scientific and technological development.Financial difficulties mean no improvement on further study, products processing and technical exploitation of species resource.

（4）Ningxia’ s Feed Manufacturing Industry develops with a slow step.

Ningxia’ s feed manufacturing industry starts from1980s.Up to now, it has developed to a scale of yearly output of100,000 tons.The products are mainly mixed feed for poultry and swine, while feed products for sheep and cattle are seriously lacking.The production of high quality concentrated feed and compound feed additives are still a blank, which is far from sufficient to meet the needs of the development of animal husbandry.

2.The potentiality of Tan sheep production

There are more than200 varieties of sheep in the world, but there are no any other sheep breeds which have such remarkable characteristics1ike Tan sheep worldwide.The distinction of Tan sheep from others by far indicates enormous potential of production and economic returns.In view of bad living conditions as well as decrease in quantity, reservation of Tan sheep resource is a duty-bound work with scientific and economic value.

（1）Tan sheep wool, lamb fur and sheep skin are with high exploitation value.

In Ningxia, the lamb processing is still in developing stage of a low level.Nevertheless, The special luster and physical characteristics of Tan sheep wool fiber are unique;especially the wool of lambs under2 years old, which are long but fine, ideal for high range worsted textile and has great potential of entering international markets.Based on the trial conducted by Snow Leopard Group in Haining County, Zhejuang Province, Tan sheep skin is demonstrated to be of higher utilizable value for making high-grade leather apparel, too.

（2）Marketable mutton

Tan sheep meatis well accepted by people for its tenderness, pleasing flavor and good taste.It is not only the local residents’favorite;moreover, it has been successfully introduced into Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shanxi province with increasing demands.The tendency of demand exceeding supply will stimulate market price, promote production potentiality.

（3）There are abundant fodder resources in Ningxia irrigated areas of Yellow River.

Different from the natural pastures with low grass productivity in Ningxia, Ningxia’ s irrigated areas of Yellow River is rich in fodder and agricultural products, which provides a compensation of fodder during the period of stock food shortage.In the middle and north parts of Ningxia, though natural pastures’stock bearing capacity is2,326,000 sheep unit, the actual number of naturally pastured sheep exceeds3,000,000 sheep unit.In spring, about one third of Tan sheep are fed in the plains with crop straw,1eaves, vegetables and hay to effectively alleviate the stress on natural grassland.The yearly fodder accumulation in Ningxia is as follows: corn383,200 tons, chaff222,200 tons, cakes(especially bean cake and sesame cake)31,300 tons, crop straw1,933,000 tons, leaves81,500 tons and beet pulp300.000 tons.According to the fodder norm of average750 g per day for each lamb, by combination of17.6 %of corn and6.0 %of coarse fodder, the total fodder mentioned above can feed150 million sheep for180 days(December to next May).

Ⅸ.An Evaluation of the Research on Tan Sheep in Ningxia

The study on Tan sheep in Ningxia has already had a history of40 years since the article“Preliminary Study on Tan Sheep Wool”were published in1954 on“Central Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine”(P37～40, the third volume , first issue) in1954 by Zhang Songyin and Liu Xiangmo, which was the result of through investigation and study in production place of Tan sheep, .

Since then, there have been over50 scientists and hundreds of grassroots technicians involved in the study of the Tan sheep in Ningxia and163 articles（see appendix) and2 monographs are published.In1977, the“Tan sheep selection and breeding cooperation group”involving Ningxia, Gansu, Inner -Mongolia and Shaanxi was established.It aided the breeding work of Tan sheep to be carried out in a planned and organized way.At the same time7 books and200 pieces of research materials were compiled.It had promoted the development and the improvement of Tan sheep in Ningxia.

1.Studies on Tan sheep in Ningxia（in chronological Sequence).

（1）In1954 Northwest Animal Husbandry Department and Ningxia Animal Husbandry Department made a combined investigation on the Tan sheep resources in Ningxia for the first time and wrote“Investigation Report on Tan Sheep in Ningxia”, which recorded in detail the distribution, quantity, constitution, appearance, reproduction and the production of wool and fur of Tan sheep.

The work was finished mainly by Liu Jinfa, Yang Guozhen and Huang Jianban.

（2）In1959, Ningxia Animal Husbandry Department, Ningxia Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science(the former Ningxia Institute of Agricultural Science) and Northwest Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of China Academy of Agricultural Science jointly made a systematic investigation on the Tan sheep（the second of this kind of investigation).The work lasted9 months and a investigation report of80,000 words was accomplished.The work was done mainly by Han An, Li Fen, Huang Shude, Xing Gang and He Guangming, etc.

（3）During1960-1964 Ningxia Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science and Northwest Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science jointly made a study of the selection and breeding of Tan sheep, putting forward feasible methods of selection of good stud ram, carrying out artificial insemination and early appraisal of the quality of lamb.The study was finished mainly by Cui Chongjiou, Xu Baishan and Zhang You, etc.

（4）In1962, Ningxia Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science and Northwest Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science made a joint study on the law of growth and development in the whole life span of Tan sheep(embryo—lamb—adult sheep).After4 years of study, the laws of growth and development in different life phases of Tan sheep were discovered.The work was finished mainly by Cui Chongjiou, Zhang Youling and Pan Junqian etc.

