第二節(jié)　用作外加語的副詞

有些當(dāng)代語法學(xué)家如R.Quirk等人根據(jù)狀語是否結(jié)合到句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的情況把它分為三大類：那些在一定程度上結(jié)合到句中的狀語叫做附加語(adjunct)；那些只在句子結(jié)構(gòu)外圍的狀語叫做外加語和聯(lián)加語。附加語是一種修飾性的狀語，它結(jié)合在句子結(jié)構(gòu)里面，為句子內(nèi)容提供附加材料，主要是對(duì)謂語進(jìn)行修飾或說明，所以又叫修飾性狀語或結(jié)合性狀語。外加語不修飾謂語或謂語動(dòng)詞，而是結(jié)合全句作些說明或解釋，表示說話者對(duì)于他所說的內(nèi)容所持的態(tài)度和個(gè)人看法。由于它不與它所評(píng)說的句子或分句在結(jié)構(gòu)上緊密結(jié)合，獨(dú)立于句子的主體之外；所以也叫評(píng)注性狀語或分離性狀語，傳統(tǒng)語法稱句子狀語。聯(lián)加語除有狀語作用外還起連接句子的作用，也叫連接性狀語。

外加語多由副詞表示，也可以是介詞詞組、非限定分句、限定分句等。本章著重研究作外加語的副詞，傳統(tǒng)語法稱這類副詞為句子副詞(sentence adverb)。

一、形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)

從形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)來看，作外加語的副詞主要是派生詞，多數(shù)是由形容詞加上副詞后綴-ly構(gòu)成。例如：

Generally，the two writers were against any censorship．

Presumably，they have sold their house．

這類副詞中有些是由-ing或-ed分句(形容詞)加上-ly構(gòu)成的，如：

Amusingly，he did not explain his position to me．

What，interestingly enough，pleased them most was his eloquence．這類副詞中有少數(shù)是復(fù)合詞或縮略詞。

下列句中的副詞indeed和perhaps分別由in+deed和per+ haps(hap的復(fù)數(shù)形式)組成，maybe由it may be縮略而成：

This machine is up-to-date，indeed．

Maybe that's because he doesn't have technical skill．

二、語義及分類

從語義的角度來看，作外加語的副詞可以分為語體(或方式)外加語(style disjunct)和態(tài)度外加語(attitudinal disjunct)兩類：

1．語體外加語

語體外加語表示說話人講話的方式。通常表現(xiàn)在說話人對(duì)他所采取說話形式的看法，以某種方式說明了他是在什么情況下說的。根據(jù)詞匯意義，作語體外加語的副詞又可分為三小類：

1)表示說話人確認(rèn)自己正在說的是真實(shí)情況，如bluntly，candidly，flatly，frankly，honestly，seriously，strictly，truly，truthfully等。例如：

Seriously(in all seriousness)，we haven't heard much of our two heroes lately，have we?

Bluntly(Put bluntly/To be blunt)，you're unwise to do so．

2)表示說話人在概括自己所說的話，如approximately，briefly，broadly，crudely，generally，roughly，simply等。例如：

Briefly(To be brief/In brief)，there are too many people and too little food．

3)表示其他的意義，如confidentially，literally，metaphorically，personally等。如：

Personally(Personally speaking/To be personal)，I quite agree with you．

作語體外加語的副詞和這個(gè)副詞所歸屬的分句的關(guān)系可以通過一個(gè)分句表示出來。在這個(gè)分句中，主語就是說話人I，謂語是由speak，say，tell等交際動(dòng)詞(communicative verbs)構(gòu)成。如：

Frankly，I don't want to go with you．

句中的frankly相當(dāng)于一個(gè)分句I tell you frankly，I say frankly或I speak frankly。這種分句既可轉(zhuǎn)換成主句結(jié)構(gòu)，也可轉(zhuǎn)換成條件分句。

主句結(jié)構(gòu)：I will say frankly'I tell you frankly that I don't want to go with you．

