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        ? 首頁 ? 理論教育 ?詞語的增加

        詞語的增加

        時(shí)間:2023-03-31 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:第一節(jié) 詞語的增加一、增詞的基本技巧根據(jù)譯入語的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)習(xí)慣、語義連貫和修辭的需要,增加一些原文中雖無其詞卻有其意的一些詞語,從而更忠實(shí)通順地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容。英語則通常需要用連詞來表明各語言單位之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

        第一節(jié) 詞語的增加

        一、增詞的基本技巧

        根據(jù)譯入語的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)習(xí)慣、語義連貫和修辭的需要,增加一些原文中雖無其詞卻有其意的一些詞語,從而更忠實(shí)通順地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容。這樣,原文中的表層與深層信息都可最大程度地翻譯出來,使譯語讀者得到與原語讀者大致相同的閱讀感受。

        增詞的基本技巧大體可分為兩個(gè)方面:出于語法結(jié)構(gòu)需要的增詞和出于語義或修辭需要的增詞。

        (一)出于語法結(jié)構(gòu)需要的增詞

        1.增補(bǔ)代詞

        代詞的增補(bǔ)主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:首先,漢語中無主語的句子較為常見,而英語則不同,因此譯者須因地制宜地增補(bǔ)代詞充當(dāng)主語;其次,在英語中凡提及人的器官或歸其所有、與其相關(guān)的事物時(shí),常常在前面添加物主代詞,而此類代詞在漢語中則使用較少;再次,只要不影響句意的理解,漢語句子中作賓語的代詞往往可省略。而英語則不然,及物動(dòng)詞必帶賓語。

        (1)憑舟望去,遠(yuǎn)處是黛色群山和五彩斑斕的田野。

        Leaning against the boat,you can see dark green mountains and gorgeous fields in the far distance.

        (2)接到你的來信,非常高興。

        I was very happy to have received your letter.

        (3)工人們天天帶午飯到廠里去吃。

        The workers take their lunches to the factory every day.

        (4)她用手蒙住臉,好像是為了保護(hù)眼睛。

        She covered her face with her hands,as if to protect her eyes.

        (5)把這些文章讀完以后,用你自己的話講一遍。

        After you have read these texts,tell them in your own words.

        (6)請(qǐng)?jiān)?,打斷你一下?/p>

        Excuse me for interrupting you.

        (7)他喜歡指出別人的缺點(diǎn),但無惡意。

        He likes to point out other people’s shortcomings,but he means well.

        (8)這個(gè)小姑娘經(jīng)常飯前洗手,然后用毛巾擦干。

        This little girl always washes her hands before meals and then dries them with the towel.

        2.增補(bǔ)連詞

        漢語中的詞、詞組、句子之間的關(guān)系往往通過上下文及語序來表示,較少用連詞。英語則通常需要用連詞來表明各語言單位之間的邏輯關(guān)系。因此在漢譯英時(shí),需要增補(bǔ)連詞的情況會(huì)很多,有時(shí)是并列連詞,有時(shí)是從屬連詞。

        (1)虛心使人進(jìn)步,驕傲使人落后。

        Modesty helps one go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

        (2)姐姐在等我,我得走了。

        My sister is expecting me,so I must be off now.

        (3)男女老少都參加了戰(zhàn)斗。

        Men and women,old and young,all joined in the battle.

        (4)你不來我不走。

        I shall not go until you come.

        (5)留得青山在,不怕沒柴燒。

        So long as green hills remain,there will never be a shortage of firewood.

        3.增補(bǔ)介詞

        介詞是英語中最活躍的功能詞之一,英語句子大多都離不了介詞。漢語中不需用介詞的地方,在英語中卻常用介詞。因此在漢譯英時(shí),增補(bǔ)介詞乃屬題中之意。

        (1)我們應(yīng)當(dāng)逐步消除城鄉(xiāng)差距。

        We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.

        (2)你是白天上班還是夜晚上班?

        Do you work in the daytime or at night?

        (3)這些桃子你們四個(gè)人分。

        Divide these peaches among the four of you.

        4.增補(bǔ)冠詞

        由于漢語無冠詞,所以漢譯英時(shí)往往需要增補(bǔ)必要的冠詞。

        (1)耳聽音,鼻嗅味,舌嘗味。

        The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.The nose is for smelling and the tongue for tasting.