（5）In1964 Ningxia Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science andNorthwestInstituteofAnimalandVeterinarySciencejointlymade determinations of the physiological blood indexes of Tan sheep and it’ s changes with different seasons.The study provided scientific basis for the definition of breed resources, breeding and disease diagnosis of Tan sheep.The main researchers finishing the study are Chen Xun, Zhang You and Zhang Youling etc.

（6）In1964, Ningxia Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Northwest Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science and Beijing Agricultural University jointly made a study on the factors affecting the quality of lamb skin fur.They discovered the effects of factors such as the age of ewe in lambing season, quality of wool and nutritive level of ewe in period of pregnancy of the quality of lamb fur.The work was done mainly by Cui Chongjion, Zhang Youling and Jiang Yin etc.

（7）During1965-1974 the Selection and Breeding Farm of Tan sheep of Yanchi and during1980 -1985 the Ningxia Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science respectively made studies on the genetic law of favorable wool strand of lamb fur and its application.On the basis of numerous experiments and analyses, they affirmed that the excellent trait of wool strand of lamb skin fur have genetic superiority.Applying this principle, they selected sheep having the same quality and made them mate.The result shows that the proportion of the excellent strand of the lamb fur of their progeny increased by5.0%-20.0%.This achievement provided scientific basis for the selection and breeding of excellent breed lines.The work was finished mainly by Kang Mensong, Cui Chongjiou, Xu Baishan, Wang Tianxing and Zhang Guorong etc.

（8）During1966-1985, the Selection and Breeding Farm of Tan Sheep of Yanchi andNingxia Animal Husbandry station jointly made studies on the selection and breeding of Tan sheep.After the selection and breeding of5 generations, they bred2160 sheep of No.1 breed lines and provided20,000 stud rams for11 provinces across China.The work was mainly finished by Guo Xiangshou, Kang Mensong, Wang Yongqing, Xing Gang and Yang Xuebing, etc.

（9）During1970-1979, Nuanquan Farm under Ningxia Reclamation Bureau made9 -year studies on the selection and breeding to raise the proportion of excellent strand to91.44%.After another9 years they bred the A Breed lines(represent the ecological areas of semi-desert grasslands of the eastern foot of Helan Mountain).The work was done by Yang Shenlong, Yu Lian and Ren Haiyang, etc.

（10）1970 -1980,①in1976 the team of scientific testing on resource utilization of the mountainous areas in south Ningxia from the China Academy of Sciences, Ningxia Institute of Information for Science and Technology and Lanzhou Institute of Desert jointly made a study of the ecological and geographical feature of Tan sheep in Ningxia.The researchers explored the comprehensive effect of different natural and ecological factors on the production of Tan sheep.(Sheng Changjiang, Fu Jinghai and Di Xingming).②During1976 -1978, Yanchi Tan Sheep Selection and Breeding Farm,, and during1980-1982 Ningxia Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science respectively made studies on the effect of close breeding of Tan sheep（Kang Mensong, Cui Chongjiou and Xu Baishan).③During1978～1980 Nuanquan Farm under the Ningxia Reclamation Bureau made analyses and tests of the heredity ability, correlation and regression of main economic trait of Tan sheep（Yu Lian and Yang Shenglong etc).

（11）In1978, according to the requirement of“On Organizing Nationwide Investigation of Breed Resources of Livestock and Poultry”issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Ningxia Animal Husbandry Bureau and Ningxia Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science jointly made the third investigation of the breed resource of Tan sheep in Ningxia and wrote“Annals of Tan Sheep Breed”.The work was finished mainly by Cui Chongjion, Zhang You, Xing Gang and Yang Xixian etc.

（12）In1977, with the initiative and support of the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Ningxia Animal Husbandry Bureau, the Tan sheep selection and breeding cooperation group involving Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi was established and as a result mass selection and breeding activities of Tan sheep were extensively launched.

（13）In1980, the Department of Animal and Veterinary Science of Ningxia Agricultural College and Nuanquan Farm jointly made tests of13 physiological indexes of Tan sheep.The tests were mainly finished by Wang Xiwei, Chen Ruxi and Xu Jie etc.

（14）During1981-1990, the Department of Animal and Veterinary of Ningxia Agricultural College, Ningxia Animal Husbandry Station successively made study and promotion of“the three high and one quick”program（high in total increase of the flock of sheep, high quality, high commodity rate and quick turnover) of Tan sheep of Ningxia.They also made studies of the economic hybridization application, giving birth to three lambs in2 years and fattening experiment of Tan sheep of Ningxia.The work was done mainly by Wang Ning, Xu Baishan and Yin Changan etc.

（15）In1992, the study of comprehensive technique of raising economic benefit of Tan sheep was listed in the Development Plan of Science and Technology of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

2.The contribution of the researchers

（1）The studies on breed origin, heredity and selection and breeding of Tan sheep:

①Research Fellow Cui Chongjiou, Xu Baishan and Zhang You have been engaged in the study of Tan sheep for over20 years(1960,1962,1963,1964,1965,1978,1980).They made a large amount of systematic and effective studies on the breed origin and evolution, production performance, selection and breeding of Tan sheep.Then major research achievements are: studies on the selection, breeding and determination of appraisal criterion of Tan sheep of Ningxia;the relation between breed property of Tan sheep and ecological conditions;production performance, quality of lamb fur and the factors affecting them;the genetic law of wool strand of lamb fur and the method of breeding.They obtained the Prize of Scientific and Technical Progress of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in1978.