條件分句：If I can speak frankly，I don't want to go with you．

作語體外加語的副詞可由其他一系列結(jié)構(gòu)代替。以上句中的frankly為例，相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)就有介詞短語(in(all)frankness)、不定式分句(to be frank，to speak frankly，to put it frankly)、-ing分詞分句(frankly speaking，putting it frankly)、-ed分詞分句(put it frankly)、限定性動(dòng)詞分句，即評(píng)說分句(if I may be frank，if I can speak frankly，if I can put it frankly)等。

上述列出的所有副詞中，幾乎都有相應(yīng)的帶speaking的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，這些結(jié)構(gòu)都可以作語體外加語。如：

strictly=strictly speaking

broadly=broadly speaking

seriously=seriously speaking

在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，副詞通常位于speaking之前，有時(shí)亦可后置。如frankly speaking，speaking frankly兩者都可以說，但后者不如前者普通。個(gè)別副詞無相應(yīng)的帶speaking分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，如flatly不能代之以flatly speaking。

許多作語體外加語的副詞還有to be加形容詞干這樣相應(yīng)的不定式分句形式，如上句中的bluntly=to be blunt，personally= to be personal，briefly=to be brief。凡是能有這種不定式的副詞，還可以有相應(yīng)的帶if的限定性分句，如：if I may be blunt，if I may be personal．

2．態(tài)度外加語

態(tài)度外加語表示說話人對(duì)話語的態(tài)度，對(duì)交談內(nèi)容的看法。根據(jù)詞匯意義，作態(tài)度外加語的副詞可分為兩大類，然后再分為若干小類。

第一大類：這類外加語對(duì)所說的話是否真實(shí)提出了某種看法。表示說話人究竟在多大程度上相信他所說的話是真實(shí)可靠的。這類包括：

1)不含有察覺正在說的話是真實(shí)的，也不表示對(duì)正在說的話的真實(shí)程度作出判斷。其中表示確信的有：admittedly，certainly，definitely，indeed，surely，undeniably，undoubtedly，unquestionly，unarguably等。表示某種程度懷疑的有：arguably，allegedly，conceivably，doubtless，(quite very)likely，maybe，perhaps，possibly，presumably，reportedly，supposedly，probably等。如：

Surely(To be sure)，I've made a mistake．(I'm sure that I have made a mistake/It must be accepted that I've made．．．)

The accident happened，possibly，when I was in the garden．(I considered it possibly that the accident happened when I was in the garden．/It is possible that the accident happened when I was．．．)

2)表達(dá)人們根據(jù)客觀事實(shí)對(duì)所講內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性看法。其中表示確信的有：clearly，evidently，obviously，plainly，patently等。表示某種程度的懷疑的有seemingly，apparently等。如：

Clearly，there has been a mistake．(It is clear to us and to everybody else that there has been a mistake．)

There was nothing to be done，apparently．(It seems/it appears to us that there was nothing to be done．)

3)表示說話人判斷所說的事情是真實(shí)的還是虛假的。通常指所說內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是否存在。其中表示所說的事情是實(shí)際上存在的有actually，really，factually等。表示與實(shí)際存在形成對(duì)照的有only，apparently，ideally，nominally，officially，technically，theoretically等。

表示正在說的事情在原則上是真實(shí)的有basically，essentially，fundamentally等。如：

Actually，centimeter，gram and second are units of measure．

Basically，a sentence is made up of two parts，the subject and the predicate．

第二大類：表示對(duì)所說的事情的某種態(tài)度，包括：

1)表示說話人的判斷未必符合句中主語或說話人的情況。如：

Luckily，Jack came back yesterday．

這句話可理解為“Jack was lucky in doing so．”，也可理解為：“Someone else(possibly，but not necessarily，the speaker) was lucky as a result of Jack's action．”；但這句話“Luckily for John，the gun was not loaded．”就只能理解為：“John was lucky that the gun was not loaded．”進(jìn)一步分析，這類副詞常常表示：

所說的事情被認(rèn)為是奇怪的或在意料之外的，如amazingly，astonishingly，surprisingly，curiously，funnily，ironically，oddly，remarkably，strangely，unexpectedly等表示驚訝、迷惘、失望的副詞。如：