        (2)我們對(duì)問題要作全面的分析,才能妥善解決。

        We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before solving it properly.

        (3)馬跑得比驢快。

        The horse runs faster than the donkey.

        (二)出于語義或修辭需要的增詞

        1.增加原文中暗含但在譯入語中必須明說的語義。

        (1)大家都知道戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)是艱苦的。

        Everyone knows that the life on the battlefield was rather hard.

        (2)十二年的延安時(shí)光,他已適應(yīng)了當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)土和季節(jié)。

        In the twelve years in Yan’an he had fitted himself to the land and the rhythm of its seasons.

        (3)沒有調(diào)查研究就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。

        He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.

        2.漢語里有時(shí)不用表明事物屬性的概括性詞語、范疇性詞語,但譯成英語時(shí)卻往往需要將其增補(bǔ)進(jìn)去。

        (1)要提倡顧全大局。

        We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.

        (2)對(duì)憑借行業(yè)壟斷和某些特殊條件獲得個(gè)人額外收入的必須糾正。(《十五大報(bào)告》)

        We must correct the malpractice of individuals obtaining extra incomes by taking advantage of sectoral monopoly and some special privileges.(《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》)

        (3)結(jié)婚大擺酒席,實(shí)在可以省去了。

        The bad practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.

        二、文化差異與增詞

        英漢兩種語言均為世界上詞匯非常豐富的語言,但由于文化的巨大差異,英語和漢語兩種語言之間出現(xiàn)了詞義空缺的現(xiàn)象。這里的“詞義空缺”是指:“由于社會(huì)文化的差異,漢語中有些詞義在英語中不存在,反之亦然,翻譯時(shí)需要用補(bǔ)償法填補(bǔ)空缺”(陳宏薇,1996:47)。而所謂補(bǔ)償法,就是在翻譯中根據(jù)詞語在特定語境中的實(shí)際意義,用譯入語進(jìn)行解釋性的增詞翻譯。

        (一)典故、諺語

        關(guān)于典故和諺語的英譯,本書將在下一單元詳述,在此僅舉幾例:

        1.班門弄斧

        Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.

        2.三個(gè)臭皮匠,頂個(gè)諸葛亮。

        The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang,the master mind.

        3.這小兩口并不相配,一個(gè)是西施,一個(gè)是張飛。

        This young couple is not well-matched.One is a Xishi,a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei,a well-known bad-tempered brute.

        4.心較比干多一竅,病如西子勝三分。(《紅樓夢(mèng)》第三回)

        She looks more sensitive than Bigan,more delicate than Xishi.

        Notes:Bigan is a prince noted for his great intelligence at the end of Shang Dynasty.Xishi is a famous beauty of an ancient kingdom of Yue.(楊憲益,戴乃迭譯)

        上例為《紅樓夢(mèng)》中第三回描寫林黛玉的句子。眾所周知,比干幼時(shí)聰慧,勤奮好學(xué),二十歲時(shí)就身居高位,民間有傳說比干非常聰明,心有七竅。西子即西施,與王昭君、貂蟬、楊貴妃一起被稱為中國(guó)古代四大美女。其中西施居首,有沉魚落雁之美,病西施楚楚動(dòng)人,尤惹人憐愛。但這些文化背景知識(shí)對(duì)于英語讀者較為陌生,因此譯者以加注的形式進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)償。

        (二)政治文化詞語

        1.堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則的核心,就是堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。

        The core of the Four Cardinal Principles (keeping to the socialist road,upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship,leadership of the Communist Party and Marxism—Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought) is to uphold leadership by the Party.

        “四項(xiàng)基本原則”:必須堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義道路;必須堅(jiān)持無產(chǎn)階級(jí)專政(即人民民主專政);必須堅(jiān)持中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo);必須堅(jiān)持馬列主義、毛澤東思想。這對(duì)于不熟悉中國(guó)國(guó)情的英語讀者來說會(huì)感到陌生,譯文有必要進(jìn)行增補(bǔ)說明。

        2.“三個(gè)代表”重要思想是對(duì)馬克思主義的新貢獻(xiàn)。

        Three Represents is the new contribution made to Marxism.(Three Represents:represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;represent the orientation of China’s advanced culture;represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.)