②From1970-1985, Yang Shenlong(senior animal science specialist), Yu Lian and Ren Haiyang, etc carried out15 -year research of the selection and breeding of Tan sheep in Nuanquan Farm, and bred A breed lines of Tan sheep in Ningxia.They got the Second Prize of Scientific and Technical Progress of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in1986.

③During1966-1985, senior animal science specialist Guo Xiangshou, Kang Mensong, Xing Gang, Wang Yongqing and Yang Xuebing etc, by efforts of over20 years,5 generations, bred Nn.1 breed lines of flowery wool strand in Tan sheep Farm of Yanchi（areas of arid grasslands).The achievement obtained Third Prize of Scientific and Technical Progress of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in l988.

（2）Studies on raising production performance and economic benefit of Tan sheep of Ningxia:

①During1976-1980 professor Wang Ning, Jing Weizhen, Wu Xing and Ma Zhenzhong from the Department of Animal and Veterinary Science of Ningxia Agricultural College carried out studies and promotion of“the three high and one quick”program of Ninghxia Tan sheep at Grassland Experimental Station of Yanchi.Their effort directed the traditional nomadic based production of Tan sheep to the modern way of production and management, which attaches importance to marketing and economic benefit.The achievement obtained Third Prize of Scientific and Technical Progress of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in l980.Afterward, with another8 years’efforts of Yanchi County Government, up to now this way of production has been adopted widely in the production of Tan sheep by local farmers and herdsmen.

②In l981, Professor Yin Changan, from the Department of Animal and Veterinary of Ningxia Agricultual College, applied the principle of optimum seeking method, put forward the mathematical judgment formula of selection of optimum flock structure and rational slaughter time.The achievement changed the state of irrational flock structure（stud ram6.62%, ewe46.61%, wether15.7%and reserve ewe31.0%) and slow flock turnover, raising the proportion of ewe to60%and guiding the production of Tan sheep.The study obtained Third Prize of Scientific and Technical Progress of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

③Xu Baishan(1965,1985,1986,1988), Tan Guangzhao(senior animal science specialist,1979,1982), Yin Changan（1982) and Jiang Keping（associate professor of Gansu Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science,1985,1986) etc respectively made studies on reproduction performance(three lambs within two years), performance of milk production and economic hybridization application and intensive fattening of Tan sheep.These studies are beneficial to the improvement of production performance of Tan sheep and provide scientific basis for further improvement of production performance of Tan sheep.

（3）Formulation of state standard of Ningxia Tan sheep:

In1979 Zhang You(senior lecturer of Ningxia Agricultural School), Yang Xixian, Xin Gang and Wang Lichen, etc began to study and worked out the State Standard of Tan Sheep of Ningxia.It was formally promulgated by the State Standard Bureau in l980.This work played an important part in the improvement of breed selection and breeding, production, unification of product quality and market of Tan sheep of Ningxia.

（4）Ecological studies of Ningxia Tan sheep

Research Fellow Shen Changjiang, Fu Jinghai and Di Xingming（1977,1979,1982), Zhang You（1982) Professor Hu Zizhi from the Department of Animal and Veterinary Science of Gansu Agriculture University(1984), and Lu Taian（1980,1982,1981), Zhang Hanwu（1984,1985), Kang Mensong（1985) and Li Shaoxing, etc respectively made studies on ecology of Tan sheep in respects of ecological circumstances, vegetation, climate, grassland grazing, ecology and selection and breeding.The work combined the production with ecological circumstances of Tan sheep.

（5）Development of processing technique and products of Tan sheep

The lamb fur(clothing) and jacquard woolen blanket are main products of exploring Tan sheep resources.Zhang Zhichao and Wang Shuzhen（former senior engineer of Yinchuan Woolen Mill) continually improved technology and raised the quality of their products.Their products,6502 jacquard woolen blanket of“Tan Sheep”brand and6508 jacquard woolen blanket of“Xiagui”brand have been awarded the national Silver Prize(no Golden prize is set) and the prize of high quality product by the Ministry of Light Industry since l980.Wang Yinfu and Huang Qipen, technicians of Yanchi Fur Factory, on the basis of introducing new technology, integrated the characteristics of lamb fur, made the technological level of tanning, bleaching, dyeing and forming clothes of lamb fur reach advanced level among the same trade in China.The achievement obtained the Third Prize of Scientific and Technical Progress of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

（6）Ningxia Tan sheep march to the world

In1988, Dr John R.Sabine, associate professor of the Department of Animal Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide University of South Australia, came to Ningxia on visit for the first time（total4 times).He inspected the production state of Tan sheep and gave good appraisal and new understanding of the breed and wool resources of Ningxia Tan sheep.During the14th-28th of June,1993, on invitation of Ningxia Science and Technology Commission, Dr.Sabine came to Ningxia again.He inspected the Tan sheep of Ningxia and signed on an agreement of joint scientific study.During18 －28 October,1993, Miss Ritter, Chinese Manager of Australia International Center for Agricultural Research, entrusted by Dr.Copland came to Ningxia and inspected the production situation of Tan sheep.On the solicitude and support of Dr.Copland and Miss Ritter the international cooperation on Tan sheep of Ningxia will surely come true.It will bring more income for farmers and herdsmen in the production areas of Tan sheep.The Tan sheep of Ningxia will have chance to go to the world.The Tan sheep resources also will make greater contribution to the world.