Curiously，the dog never barked．(It is curious that the dog should have never barked．)

Surprisingly for all of us(To our surprise)，they arrived before we did．(“We felt surprised that they arrived before we did．)

所說的事情被人認(rèn)為是適當(dāng)?shù)幕蛞饬现械模鏰ppropriately，inevitably，naturally，predictably，typically，understandably等。如：

Naturally，she spoke out her mind．(As might have been expected，she spoke out her mind．)

所說的事情被認(rèn)為是令人滿意或不滿意的，如annoyingly，delightfully，disappointingly，disturbingly，refreshingly，regrettably等。例如：

Regrettably for all of us(To our regret)，he refused our invitation．(We regretted that he should have refused our invitation．)

所說的事情被認(rèn)為是幸運(yùn)的或不幸運(yùn)的，如表示悲傷、高興、幸運(yùn)的副詞(un)fortunately，(un)happily，sadly，(un)luckily，tragically等。如：

Unhappily，he ate a lot．(It is unfortu nate that he should have eaten a lot．)

其他的表示某種判斷的詞，如amusingly，conveniently，hopefully，mercifully，preferably，significantly，thankfully等。

Hopefully，the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue．(“If their hopes succeed，the two sides will come to an agreement on this issue．/It is hoped that the two sides may come．．．)

2)表示從整體上對(duì)正在所說的事情的判斷，并且這一判斷通常也適用于句子的主語。這類副詞常常表示：

對(duì)所說的事情是正確地還是錯(cuò)誤地作出判斷，如(in)correctly，(un)justly，rightly，wrongly等表示正確、錯(cuò)誤的副詞。如：

You telephoned the hospital first，quite rightly．(You are quite right to have telephoned the hospital first．)

對(duì)所描述的事物的智慧和技巧作出判斷，如artfully，cleverly，cunningly，foolishly，(un)reasonably，sensibly，(un)wisely等表示聰明、愚蠢的副詞。如：

Wisely，all the doors had been bolted．(People were wise to have had all the doors bolted．)

帶態(tài)度外加語的句子，常?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為帶先行it的外置(extraposition)結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合句。但是，帶第一大類態(tài)度外加語的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成這種結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，名詞從句中不能用推定意義的should(putative should)；帶第二大類態(tài)度外加語的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成這種結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，名詞從句中則可用should。這也是第一大類與第二大類作態(tài)度外加語的副詞在語義下的區(qū)別。再比較：

Admittedly，I had no right to be there，but I had lost my way．(It must be admitted that I had no right to be there，but I had lost my way．)

Disappointingly，she had failed to see her shortcomings．(It was disappointing．．．she should have failed to see．．．)

第二大類作態(tài)度外加語的某些副詞可有“S+be+adj．+ infinitive clause”或“It+be+adj．+of/for+infinitive clause”的相應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)，如fortunately，wisely，foolishly，rightly，typically等。如：

Foolishly，the girl did not ask your name．(The girl was foolish not to ask your name．/It was foolish of the girl not to have asked your name．)

Typically，he would come in late and then say he was sorry．(It was typical of him to come late and then say he was sorry．)

第二大類作態(tài)度外加語的某些副詞還可帶一個(gè)人稱主語的相應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)主語或是說話人I或是不定代詞one。這些副詞有(un)happily，sadly，thankfully，hopefully，luckily等。如：

Sadly/Thankfully，he won't be there．(I am/One is sad/ thankful that he won't be there．)

對(duì)所有各類態(tài)度外加語來說，只要能以It is+adj．+that這樣的相應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)來代替，就能用與相應(yīng)的起評(píng)說分句作用的句子性關(guān)系分句(sentential relative clause)來代替：

Understandably/quite obviously，he didn't want to have anything to do with them．(He didn't want to have anything to do with them，which was understandable/quite obvious．)

所有各類態(tài)度外加語都能由和它相應(yīng)的評(píng)說分句(comment clause)來代替，但這個(gè)分句需要加一個(gè)像very，more或most這樣的修飾語：