        3.“三講教育”已經(jīng)取得了豐碩成果。

        Three Emphases Education (to stress theoretical study,political awareness and good conduct) has achieved abundant accomplishments.

        (三)社會(huì)生活文化詞語

        1.為此我拼命工作,連春節(jié)也不例外。

        So I worked like mad,even during the Spring Festival when everybody else was enjoying the vacation.

        中國(guó)的春節(jié)猶如西方的圣誕節(jié),人們合家團(tuán)聚,共享天倫之樂。但譯文讀者并不一定了解這一社會(huì)生活文化語境,所以譯文必須將“別人此時(shí)都在盡情歡享假期”這一暗含意義明示出來,才能與前面的“拼命干活”形成對(duì)比。

        2.錢先生周歲時(shí)“抓周”抓了一本書,因此得名“鐘書”。(舒展文:《錢鐘書與楊絳》)

        When Qian was just one year old,he was asked by his parents to choose one thing among others,and he picked up a book of all things.Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name:Zhongshu (book lover).(陳宏薇,1996:49)

        “抓周”是一個(gè)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)生活習(xí)俗文化的詞語,在英文中無對(duì)等詞條。因此,根據(jù)原文的語言語境和文化語境,我們只能補(bǔ)償性、解釋性翻譯。另外,對(duì)于“鐘書”這樣一個(gè)人名,通過加括號(hào)增譯向英語讀者進(jìn)行解釋。

        3.我屬雞。我從來不吃雞。雞年是我的本命年。

        I was born in the Year of Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.

        在西方生活中沒有“本命年”這一概念,所以“雞年是我的本命年”的翻譯只能進(jìn)行適當(dāng)解釋性增譯,以使英語讀者理解其文化內(nèi)涵。

        (四)歷史文化詞語

        1.當(dāng)下兩人把牛浦扯著,扯到縣門口。知縣才發(fā)二梆,不曾坐堂。(《儒林外史》)

        His uncles dragged him to the yamen gate.Only the second strike of clappers was heard,and the magistrate had not entered the court yet.

        Note:According to Chinese feudal judicial system,only after three strikes of wooden clappers,can the local official enter the court.

        “發(fā)二梆”是典型的歷史文化詞語,是中國(guó)古代司法審案特有的文化現(xiàn)象,譯者通過加注進(jìn)行了增譯。

        2.王仁道:“老大而今越發(fā)離奇了,我們至親,一年中也要請(qǐng)他幾次,卻從不曾見他家一杯酒。想起還是前年出貢豎旗桿,在他家擾過一席?!保ā度辶滞馐贰罚?/p>

        “He’s been growing more and more peculiar,”said Wang Ren.“Since we are related,we invite him to several feasts each year,but he never offers us so much as a cup of wine.It was only the year before last,when he became a senior licentiate and put up a flagstaff,that he invited me to a feast.”

        Footnote:When a man passed an examination,he could set up a flagstaff before his ancestral temple;thus the whole clan shared his glory.(楊憲益,戴乃迭譯)

        “豎旗桿”是中國(guó)漫長(zhǎng)科考史所特有的歷史文化現(xiàn)象,科舉成功者可在門前“豎旗桿”以光宗耀祖,因此“豎旗桿”同樣需加注增譯。

        (五)地理文化詞語

        1.1864年,他在前門開了一家烤鴨店,取名“全聚德”?,F(xiàn)在,它已成了北京最有名的餐館之一。

        In 1864,he opened a roast duck restaurant outside in the Qianmen Gate,a very busy downtown section in Beijing today,and named it“ Quanjude”,which is now among the most famous restaurants in the capital.

        “前門”在漢語中有特殊的地理文化含義,因此必須進(jìn)行增譯,以凸顯“全聚德”之悠久歷史。

        2.眼前的景色使他想起了馬致遠(yuǎn)的“古道西風(fēng)瘦馬”。

        The scenery reminded him of Ma Zhiyuan’s much quoted line,“On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes.”

        Note:The west wind here refers to the chilly wind in autumn.