3.Direction of study and development in the future

To sum up, over the past40 years, a large amount of basic work has been done in the study and development of Tan sheep of Ningxia and great achievements have been obtained.At the same time there are great limitations.The knowledge on the potential value of breed resources of Tan sheep is not deep.The depth of study is not adequate.There is no big breakthrough in respects of the development of the products of high additional value.Therefore it is suggested that the study and development of breed resources of Tan sheep should begin in the respects as follows:

Firstly, understand the new value of Tan sheep resources of Ningxia.On the basis of production characteristics and product feature of Tan sheep, make new appraisal and understanding of the Tan sheep resources and rectify the miss translation of“Tibet lamb skin”for“Tan sheep lamb fur”in foreign trade activities, since the wrong translation will make great misunderstanding and is not beneficial for the development of Tan sheep resources of Ningxia.

Secondly, applying new biological and genetic engineering technology, quicken the improvement and raising of production performance of Tan sheep.The unique performance of the wool and lam fur of Ningxia Tan sheep have provoked the attention of the parties concerned overseas and have good prospect on the international market.Therefore it is necessary to fully utilize the opportunity of the international cooperative study, applying new biological technology and the method of genetic engineering to raise the production performance and the quality of Tan sheep wool.

Thirdly, deepen the development study of Tan sheep wool, especially in respect of spinning and weaving technique and the development of new products, fine fabric of high additional value.

Fourthly, pay attention to the comprehensive utilization of breed resources of Tan sheep, exploring the optimum technology of development of biochemical products.

Appendix:

Content of Articles Published before1992

[1] Zhang Sunying;Liu Xiangm.(1945).Preliminary Study of Tan Sheep.Journal of China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science,1:37-48.

[2] Sha Hengjun.(1954).Observation on the Straight Breeding of Xinjiang Sheep in Ningxia and Fl of XinjJiang Sheep Crossbed with Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science3:46-49

[3] Sha Hengjun.(1954).Discussion on Improvement of Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science4:148-151.

[4] Zhou Fenglu.(1957).Observation on the Productivity of Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science4:166-171.

[5] Zhou Fenglu.(1958).Observation Report of the Lamb Skin of Tan Sheep.Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science3:109-116.

[6] Zhu Xinyun.(1958).Report of the Lamb Skin Quality Comparison between of ZhongweiGoat andTanSheep .Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science2:55-60.

[7] Helan Mountain Animal Husbandry Experimental Farm of Ningxia Institute of AgriculturalScience.(1959).experiment on Multi-birth of Tan Sheep and Fattening of castrated Tan Sheep（printed book).

[8] Ningxia Institute of Agricultural Science.(1959).Investigation of Tan Sheep(draft).

[9] Cui Chongjiu.(1962).Report of Selected Breeding of Tan Sheep（I): Study of the Ecology and Productivity of Tan Sheep.Chinese Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science4:1-5.

[10] Cui Chongjiu.(1962).Report of Selective Breeding of Tan Sheep（I): Study of the Quality of Lamb Skin of Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science2.

[11] Cui Chongjiu.(1963).Report of Selective Breeding of Tan Sheep（Ⅲ): Study of the Development of Embryo and Development of Wool of Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science2.

[12] Cui Chongjiu.(1963).Study on the Factors Influencing the Quality of Lamb Fur of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science8:1-6.

[13] Cui Chongjiu.(1963).Analysis of the Selective Breeding Effect of Tan Sheep in Three years.Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science9:1-5.

[14] Cui Chongjiu.(1963).Study of Lambing Period of Tan Sheep.Annual of Northwestern Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science1963:165-171.

[15] Cui Chongjiu.(1963).Black Tan Sheep and Its lamb Skin Quality.Annual of Northwestern Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science1963:165-171.

[16] Cui Chongjiu.(1963).Physical Blood Index and Its Seasonal Changes of Tan Sheep.Annual of Northwestern Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science1963:181-190.

[17] Zhong Fenglu.(1963).Observation of the Effect of Tan Sheep Improvement in Balanghu State Farm.Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science6:6-12.

[18] Li Jiguang.(1963).Conditions and Area of Fur-using Tan Sheep Development in Ningxia.

[19] Ningxia Institute of Agricultural Science, Northwestern Institute of Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science.Beijing Agricultural University, Yanchi Tan sheep Farm.(1964).Pure variety selective breeding Ningxia Tan sheep:（I) Study of Selective Breeding of Ningxia Tan Sheep.①Result of selective breeding in1964, Nanliang Farm.②Observation of the mating results of%%%%%%different variety with different wool strand types.③Experiment on the introduction of crossbreed between small fat-tail sheep and Tan sheep to improve the lambing rate and its influence on the quality of lamb fur.④Study on the later period development of Tan sheep.⑤Influence of different ecological conditions on the quality of lambs fur（Ningxia and parts in Jilin and Hebei).⑥Selective breeding in Tan sheep bases.（I）Study on the law of the skeleton development in the later period of Tan sheep’ s life.Annual of Northwestern Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science1964:1-15.

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[22] Cui Chongjiu.(1965).Preliminary Results of Breeding the Reserved Ram of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science6：34-36.

[23] Cui Chongjiu.(1965).The Problem of Tan Sheep’ s Spring Fatigue and Its Prevention .Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science9:6-9.

[24] Cui Chongjiu.(1965).Classification of the Wool Pieces of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science12：33-34.

