17.中國(guó)寧夏的能源開發(fā)

寧夏回族自治區(qū)地處中國(guó)西北內(nèi)陸，是中國(guó)五個(gè)少數(shù)民族自治區(qū)之一。全自治區(qū)面積6.64萬平方公里，共有人口595萬，其中回族人口占35%。2005年國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）605億元人民幣（約75億美元），人均1200美元，在中國(guó)屬于屬于欠發(fā)達(dá)省區(qū)。

一、寧夏的能源資源

寧夏境內(nèi)能源資源豐富，品質(zhì)優(yōu)良，可利用的有煤炭、石油、天然氣、煤層氣、水能、風(fēng)能、光能等。這些資源為寧夏建設(shè)能源基地提供了強(qiáng)有力的保證。

（一）煤炭資源

寧夏煤炭資源豐富，已探明儲(chǔ)量315.2億噸，居全國(guó)第6位。其中，寧夏東部靈武礦已探明儲(chǔ)量273億噸，占寧夏儲(chǔ)量的88.6%。預(yù)測(cè)煤炭遠(yuǎn)景儲(chǔ)量達(dá)2027億噸。

（二）水電資源

寧夏水能資源理論蘊(yùn)藏量為195.5萬千瓦。其中，黃河干流為192.97萬千瓦，約占總量的98.1%；各支流2.55萬千瓦，僅占總量的1.3%。寧夏可能開發(fā)的水力資源站點(diǎn)共12處，總裝機(jī)容量可達(dá)197.4萬千瓦；保證發(fā)電75.2萬千瓦小時(shí)，年發(fā)電量為80.4億千瓦小時(shí)。裝機(jī)容量大于1萬千瓦的有3處，均分布在黃河干流上，即大柳樹、沙坡頭和青銅峽。其中，規(guī)劃中的大柳樹水利樞紐工程，設(shè)計(jì)庫容為110億立方米，裝機(jī)容量在200萬千瓦，年發(fā)電量達(dá)78億千瓦小時(shí)。

寧夏已建成大中型火力發(fā)電廠4座、水力發(fā)電廠1座（青銅峽電廠），裝機(jī)容量228萬千瓦，人均發(fā)電量居全國(guó)第2位。利用豐富的煤炭、水力資源，最終將形成1000萬千瓦小時(shí)的發(fā)電規(guī)模。

（三）石油天然氣資源

寧夏石油、天然氣潛在儲(chǔ)量大，可勘探價(jià)值高，目前已投入開發(fā)的油田有6個(gè)。銀川盆地石油天然氣資源調(diào)查展示前景良好，銀川市距陜甘寧盆地油氣田(長(zhǎng)慶油氣田已探明儲(chǔ)量達(dá)7000多億立方米，是世界級(jí)大氣田)100公里，發(fā)展石油天然氣化工，具有潛在的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

（四）光、熱能資源

寧夏年太陽總輻射量為4936兆～6119兆焦，由南向北，平均每10公里太陽總輻射量遞減50兆焦/平方米。寧夏年日照時(shí)數(shù)為2194.9～3082.2小時(shí)，日照百分率50%～69%，由北向南遞減。中、北部太陽輻射總量586.15～607.09千焦/平方厘米·年，年日照時(shí)數(shù)3000小時(shí)左右，≥10℃積溫3200℃～3500℃，平均無霜期150～195天。太陽能開發(fā)利用潛力大。

（五）風(fēng)能資源

寧夏風(fēng)能資源較為豐富，年平均風(fēng)速一般為每秒2～3米，吳忠市、固原市北部為每秒3米左右，賀蘭山、六盤山年平均風(fēng)速每秒高達(dá)7.3米和6.5米，寧夏的風(fēng)能資源理論蘊(yùn)藏量為640億千瓦小時(shí)。目前已建成賀蘭山風(fēng)電場(chǎng)，裝機(jī)容量2.04萬千瓦小時(shí)。近期規(guī)劃為15萬千瓦小時(shí)，最終規(guī)劃為50萬千瓦小時(shí)。

二、以煤炭資源開發(fā)為重點(diǎn)的新能源計(jì)劃

中國(guó)是世界上最大的煤炭生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)國(guó)，也是當(dāng)今世界上一次性能源消耗以煤炭為主的國(guó)家，在一次性能源生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)中占65%以上。隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速增長(zhǎng)，能源安全與保證是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要條件和必要前提。在中國(guó)能源需求增長(zhǎng)中，石油的需求增長(zhǎng)最快，目前中國(guó)石油消費(fèi)量?jī)H次于美國(guó)，居世界第二位。

