葡萄種質(zhì)資源的抗寒性研究

STUDIES ON COLD RESISTANCE OF GRAPE RESOURCES

作者：吳行昶　　導(dǎo)師：張劍俠

西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)　　果樹學(xué)2011屆碩士

摘　要

本研究通過人工低溫脅迫的方法，測定了中國野生葡萄18個種或變種64個株系、美洲野生葡萄7個種9個株系、歐洲葡萄2個品種（對照）及13個美洲雜種一年生休眠枝的凍害指數(shù)、相對電導(dǎo)率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、丙二醛（MDA）和游離脯氨酸含量的變化，經(jīng)對各項指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性和主成分分析，采用隸屬函數(shù)法綜合評價了這些資源的抗寒性，同時初步探索了美洲雜種的抗寒機(jī)理。此外，測定了3個種間雜交組合的　株F₁代和1個自交組合的8株后代共131株雜種的凍害指數(shù)、相對電導(dǎo)率和可溶性糖含量的變化，采用隸屬函數(shù)法綜合評價了它們的抗寒性。具體研究結(jié)果如下：

1.　在中國葡萄屬野生種中，山葡萄和燕山葡萄的平均隸屬度在0.72以上，屬于抗寒性極強的類型；蘡薁葡萄的平均隸屬度為0.60，屬于抗寒性強的類型；華東葡萄、毛葡萄、復(fù)葉葡萄、菱葉葡萄和桑葉葡萄的平均隸屬度分布在0.42～0.57之間，屬于中等抗寒的類型；秋葡萄、刺葡萄、變?nèi)~葡萄、麥黃葡萄和小復(fù)葉葡萄的平均隸屬度分布在0.30～0.39之間，屬于低抗寒的類型。秦嶺葡萄、瘤枝葡萄、網(wǎng)脈葡萄、麥黃復(fù)葉葡萄和裂葉刺葡萄的平均隸屬度分布在0.21～0.29之間，屬于抗寒性差的類型。

2.　所鑒定的美洲野生葡萄資源平均隸屬度介于0.64～0.86之間，均屬于抗寒性強的類型。其中，抗寒性最強的為河岸葡萄的河岸-2，抗寒性最差的為甜冬葡萄。

3.　13個美洲雜種的平均隸屬度介于0.42～0.72之間，屬于抗寒性強的類型。低溫脅迫下，美洲雜種的電解質(zhì)滲出率和MDA含量變化與抗寒性呈負(fù)相關(guān)；而可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、游離脯氨酸的含量變化與抗寒性呈正相關(guān)。

4.　玫瑰香×黑龍江實生、紅地球×雙優(yōu)兩個組合雜交后代的抗寒性介于雙親之間，雖然抗寒性表現(xiàn)出分離，但不存在超親遺傳。北醇的自交后代表現(xiàn)出較強的抗寒性，出現(xiàn)了抗性分離，存在有超親遺傳。燕山-1×河岸-3組合親本的抗寒性均強，二者雜交的116株后代出現(xiàn)了抗性的分離，存在超親遺傳，超親遺傳傾向于抗寒性弱的方向，但也出現(xiàn)了比雙親抗寒性強的單株。

關(guān)鍵詞　葡萄資源　低溫逆境　抗寒性　抗寒生理

Abstract

Under cold stress condition of one-year-old branches,the cold hardiness of seventy-three grape resources which included sixty-four accessions of eighteen Chinese wild Vitis species，nine accessions of seven American wild Vitis species，two cultivars of V.vinifera (CK) and thirteen hybrids of American Vitis was identified based on the Cold Index,Relative electric Conductivity,Soluble Sugar,Soluble Protein,MDA and free proline tested by Correlation analysis of indexes，principal components analysis and the method of Subordinate Function (SF). Meanwhile,the cold-tolerance mechanism of the hybrids of American Vitis for Juicing was researched. For the one hundred and twenty-three hybrids of V.vinifera × Chinese wild Vitis species and eight hybrids of Beichun (V.vinifera cv.Muscat Hamburg × V.amurensis ) selfing,the cold hardiness was identified using the method of Subordinate Function (SF) based on the Cold Index,Relative electric Conductivity and Soluble Sugar. The results showed as follows:

1.　There were substantial differences to cold hardiness among of Chinese wild Vitis species and accessions of the same species. The average of subordinative of V. amurensis and V. yeshanensis was more than 0.72，belonging to the most hardiness species. The subordinative of V. adstricta was 0.60，it was the more cold hardiness species. The middle hardiness species were V. pseudoreticulata，V. hancockii，V. piasezkii,V. Ficifolia and V. quinquangularis，whose subordinative were between 0.42 and 0.57. The V. romanetii，V. davidii Foex，V. piasezkii，V. bashanica，V. liubaensis and V. liubaensis were the low hardiness species，and whose subord-inative were between 0.30 and 0.39. The V. davidii ninqiangensis，the V. qinlingensis， the V. davidii.cyanocarpa，the V. wilsonae and the V. baihensis belonging to cold susceptibility species，the subordinative were between 0.21 and 0.29.

2.　All of American wild Vitis species in this paper were more cold hardiness species. He'an-2 of V. ripia is the most resistant accession to the cold hardiness and V. cinerea is the susceptible specie to the cold hardiness. The subordinative were between 0.63 and 0.86.

3.　All of thirteen hybrids of American Vitis were the more cold hardiness cultivars，and the subordinative were between 0.42 and 0.72. Under low temperature,the Relative electric Conductivity and the MDA content changes were negative correlation with the cold hardiness of the grapevines. But Soluble Sugar，Soluble Protein and Free Proline content changes were strong positive correlation with the cold hardiness of the grapevines.

4.　The cold resistance of all the hybrids of Muscat Hamburg×Heilongjiang Seedling and Red Globe×Shuangyou were between their parents,But the Beichun selfing and the hybrids of Yanshan-1×He'an-3 were also appeared genetic separation，a few of them were beyond their parents and the separation to weak hardiness direction,and also have some hybrids stronger than their parents.

Key words　Grape resources　Cold stress　Cold resistance　Physiological characteristic of cold resistance