[25] Xu Baishan.(1965).Culling Colored Tan Sheep Gradually in the Procedure of Selection and Mating of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science7:32.

[26] Xu Beishan.(1965).Suggestions on Increaseing Milk Secretion of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Agriculture science8：4-6.

[27] Yanchi Tan Sheep Selecting &Breeding Farm.(1965).Herding Experience of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Agricultural Science5:36-38.

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[38] Tan Sheep Group of Team of Ningnan Scientific Research Team.(1976).Application of Quantitave Heredity method to Improve the Crimp Quality of Tan Sheep Lamb Fur.Selected Reports of Investigation in Yanch, Ningxia:44-47.

[39] Department of Ningxia Institute of Agricultural Science.(1977).Discussion on a Few Question of Tan Sheep Breeding.Ningxia Agricultural Science3:8-14.

[40] Sheng Changjiang;Fu Jinhai.(1977).Ecological Heredity and Breeding of Tan Sheep·Selected Reports of Investigation in Yanch, Ningxia71-86, Ningxia Agricultural Science（1978)1:47-59.

[41] Yanchi Tan Sheep Breeding Farm.(1977).The Methods We Take to Improve the Quality of Stud Ram of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science3-1-7.

[42] Yanchi Tan Sheep Breeding Farm, Department of Animal Husbandry＆Veterinary Science of Ningxia Agricultural College.(1977).Preliminary Study of Skin and Wool development in Embryo Period of Tan Sheep.Animal Science4:42-43.

[43] Department of Animal Husbandry＆ Veterinary Science of Ningxia Agricultural College.(1978).Fattening Experiment of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Animal Husbandry4:6-l8.

[44] Black Tan Sheep Investigation Group of Ningxia.(1978).Reports of Investigation of Black Tan Sheep in Ningxia.Newsletter of Ningxia Animal Husbandry4:16-18.

[45] Seminar of Heredity Breeding of Tan Sheep for Fur of Ningxia.(1987).The Present Situation of Breeding of Tan Sheep for Fur and Its Prospects in Ningxia.Newsletter of Ningxia Animal Husbandry4:1-3.

[46] Seminar of Heredity Breeding of Tan Sheep for Fur of Ningxia.Yanchi Tan Sheep Breeding Farm.(1978).Analysis of Correlation and Regression of Some Economic Character of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Animal Husbandry4:5-7.

[47] Yanchi Grassland Experimental Station.(1978).Measurement of the Fattening Ability of Tan Sheep in Different Ages.Newsletter of Ningxia Animal Husbandry44:19-20.

[48] Yanchi Tan Sheep Breeding Farm.(1978).Selected Breeding of Pure Variety of Tan Sheep.Journal of Animal2:40-42.

[49] Tan Sheep Group of Team of Ningnan Scientific Research Team.(1978).%%%%%%%Heredity of the Main Economic Features of Tan Sheep.Journal of Animal11.

[50] Fu Jinhai, Kang Mengsong.(1978).Analysis of Close Breeding Results of Ningxia Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Animal Husbandry4:8-9.

[51] Xu Baishan.(1978).Discussion about Variety Reproduction of Tan Sheep.Newsletter of Ningxia Animal Husbandry4:10-13.

[52] Kang Mengsong.(1978).The Influence on the Quality of Lambs Skin and Fur after the Compensation of Black Bean for Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science5:21-23.

[53] Kang Mengsong.(1978).Discussion about the Measures against the Death Resulting from Spring Fatigue.Ningxia Agricultural Science6:62-66.

[54] Kang Mengsong.(1979).Report on Variety Breeding of Tan sheep.Heredity3:16-18

[55] Tan Sheep Group of Team of Ningnan Scientific Research Team.(1978).On Heredity and the Breeding of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science1:47-59.

[56] Tan Guangzhao, Ma Zhengzhong.(1979).The Fattened Lambs and Its Economic Results of Fattening Tan Sheep in Small Herding Flock.Selected Reports of Scientific Research in Yanchi, Ningxia:55-57

[57] Wang Ruoyu.(1979).Research Report on Selective Breeding of Tan Sheep, Improvement of the Productivity of the Improved Native Goat.(1973-1977).Selected Materials of GrasslandScience by Yanchi Grassland Station(first edition)80-95.

[58] China Institute of Scientific Technology Information.(1979).The Importance of Protection and Utilization of Rare Animal—Inspired by the Ecological Investigation Results of Ningxia ’ s Tan Sheep Resources.Newsletter of Domestic Science and Technology10.

[59] Fu Jinhai.(1979).Report on Ningxia Tan Sheep Investigation.Ningxia Science&Technology Information Institute.

[60] Yang Shenglong.(1979).Observation on Feeding Compensation to Pregnant Ewe in Different Stages and Trial of Quality Variation of Lambs Fur.

[61] Sheng Changjiang, Di Xingming.(1979).Ecological &Geographical Features and Their Application of TAN Sheep Resources.Natural Resources135-47.

[62] Sheng Changjiang, Guo Aipu.(1980).Chromosome of Tan Sh eep and Mongolian Sheep.Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science2:83-92.

[63] Wang Shiquan.(1980).Regional Difference of Hemoglobin and Serum Esterase between Tan Sheep and Mongolian Sheep.Selected Reports of Scientific Research in Yanchi, Ningxia:88-126.