在寧夏諸多能源資源中，煤炭資源最豐富，實(shí)施以煤炭間接液化為重點(diǎn)的新能源開發(fā)計(jì)劃，將為寧夏的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展帶來新的機(jī)遇，同時(shí)還將成為中國(guó)新的能源基地之一。

（一）寧夏東部（簡(jiǎn)稱“寧東”）能源化工基地簡(jiǎn)介

寧夏寧東能源化工基地所在的寧東煤田，位于寧夏靈武市，含煤面積3500平方公里，已探明儲(chǔ)量273億噸，占全區(qū)煤炭?jī)?chǔ)量的87.6%。主要煤種為不粘結(jié)煤和長(zhǎng)焰煤，是優(yōu)良的液化、氣化用煤。寧東煤田臨近黃河干流，煤水地域上的結(jié)合，為發(fā)展煤、電和能源化工及相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。寧夏政府把寧東能源化工基地建設(shè)作為“1號(hào)工程”，2004年寧東能源化工基地列入國(guó)家13個(gè)年產(chǎn)億噸特大型煤炭基地。

初步測(cè)算，寧夏的煤炭生產(chǎn)能力在2010年將達(dá)到8000萬噸。到2020年寧東能源化工基地規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目建成后，年產(chǎn)原煤達(dá)到13000萬噸，將新增工業(yè)增加值297.6億元人民幣（約30億歐元），并帶動(dòng)其他產(chǎn)業(yè)，形成產(chǎn)值880億元人民幣（約88億歐元）；將建設(shè)9座總裝機(jī)容量為2640萬千瓦小時(shí)的大型坑口火力發(fā)電廠，發(fā)電總量達(dá)到70億千瓦小時(shí)；煤炭間接液化達(dá)到897.3萬噸/年生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，建成年產(chǎn)52萬噸煤基烯烴（MTP）。

（二）寧東能源化工基地主要建設(shè)項(xiàng)目

1.煤炭間接液化

是寧東能源化工基地重點(diǎn)規(guī)劃建設(shè)的項(xiàng)目，項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃規(guī)模800萬噸/年。其中一期建設(shè)規(guī)模300萬噸/年，主要產(chǎn)品為液化石油氣（LPG）、丙烯、石腦油、柴油、石蠟等。項(xiàng)目總投資約300億人民幣（約30億歐元）。

2.煤基二甲醚

可以代替LPG，也可以作柴油的代用品。規(guī)模21萬噸/年。項(xiàng)目投資約6億人民幣（約6000萬歐元）。

3.煤基烯烴聚合物

該項(xiàng)目先生產(chǎn)低成本的甲醇（5000噸/日），再根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求生產(chǎn)丙烯及其下游產(chǎn)品。建成規(guī)模為年產(chǎn)52萬噸丙烯、14.3萬噸汽油、6.9萬噸LPG、1.6萬噸硫磺。項(xiàng)目總投資106.8億人民幣（10.7億歐元）。

4.煤基甲醇

年產(chǎn)美國(guó)AA級(jí)精甲醇25萬噸。項(xiàng)目總投資13億人民幣（約1.3億歐元）。此外，還有媒質(zhì)活性炭、煤矸石發(fā)電、灰渣利用等項(xiàng)目。

（三）國(guó)際合作

2006年7月11日，神華寧夏煤業(yè)集團(tuán)與荷蘭殼牌（Shell）中國(guó)集團(tuán)公司在銀川簽署聯(lián)合研究協(xié)議，雙方將采用殼牌的煤炭間接液化技術(shù)，共同在寧夏開發(fā)煤炭間接液化項(xiàng)目，該項(xiàng)目投資約60億美元。還將在寧東煤炭基地共同研究建設(shè)一座日產(chǎn)油品及化工品7萬桶的煤炭間接液化工廠，解決技術(shù)和商業(yè)可行性問題。

不久前，神華寧夏煤業(yè)集團(tuán)與南非的薩索爾（SASOL）公司簽訂了類似的協(xié)議，計(jì)劃日產(chǎn)量為8萬桶。殼牌將要參與的項(xiàng)目與南非薩索爾公司的煤炭間接液化項(xiàng)目規(guī)模相當(dāng)，兩者都是寧東煤化工基地的重點(diǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。

三、寧夏能源開發(fā)中的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)

寧夏寧東能源化工基地建設(shè)是一個(gè)投資超1000億元人民幣（超過100億歐元）的大型建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，涉及多種工藝和技術(shù)，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條較長(zhǎng)，是一個(gè)大的系統(tǒng)工程。同時(shí)，在基地建設(shè)和項(xiàng)目運(yùn)行過程中，將長(zhǎng)期面臨著廢棄物（廢渣、廢氣和廢水）的處理與利用，以及有效保護(hù)環(huán)境的問題。因此，寧夏寧東能源化工基地的建設(shè)，既需要國(guó)際集團(tuán)的參股投資，也需要引進(jìn)人才和技術(shù)，更需要開展國(guó)際合作。合作研發(fā)新的技術(shù)和工藝和產(chǎn)品?？蔀橛袘?zhàn)略眼光的能人志士提供較大的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)。

〔2006年“阿爾巴赫（Allpbach）歐洲論壇”交流文章。2006-08-24，奧地利· Allpbach〕附本文英語版

European Forum Allpbach, Aug.24 -26,2006.

