8.2　詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù)

有意重復(fù)使用同一詞或短語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)作者的意思，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣和情感，以取得更好的表達(dá)效果，這種修辭學(xué)上的反復(fù)（repetition/reiteration），漢英大體是相似的：

例15.沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中滅亡。（魯迅《紀(jì)念劉和珍君》 ）

Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.

例16.是的，我又看見(jiàn)月牙兒了，帶著點(diǎn)寒氣的一鉤兒淺金。多少次了，我看見(jiàn)跟現(xiàn)在這個(gè)月牙兒一樣的月牙兒；多少次了。（老舍《月牙兒》 ）

Yes, I’ve seen the crescent moon again—a chill sickle of pale gold. How many times have I seen crescent moons just like this one, how many times... .

但只要仔細(xì)比較一下，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)現(xiàn)象遠(yuǎn)比英語(yǔ)普遍。英語(yǔ)的重復(fù)一般是修辭性的（rhetorical），如福勒（Fowler）兄弟（Fowler 1951）在The King’s English一書(shū)中指出：

Even when the repetition is a part of the writer’s original plan, consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass: it is implied in the terms“rhetorical”or significant repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out; the repetition, that is to say, is more or less abnormal, and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance, and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.

而漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)除了為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣外，往往還出于語(yǔ)法的要求和修辭的需要。為了達(dá)到篇章的連貫性和整體性，漢語(yǔ)傾向于重復(fù)詞語(yǔ)和句式，而英語(yǔ)常常采用替代、省略、變換等方法。如例15中的第三個(gè)“沉默”英譯時(shí)就省略了，例16中的第二個(gè)“月牙兒”英譯是就采用“one”替代之。

8.2.1　替代法

用替代的形式(pro-form）來(lái)代替上文或句中已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)或內(nèi)容（shared wordsand content），以避免重復(fù)并連接上下文，這是英語(yǔ)說(shuō)話或?qū)懽鞯囊豁?xiàng)重要原則。例如：

例17.我記得爸，記得爸的木匣。那個(gè)木匣結(jié)束了爸的一切；每逢我想起爸來(lái)，我就想到非打開(kāi)那個(gè)木匣不能見(jiàn)著他。但是，那個(gè)木匣是深深的埋在地里，我明知在城外哪個(gè)地方埋著它，可又像落在地上的一個(gè)雨點(diǎn)，似乎永難找到。（老舍《月牙兒》 ）

I remember Papa; I remember his wooden box. That boxmeant the end of him. I knew unless I could break itopen I’d never see him again. But they buried itdeep in the ground in a cemetery outside the city wall. Although I knew exactly where itwas, I was afraid it would be hard to find that boxagain. The earth seemed to swallow itlike a drop of rain.

“木匣”既是這段文字的中心概念，又起著貫穿整段文字的作用。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)主要采用重復(fù)“木匣”一詞（3次）、省略（2次）和用“它”替代（1次）的方式來(lái)表現(xiàn)這一概念，而英文則采用“it”替代（4次）和變換為“that box”（2次）的方式。由此，充分可見(jiàn)替代在英文表達(dá)中的重要性。當(dāng)然替代除了最常見(jiàn)的代詞外，還有多種表現(xiàn)形式：

例18.一定的文化（當(dāng)作觀念形態(tài)的文化）是一定社會(huì)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的反映，又給予一定社會(huì)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)以巨大的作用和影響。

Any given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.

例19.一個(gè)人的工作，究竟是三分成績(jī)七分錯(cuò)誤，還是七分成績(jī)?nèi)皱e(cuò)誤，必須有個(gè)根本的估價(jià)。

We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa.

例20.只有四嬸，因?yàn)楹髞?lái)雇用的女工，大抵非懶即饞，或者饞而且懶，左右不如意，所以也還提起祥林嫂。（魯迅《祝福》 ）

My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xianglin’s Wife. This was because most of the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or both, none of them giving satisfaction.（楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）

8.2.2　省略法

省略和替代一樣，也是避免重復(fù)的一種常用手段。兩者經(jīng)?；ハ嘟惶媸褂谩Ｓ绕湓诓⒘薪Y(jié)構(gòu)中，漢語(yǔ)往往重復(fù)已出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，而英語(yǔ)常常省略。

例21.一個(gè)人夾在蘇州上海杭州，或廈門(mén)香港廣州的市民中間，混混沌沌地過(guò)去，只能感到一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)清涼，秋的味，秋的色，秋的意境與姿態(tài)，總看不飽，嘗不透，賞玩不到十足。（郁達(dá)夫《故都的秋》 ）

While muddling along all by myself among the urban dwellers of Suzhou, Shanghai, Xianmen, Hong Kong or Guangzhou, I feel nothing but a little chill in the air, without ever relishing to my heart’s content the flavour, colour, mood and style of the season.（張培基譯）

原文“秋的味，秋的色，秋的意境與姿態(tài)”中“秋”的重復(fù)在譯文中省略，但仍保留了并列結(jié)構(gòu)，而“總看不飽，嘗不透，賞玩不到”中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)由于意義僅僅是重復(fù)而已，所以也采用了省略法。再如：

例22.我們一些舊衣服和舊家具，當(dāng)?shù)漠?dāng)了，賣(mài)的賣(mài)了。（吳敬梓《儒林外史》 ）

Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.