[64] Wang Ning.(1980).An Important Method to Improve the Productivity of Yanchi Grassland—Conclusive Report on the Trial of“Three High and One Fast”for Ningxia Tan Sheep.Selected Reports of Scientific Research in Yanchi, Ningxia:127-148.

[65] Sidunzi Experiment Base of Yanchi.(1980).Conclusion of Spreading the Scientific Achieve Ment of“Three High and One Fast”in the Production of Tan Sheep.Selected Reports of Scientific Research in Yanchi, Ningxia:149-153.

[66] Ma Zhengzhong.(1980).Application of Short-term, Low-temperature（0-5℃) Storage of Semen of Tan Sheep.Selected Reports of Scientific Research in Yanchi, Ningxia:154-157.

[67] Tan Guangzha, Ma Zhengzhong, Gou Yanping.(1980).Effects of Improvement of Colored Tan Sheep Wool.Selected Reports of Scientific Research in Yanchi, Ningxia158～163;Ningxia Agricultural Science5:37.

[68] Bi Enbo.(1980).On the Construction of Tan Sheep Base in Yanchi.Selected Reports of Rural Economic Investigation in Yanchi, Ningxia.

[69] Zhang Yun.(1980).About the Price of the Lamb Fur of Tan Sheep.Selected Reports of Rural Economic Investigation in Yanchi, Ningxia.

[70] Li Xiaoxi.(1980).How to Evaluate the Cost of Tan Sheep Skin and Fur.%%%%%%%Selected Reports of Rural Economic Investigation in Yanchi, Ningxia.

[71] Duan Shutian, Kang Mengsong.(1980).Analysis of the Heredity of Flowery Wool Strand Feature of the Lamb Fur of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science3:39-41.

[72] Zeng Gouxin.(1980).Measurement of the Contents of Luteinizing Hormone(LH) Progesterone, Dihydrotheelin-17B in the Blood of Oestrouscyde of Ningxia Tan Sheep.Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science3:153-157.

[73] Sheng Changjiang, Di Xingming.(1980).The Suitable Area for Tan Sheep and Its Further Developme nt in Ningxia.Ningxia Science and Technology Development（Agriculture)5.

[74] Lu Taian.(1980).Investigation Reports of the Productivity of Tan Sheep in Gansu Province.Animal Husbandry＆Veterinary Science2:19-21.

[75] Li Chongwang.(1980).Observation and Analysis of Tan Sheep Quality in Huan County Tan sheep farm.Newsletter of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science4:10-12.

[76] Agriculture Bureau of Dingxi District in Gansu Province.(1980).Investigation Reports of the Resources of Tan Sheep Variety in Dingxi District.Newsletter of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science3:24-32.

[77] Agriculture Bureau of Dingxi District in Gansu province.(1980).Suggestion on the Development of Tan Sheep in Gansu province.Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science4.

[78] Tan Guangzhao, Ma Zhengzhong, Zhao Zhiyong.(1980).The Trial Use of to Feed Ewe of Spring Fatigue.Selected Reports of Scientific Research in Yanchi, Ningxia:164-165.

[79] Ma Zhengzhong.(1980).Starts from Bettering Sheep Flock Structure to Realize the“Three High and One Fast”in Tan Sheep Production.Ningxia Agricultural Science2:42-44.

[80] Yang Shenglong.(1980).Trial Breeding of the ‘Chuanzihua’Variety of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science1:44-45.

[81] Yang Shenglong.(1980).Effect of the Fattening of Tan Sheep Lambs in One Year.Ningxia Agricultural Science6:41-42

[82] Sheng Zheng.(1980).The Preliminary Result of Black Tan Sheep’ s Selective Breeding.Ningxia Agricultural Science:43.

[83] Cui Chongjiu.(1981).Observation on the close Breeding of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science3:24-26.

[84] Kang Mengsong.(1981).Factors Influencing the Survival Rate of Tan Sheep.Pelt-bearing Animal Breeding1:26-27.

[85] Tan Guangzhao: Ma Zhengzhong.(1981).Effect of Feeding Urea to Lambing Ewe of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science2:23.

[86] Wei Huaifang.(1981).Study of the Quality and Classification of the Lambs Fur of Tan Sheep.Journal of Gansu University of Agriculture1:57-74.

[87] Ma Zhanyuue（1981).The Situation of the Jingtai Tan Sheep Quality and Methods of the Variety Selection.Gansu Animal Husbandry ＆ Veterinary Science1:17.

[88] Gou Yanping.(1981).Analysis of the Investigation of the Results of the Colored Wool of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural Science4:19-22.

[89] Yin Changan.(1981).Selection of the Best Flock Structure of Tan Sheep.China Agricultual and Forestry Science1:84-89.

[90] Tan Guangzhao.(1982).Effect of Feeding Urea to Tan Sheep in the Latter Period of Pregnancy and the Influence of Sodium Humic Acid to the Lamb Fur.Pelt-bearing Animal Breeding3:13.

[91] Wang Tianxin.(1982).Mating Effect of Varieties with Different Types of Wool Strands of Tan Sheep.Pelt-bearing Animal Breeding4:15.

[92] Xu Baishan.(1982).How to Select the Stud Ram of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science13:11.

[93] Yang Shenglong, Yu Lian.(1982).Discussion on the Methods of Choosing the Main Economic Features of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science1:30-31

[94] Yu Lian.(1982).Discussion on Systematic Establishment of the Flock of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science3:36-37.