The Development of Energy Resources in Ningxia，China

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, which is one of the five minority autonomous regions, lies in the northwestern inland of China.The whole region extends66，400 square kilometers with a population of5.95 million，of which35%is Hui people.In2005，the regional GDP totaled60.5 billion Yuan（approximately US $7.5 billion).The average per capita is US $1,200.It is at a comparatively lower level nation wide.

Ⅰ.The Energy Resources In Ningxia

In Ningxia the energy resources are abundant and of sound quality.There are coal, petroleum, natural gas, coalbed gas, water resources, wind resources and light energy available for utilization.These resources ensure the construction of energy resources base in Ningxia.

1.Coal resources

Ningxia is affluent in coal, the proved reserves of which is31.52 billion tons, ranking the sixth in the country.The Lingwu coal mine holds proved reserves of27.3 billion tons, occupying88.6%of the total reserve volume in the whole region.The prospective reserves of coal in Ningxia are predicted to be202.7 billion tons.

2.Hydroelectric energy

In Ningxia, the theoretical hydro energy resources potential is1.96 million kilowatt, among which the Yellow River has a potential of1.93 million kilowatt, about98.1%of the total.Other tributaries hold25,500 kw, just1.3%of the gross amount.Ningxia has12 sites of exploitable water power resources.The total installed capacity reaches1.974 million kw, and the firm output is752,000 kw.The annual generation is8.04 billion kilowatt hour.There three sites, Big Willow, Shapotou, and Bronze Gorge, with an installed capacity larger than10,000 kilowatt hours distributing on the trunk stream of Yellow River.The Big Willow watercontrol project, which is still under programming, is designed to have a storage capacity of11 billion cubic meters, an installed capacity of20 million kilowatt and an annual generation of7.8 billion kilowatt hours.

Ningxia has already four large -and -medium sized thermoelectric power stations, and one water power plant.The gross installed capacity is22.8 million kilowatt, the average energy output per capita ranging the second in the country.With the abundant coal and water resources, a100 -million -kilowatt scale of energy generation will finally be formed.

3.Petroleum and natural gas resources

In Ningxia, petroleum and natural gas have large potential reserves and high exploitable value.Currently six oil fields have been under development.The resources survey and investigation have shown that Yinchuan Basin has a promising future in petroleum and natural gas exploitation.Changqing oil-gas field, whose known deposits reaching over700 billion m³, is among the world-class oilgas fields.The city of Yinchuan is100 kilometers away to the Shan-Gan-Ning oilgas field, and has a potential advantage in developing petroleum and natural gas chemical industry.

4.Light and heat resources

The annual quantity of solar radiation in Ningxia totals4，936 to6，119 MJ.From south to north, the quantity of solar radiation decreases every10 kilometers at a rate of50 mj/m².The sunshine duration in Ningxia amount to2，194.9 to3，082.2 hours annually and the percentage of sunshine is50%to69%, decreasing progressively from north to south.In the central and northern parts, the quantity of solar radiation is140 to145 kcal./y/sq.cm and annual sunshine duration are around3，000 hours.The accumulated temperature of above10℃is3，200 to3，500℃and the average frost-free period is150 to195 days.The development and exploitation of solar energy hold a large potential.

5.Wind resources

Ningxia is comparatively rich in wind resources and the annual average wind velocity is2 to3 m/s.In the north of the city of Wuzhong and Guyuan, it is around3 m/s.The average wind velocity annually in Helan Mountain and Liupan Mountain reaches7.3 m/s and6.5 m/s.In Ningxia the theoretical potential of wind resources is64 billion kilowatt hour.The newly built Helan Mountain wind electric power plant currently has an installed capacity of20,400 kilowatt hours.The planning capacity in the near future is150,000 kilowatt and the final planning is500,000 kilowatt.

Ⅱ.New Energy Resources Plan Emphasizing In The Development Of Coal Resources

China is the largest coal producing and consuming country in the world.Its primary energy resources consumption mainly depends on coal, which accounts over65%in the production and consumption of primary energy resources .With the constant and rapid development of Chinese economy, energy security and guaranteearethecrucialconditionandprerequisiteforthesustainable development of Chinese economy.Among the energy needs growth of China, the demand for petroleum grows the fastest.At present the petroleum consumption amount of China ranges the second in the world.