        中英兩國(guó)地理位置的差異,直接造成氣候的不同,而氣候的差異,勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致同一地理詞匯的文化聯(lián)想意義大相徑庭。給英倫三島送去春風(fēng)的是西風(fēng),而非漢語中的東風(fēng)。當(dāng)西風(fēng)吹起,英國(guó)正是春回大地、萬物復(fù)蘇的季節(jié)。因此,在英國(guó)人的心目中,西風(fēng)是輕柔的、溫暖的、生機(jī)勃勃的,故此有雪萊的名詩《西風(fēng)頌》。顯然,在翻譯“西風(fēng)”一詞時(shí),增注是在所難免的。

        3.一聽說去麥城,迷信的他堅(jiān)決不去。

        At the news of going to Maicheng (Guan Yu,God of War,failed there),he who is superstitious is quite against.

        “關(guān)羽走麥城”的故事在中國(guó)家喻戶曉,但麥城對(duì)大部分英語讀者來說僅僅是一個(gè)地名,增譯是必需的。

        三、語境與增詞

        到目前為止,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)語境的性質(zhì)、分類、構(gòu)成因素等問題眾說紛紜,莫衷一是,但語境與詞語翻譯的密切關(guān)系是不容置疑的??傮w來說,語境是交際過程中語碼在表達(dá)某種特定意義時(shí)所依賴的各種上下文因素或非言辭的主客觀環(huán)境因素。從宏觀上講,語境可分為語言語境與非語言語境。

        從增詞的角度講,“任何說話人的意義都有明說(explicature)和暗含(implicature)兩個(gè)方面。言語交際雙方不但要求了解對(duì)方的明說,更要互明對(duì)方的暗含”(何自然,1997:127)。暗含意義的理解主要是依據(jù)語言交際時(shí)的語境,即語境暗含。因此,在漢譯英過程中,兩種語言的明示意義和暗含意義的不完全對(duì)應(yīng)成為譯者必須考慮的問題。譯者常常需要通過分析語境以發(fā)掘原文的暗含意義,并通過增詞等語義補(bǔ)償手段在英語中明示出來。

        (一)語言語境與增詞

        語言語境指由字詞、句子、段落和語篇等構(gòu)成的上下文語碼網(wǎng)絡(luò),還包括貫穿該網(wǎng)絡(luò)的語體風(fēng)格。

        1.他過了關(guān),而且還受到表揚(yáng),而別人卻被淘汰了。

        He went through and got compliments too,while others,who knew a thousand times more than he got plucked.

        根據(jù)語言語境可知,此處的“別人”指在某些方面比“他”優(yōu)秀的人,因此,譯者増譯了“who knew a thousand times more than he”。

        2.為了進(jìn)行真實(shí)、細(xì)致的考察,他很少乘船、坐車,幾乎全靠雙腳翻山越嶺,長(zhǎng)途跋涉。

        In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited,he trudged long distances,tramped over mountains,or waded across rivers,almost always traveling on foot even when carriages and boats were available.

        從語言語境可以看出,這里的“真實(shí)、細(xì)致的考察”可譯為get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited,因此“the places he visited”為增譯成分。

        (二)非語言語境與增詞

        就非語言語境而言,它所包含的因素較為龐雜,諸如人的因素、社會(huì)因素、文化因素、歷史因素、民族因素等。

        1.濟(jì)公劫富濟(jì)貧,深受窮苦人民愛戴。

        Jigong,Robin Hood in China,robbed the rich and helped the poor.

        譯文通過增加一個(gè)類比語境“Robin Hood in China”,較為恰當(dāng)?shù)赝瓿闪藢?duì)“濟(jì)公”一詞的翻譯,而未使譯文讀者感到過于突兀。

        2.我死了以后有我的兒子,兒子死了又有孫子,子子孫孫是沒有窮盡的。

        After I die,my son will carry on the job;and after my sons die,my grandsons will carry on the job.Then there will be their sons and grandsons and so on to the infinity.

        原文中愚公寥寥數(shù)語,表達(dá)了他移山的堅(jiān)定信念。如果在翻譯時(shí)僅僅將原文語碼的明示意義譯出,而忽略非語言語境下部分詞語的暗含意義,則對(duì)愚公了解甚少的譯文讀者很難領(lǐng)會(huì)說話人的真正意圖,甚至可能誤以為愚公是在夸耀自己家族繁衍能力極強(qiáng)。因此,“carry on the job”的增譯勢(shì)在必行。

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