[95] Wang Xiwei.(1982).Measurement of l3 Physiological Constants of Ningxia Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science2.

[96] Sheng Changjiang.(1982).Ecology and Production of Tan Sheep—Review and Conclusion of Tan Sheep Study in Six Years（1976-1981).Proc.of the First Symposium of Sheep for Fur and Lamb Skin in China:129-140.

[97] Xu Baishan, Wang Tianxin.(1982).Effects of Close Breeding of Tan Sheep(Conclusion of Experiment1980-1982).Proc.of the First Symposium of Sheep for Fur and Lamb Skin in China.

[98] Yin Changan.(1982).Heredity Correlative Analysis of the Wool Quality and Fur Quality of Tan Sheep in Lamb Period.Proc.of the First Symposium of Sheep for Fur and Lamb Skin in China:145-148.

[99] Yin Changan.(1982).Discussion about Lamb’ s Extensive Fattening in Short Time.Ningxia Agriculture Science2:40-42.

[100] Lu Taian.(1982).Discussion about Some Problems Existing in Tan Sheep Selection and Breeding in Gansu Area.Proc.of the First Symposium of Sheep for Fur and Lamb Skin in China:149-153.

[101] Zhang You.(1982).Proper Natural Ecological Condition for Tan Sheep Development.Gan su Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science4:53-54.

[102] Cui Chongjiu, Xu Baishan, Wang Tianxin, Zhang Guorong.(1983).Heredity of Wool Pieces of the Fur of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science4:29-32.

[103] Ma Zhengzhong.(1983).Suggestion on The Breeding of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science4:47.

[104] Yang Shenglong, Ren Haiyang, Ou Mingxue.(1983).Measurement of Milk Secretion Ability of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science3:31-32

[105] Cheng Guoneng, Liu Xingfeng.(1983).Protection of the“Two Lambs Each Year”of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science3:33.

[106] Liu Jinshan.(1983).Lamb Skin and Fur of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science3:56.

[107] Xu Baishan.(1983).Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science2:56.

[108] Lingwu Animal Husbandry Bureau.(1983).The Method and Profit of Breeding the Fattening Sheep in Rural Area.Ningxia Agriculture Science5:51-52.

[109] Ma Zhanyue.(1983).Effects of Improvement of the Quality of Lamb Skin and Fur of Jingtai Tan Sheep with the Use of Ningxia Tan Sheep.Gansu Animal Husbandry ＆ Veterinary Science2:11-l3.

[110] Xian Junyou.(1983).Wool Quality Analysis for Tan Sheep with Different Wool Pieces in Huan County.Gansu Animal Husbandry ＆ Veterinary Science3:28-31.

[111] Zeng Gouqing.(1983).Variation of Progesterone on Pregnancy of Ningxia Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry1:6.

[112] Hu Zizhi.(1983).Study of Ecology and Breeding Methods of Tan Sheep（II.The Steppe Ecological Traits of Tan Sheep).Journal of Gansu Agricultural University2:19.

[113] Zhang Deshou.(1984).Study of Ecology and Breeding Methods of Tan Sheep(V.Value of Blood Physiochemical Perimeters of Jingtai Tan Sheep in Gansu Province).Journal of Gansu Agricultural University4.

[114] Zhang Deshou.(1984).Study of Ecology and Breeding Methods of Tan Sheep.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University4.

[115] Tan Sheep（National Standard).China Sheep Breeding1985.NO.1.

[116] Ningxia Tan sheep Breeding Farm.(1984).Breeding Scientifically to Improve the Tan Sheep Quality.China Sheep Breeding2:9.

[117] Tan Guangzhao.(1985).Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Lamb Quality of Tan Sheep.Pelt-bearing Animal Breeding2.

[118] Kang Mengsong.(1985).Tan Sheep’ s Ecology.Livestock Ecology1.32.

[119] Fan Tao.(1985).Analysis of Main Characters of Tan Sheep Wool in Different Production Area in Gansu Province.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University1.

[120] Weng Fengwu.(1985).Study of Ecology and Breeding Methods of Tan Sheep.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University11.

[121] Jiang Keping.(1985).One Year Fattening Trial of Tan Sheep Lamb.Gansu Animal Husbandry ＆ Veterinary Science5:10.

[122] Zhang Hanwu.(1985).Study of Ecology and Breeding Methods of Tan Sheep.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University2:24.

[123] XLl Baishan.(1985).The Mating Law and Means to Improve the Fur Production of Tan Sheep.Pet-bearing Animal Breeding4:39.

[124] Li Xiaoxing.(1985).Tan Sheep and Climate.Meteorology4:30.

[125] Sheng Changjiang.(1985).Tan Sheep’ s Ecological Analysis and Ecological Geography2:46.

[126] Zuo Binfeng.(1985).Influence of Feeding Urea Sulphonamide to Tan Sheep.Gansu Animal Husbandry ＆ Veterinary Science3:15.

[127] Jiang Keping.(1985).Measurement of Milk Secretion Capability of Tan Sheep.Gansu Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science4:50.

[128] Xu Baishan.(1986).Conclusion on Experiment of3 Lambs in2 Years with Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agriculture Science1:29.

[129] Lu Taian.(1986).Tan Sheep’ s Fur Color and Its Heredity.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University3:14.