例23.還有秋雨哩，北方的秋雨，也似乎比南方的下得奇，下得有味，下得更像樣。（郁達(dá)夫《故都的秋》 ）

As for autumn rains in the North, they also seem to differ from those in the South, being more appealing, more temperate.（張培基譯）

例24.五四運(yùn)動(dòng)是反帝國(guó)主義的運(yùn)動(dòng)，又是反封建的運(yùn)動(dòng)。五四運(yùn)動(dòng)的杰出的歷史意義，在于它帶著為辛亥革命還不曾有的姿態(tài)，這就是徹底地不妥協(xié)地反帝國(guó)主義和徹底地不妥協(xié)地反封建主義。

The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911, namely, its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism.

8.2.3　變換法

此外，英語(yǔ)還常用同義詞、近義詞替換或上義詞替代下義詞等方法來(lái)尋求變換以避免同詞重復(fù)，而漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于同詞重復(fù)。如：

例25.非洲人民正在為爭(zhēng)取非洲的徹底解放進(jìn)行著艱巨的斗爭(zhēng)。

The people of Africaare waging a hard struggle to win the complete emancipation of the continent.

例26.封建社會(huì)代替奴隸社會(huì)，資本主義社會(huì)代替封建主義社會(huì)，社會(huì)主義經(jīng)歷一個(gè)過(guò)程發(fā)展后必然代替資本主義。

Feudal society replacedslave society, capitalism supplantedfeudalism; and after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersedecapitalism.

例27.“好哇，大風(fēng)，你就使勁地刮吧。你現(xiàn)在刮得越大，秋后的雨水就越充足。刮吧，使勁得刮吧，刮來(lái)個(gè)豐收的好年景，刮來(lái)個(gè)富強(qiáng)的好日子”。

All right, wind! Roaras hard as you like. The stronger you blownow, the more rain we will get in autumn. Come on! You’ll givea good harvest and bringus a good life.

如果從文本的通篇來(lái)看，變換法的運(yùn)用就更重要且常見(jiàn)。 《荷塘月色》中“荷塘”這一中心詞在原文中出現(xiàn)了8次，“塘”出現(xiàn)1次。而對(duì)應(yīng)的譯文則有“the Lotus Pond”，stretch of water”，“the forest of lotuses”和“the pond”四種：

A.今晚在院子里坐著乘涼，忽然想起日日走過(guò)的荷塘，在這滿月的光里，總該另有一番樣子吧。

B.曲曲折折的荷塘上面，彌望的是田田的葉子。葉子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。

C.這時(shí)候葉子與花也有一絲的顫動(dòng)，像閃電般，霎時(shí)傳過(guò)荷塘的那邊去了。

D.月光如流水一般，靜靜地瀉在這一片葉子和花上。薄薄的青霧浮起在荷塘里。葉子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗過(guò)一樣；又像籠著輕紗的夢(mèng)。

A.Tonight, when I was sitting in the yard enjoying the cool, it occurred to me that the Lotus Pond, which I pass by everyday, must assume quite a different look in such moonlit night.

B. All over this winding stretch of water, what meets the eye is a silken field of leaves, reaching rather high above the surface, like the skirts of dancing girls in all their grace.

C. At this moment, a tiny thrill shoots through the leaves and flowers, like a streak of lightning, straight across the forest of lotuses.

D. The moon sheds her liquid light silently over the leaves and flowers, which, in the floating transparency of a bluish haze from the pond, look as if they had just been bathed in milk, or like a dream wrapped in a gauzy hood.（朱純深譯）

相比之下，楊譯和王譯的處理要單調(diào)些：只出現(xiàn)了“the lotus pond”，“ the pond”，“ the lotus pool”，“the pool”。所以，就對(duì)原文詞語(yǔ)重復(fù)的處理方法來(lái)看，朱譯優(yōu)于楊譯和王譯。

最后舉一例，綜合使用了重復(fù)、省略和變換法，請(qǐng)注意其中“君子”、“義”和“利”的譯法：

例28.曾經(jīng)有過(guò)一個(gè)人皆君子言必稱義的時(shí)代，當(dāng)時(shí)或許有過(guò)大義滅利的真君子，但更常見(jiàn)的是借義逐利的偽君子和假義真信的迂君子。（周?chē)?guó)平《在義與利之外》 ）

There was once a time when almost everyone claimed to be a gentleman and every word uttered was about righteousness. At that time, there might have been some truly virtuous men who were so righteous as to give up whatever was profitable. But, more likely, one might meet hypocrites who use righteousness as a fig leaf for their cupidity, or pedants believed in whatever passed for righteousness.