Ningxia is richest in coal among various energy resources.The implementation of new energy exploitation plan, which emphasizes on the indirect liquefaction of coal, will bring new opportunities for Ningxia’ s economic and social development.Meanwhile, Ningxia will become one of the new energy bases in China.

1.Introduction of energy resources and chemical industry base in the east of Ningxia（Ningdong）

Ningdong coal field, in which the Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base is located, lies in the city of Lingwu, Ningxia.The coal-containing area extends3，500 sq.km, with a proved reserve of27.3 billion tons, accounting for87.6%of the total reserves in the whole region.The main productions are noncaking coal and candle coal, which are excellent for liquefaction and gasification.Ningdong coal field lies near to the trunk stream of the Yellow River.The combination of rich coal resources and water resources provide a good foundation for the development of coal, electricity, energy chemical industry and related industries.The local government has taken the construction of energy resources and chemical industry base in the east of Ningxia as the“No.1 Project”.In2004, the base was listed into the13 national coal bases with an annual production of over100 million tons.

It is primarily estimated that the production capacity of coal in Ningxia will reach to80 million tons till2010.Till the year of2020，after the programs of Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base finished, the annual production of raw coal will amount to1.3 billion tons.It can bring new industrial added value of29.76 billion Yuan（approximately3 billion Euro）and drive other industries to create production value of88 billion Yuan（about8.8 billion Euro）.Nine mine-mouth thermal power plants with an installed capacity of26.4 million kilowatt will be built, the electricity generation totaling7 billion kilowatt hours.The indirect liquefaction of coal will have a production scale of8,973,000 tons annually, with an annual production of520，000 tons of coal-base-alkene .

2.the main constructing programs of the Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base

2.1 The indirect liquefaction of coal is the key planning program of the Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base, with a project scale of8 million tons per year, among which the primary constructing scale is3 million tons annually.The principal products are liquefied petroleum gas, propylene, naphtha, diesel oil, paraffin, etc.The total investment for the project is around30 billion Yuan（3 billion Euro）.

2.2 Coal dimethyl ether（CDE）can take place of LPG，and it also can be a diesel oil substitute.The planning scale is210，000 tons annually.The project investment approximately totals600 million Yuan（60 million Euro）.

2.3 Coal olefinic polymer This project produces low-cost methanol at a rate of5，000 tons per day and then produces propylene and other down reaches products in the later stage according to the market demands.The project construction will achieve an annual output of520,000-ton propylene,1430,000-ton petrol,69,000-ton LPG and16,000-ton sulfur.The investment overall is10.68 billion Yuan（1.07 billion Euro）.

2.4Coal methanol The annual output of pure methanol of AA grade is250,000 tons.The gross project investment is1.3 billion Yuan（130 million Euro）.

In addition, there are also projects on medium active carbon, coal slack for electricity generation and the utilization of clinker, etc.

3.International Cooperation

On July11th,2006, Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group signed with SHELL an a collaborative research agreement.Adopting SHELL’ s technique on indirect liquefaction of coal, both parties will together develop the project of coal indirect liquefaction.The investment for this project approximates6 billion US dollars.Besides, a coal indirect liquefaction plant, which can manufacture daily70，000 buckets of oil products and chemical industrial products, will be investigated and set up at the Ningdong coal base to solve the technical and commercial feasibility.

Recently, Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group also signed a similar agreement with THE SASOL in South African in which a planning daily output of80，000 buckets will be achieved.The program which the SHELL will participate in has a similar scale with the SASOL’ s coal indirect liquefaction program.Both are key constructing projects of the Ningdong coal and chemical industry base.

Ⅲ.The Commercial Opportunities In The Exploitation Of Energy Resources In Ningxia

The construction of Ningxia Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base, which demands an investment of over100 billion Yuan（10 billion Euro），is a large -scale project.Being a big systematic project, it involves various technologies and has a comparatively long industry chain.Meanwhile, during the base construction and the operation of the programs, in quite long a period, the problems of wastes（waste residues, gas and water）processing and utilization will have to be tackled with, and also the problems of efficient environmental protection.Therefore, the construction of Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base needs the shares and investment from international groups, needs the introduction of talents and technologies, needs international cooperation to develop new techniques.It will provides promising opportunities of commerce and development to brilliant and capable persons.

Reference

[1] Cao Zhifen, The research of energy safe in China, Social Science in Ningxia, P.39

[2] Li Wenqing, The research of the resources comprehensive utilization in Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base, China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, P.8