[130] Lu Taian.(1986).The Relation between the Lamb’ s Fur and Its Wool of Tan Sheep.Animal Husbandry ＆ Veterinary Medicine3:100

[131] Zhang Donghu.(1986).Observations on Wool Quality of Tan Sheep.China Sheep Breeding1:28.

[132] Zhang Hanwu.(1986).Physical Characters Analysis of Tan Sheep’ s Wool from Different Production Area in Gansu Province: Measurement of Wool Stretch Density.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University4:23.

[133] Jiang Keping.(1986).Suggestions for Improvement Tan Sheep’ s Economic Results.Gansu Animal Husbandry＆ Veterinary Science1:40.

[134] Fu Yunfeng.(1986).Analysis of Main Economical Character in Influencing the Lamb’ s Skin Size of Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry5:22.

[135] Jiang Aiming.(1987).Analysis Methods of Wool Fiber Type of Tan Sheep.China Sheep Breeding1.

[136] Yin Changan.(1987).Utilization of Rice Straw to Feed Tan Sheep.Peltbearing Animal Breeding3.

[137] Lu Taian.(1987).Confirming and Evaluating the Main Economic Character of Tan Sheep during the Period for the Lamb Skin and Fur.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University1:38.

[138] Yang Shenglong.(1988).Tan Sheep Variety’ s Breeding—Reproduction of‘Chuanzihua’Variety.China Animal Husbandry2:41.

[139] Xie Chongweng.(1988).Study of Rumen Influence in Ningxia Tan Sheep.Journal of Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science1:72.

[140] Cui Weixian.(1988).Measurement of Digestion Rate of Wheat Straw and Ammonisted Wheat Straw in Wether Tan Sheep: Study of Ammoniated Wheat Straw（Part Two).Ningxia Agricultural &Forestry Science2:46.

[141] Yin Changan.(1988).Evaluation of Generational Development of Economic Character of Tan Sheep with Use of Grey System.China Sheep Breeding(Additional):62.

[142] Lu Xueyi（1989).Anatomic Feature of the Muscle of Four Limbs of Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural &Forestry Science1:49.

[143] Xu Baishan.(1989).Group Experiment of Cross Breeding between Sheep for Meat and Both Meat and Fur and Tan Sheep.Ningxia Agricultural & Forestry Science2:37.

[144] Zhao Zhibing .(1989 ) .Breeding Effect of Feeding Tan Sheep with Ammoniated Wheat Straw.Gansu Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science1:12.

[145] Yin Changan.(1989).Certain Index Variation in Rumen of Tan Sheep Fed with the Feed Added with Chicken Droppings.China Animal Husbandry6:40.

[146] Yin Changan.(1989).Influence of Acorn in the Digestion of Diet.Peltbearing Animal Breeding1:10.

[147] Xian Junyue.(1989).The Growth Law of Tan Sheep Skin and Wool Fiber.China Animal Husbandry6:29.

[148] Lu Taian.(1989).Evaluation and Application of Main Economic Perimeters of Tan Sheep in Gansu Production Area.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University1:17.

[149] Zong Hui.(1989).Mathematical Model for Herd Structure of Tan Sheep and Its Control.Gansu Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science5:30.

[150] Chai Junxiu.(1990).Comparative Experiment of Tan Sheep Fed in Shed and Herded.Inner Mongolian Animal Husbandry3:16.

[151] Zhou Jizen.(1990).Study of physiological index of blood of the fattening Tan sheep.Journal of Natural Science of Northwestern Nationality College2.

[152] Zhang Hanwu.(1990).Analysis of Amino Acid Content of Tan Sheep in Different Areas of Gansu.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University2:123.

[153] Zhang Hanwu.(1990).Amino Acid Content Analysis of Adult Ewe Tan Sheep in Different Physiological Stages and Lambs in Different Growing Stages in Jingtai, Gansu.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University3:235.

[154] Chai Junxiu.(1991).Breeding Experiment of Tan Sheep Fed in Different Breeding Style.Gansu Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science2:6.

[155] Zeng Yanjun.(1991).Economic Effect Evaluation of the Model Tan Sheep Raising Households in Arid Herding Area.Steppe Science1:67.

[156] Cui Yongxia.(1991).Fattening Effects of Wether Tan Sheep Fed in Sheep Pen with Different Combination of Fine and Coarse Fodder in Winter.Steppe Science6:62.

[157] Cheng Yamin.(1991).Investigation of Sporozoon in Ningxia Tan Sheep, Meat Hygiene5:15.

[158] Wei Chonghong.(1992).Polymorphism of Hemoglobin of Tong Sheep，Shanbei Tan Sheep and Small-Tail Han Sheep.Animal Husbandry ＆Veterinary Science1:1.

[159] Xue Kebang.(1992).Phenotype Correlation and Regression Analysis of Main Economic Character of Tan Sheep.China Animal Husbandry1:27.

[160] Xu Dechang.(1992).Study of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Red Cell Esterflse.Disoenzyme and Gene Frequency of Tan Sheep and Its Fl Generation.Journal of Ningxia Agricultural College1:16.

[161] Jiang Aimin.(1992).Tan Sheep’ s Changes of Body Weight, Wool Quantity and Hair with Different Ages.Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science3:7.

[162] Ding Chao.(1992).Dishes of Tan Sheep Meat.Cuisine7:18.

[163] Ningxia People’ s Publishing House.(1993).Annals of Epidemic Disease about Domestic Animal and Fowl of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.