Certainly(What was more certain)，he didn't speak at the meeting．

Fortunately(What is most fortunate)，we did not take that bus，which had an accident．

三、句法特點(diǎn)

外加語不僅在句法功能上有別于附加語和聯(lián)加語，而且還具有不同于兩者的句法特征。

1．位置特點(diǎn)

外加語處于它們所評(píng)說的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的邊緣，一般位于句首，其次是句末，再其次是句中。書寫時(shí)往往用逗號(hào)與句子主體隔開，有時(shí)也可以不用逗號(hào)。一般來說，外加語的位置和它本身與句子在意念上的聯(lián)系松緊程度有關(guān)。位于句首，它的意義就比較抽象。位于句末，它與句子在意念上的聯(lián)系程度最松懈。位于句中，它與句子的聯(lián)系程度最緊密。如：

Really I don't have any idea about it．

He is unquestionably the best cricketer in England．

I don't want the money，confidentially．

當(dāng)外加語出現(xiàn)在句中時(shí)，通常位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前或第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。但在表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，都出現(xiàn)在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之前，比如：

He certainly won't be much longer in making up his mind．

當(dāng)外加語與整個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生意念上的聯(lián)系時(shí)，它在句中的位置最為靈活。例如：

Evidently you are right．

You are evidently right．

You evidently are right．

You are right，evidently.

這四句話的意思都是It is evident(clear)that you are right．

2．可被修飾的特征

大多數(shù)外加語可以被修飾，常用的前置修飾語有very，quite和比較級(jí)形式more，most，less，least：

Rarely，very rarely，the master would admit defeat．

What does it give you?Quite simply，it gives you faster，more efficient internal communications．

Strangely，he has not been here lately．Even more strangely，he has not phoned．

Most probably，they have already finished it．

否定副詞not經(jīng)常用作surprisingly和一些帶否定前綴的副詞(unexpectedly，unreasonably，unwisely，unusually，unnaturally)的前置修飾語：

Not unnaturally，we had all felt rather alarmed．(It was not unnatural that we had all felt．)

Not unreasonably，he protested strongly against it．(It is not unreasonable that he should protest strongly．

Enough是最常見的后置修飾語。比如：Oddly enough，he didn't raise any objection to the plan．

此外，有些態(tài)度外加語后還可以加上由for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語，明確所指范圍。例如：

Happily for all of us，the weather has changed for the better．

Annoyingly for his father，John failed the exam several times．

3．判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

有些副詞既可用作附加語，亦可用作外加語。如：

Did you get it honestly?(1)

I didn't tell anyone，honestly I didn't．(2)

例1)中的honestly作in an honest manner解時(shí)，是附加語，修飾謂語動(dòng)詞get；而例2)中honestly則作speaking truthfully解時(shí)，充當(dāng)評(píng)注性狀語，即外加語。它們互為句法同形異義語(syntactic homonyms)，形式雖同，而詞義和句法功能各異。附加語與外加語的區(qū)別可有以下幾條判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，凡符合其中任何一條便是外加語：

1)能作為獨(dú)立語調(diào)組，出現(xiàn)于否定句的句首。例如：ironically在下句中是以降調(diào)語調(diào)作為獨(dú)立語調(diào)組出現(xiàn)于否定句句首，從而斷定它是外加語：

Ironically，the reputed expert in Chinese language could not speak a single sentence of modern Chinese．

2)不能在選擇疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)中處于信息中心的位置。外加語作為獨(dú)立語調(diào)組出現(xiàn)于句首時(shí)，就不可用作選擇疑問句的信息中心。因此really在下句中便是附加語，而不是外加語：

Is he really worried or is he just pretending to be worried?

3)不能在句中作為被否定的中心詞項(xiàng)。例如：He is not really worried；he is just pretending to be worried．句中的really是附加語，而不是外加語。

4)不能在分裂句(cleft sentence)中作中心成分(focus element)，處于特別受強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置。cleverly在下句中就是外加語。因此，下句不能轉(zhuǎn)換為分裂句：

Cleverly，the boys solved the problem so quickly．It was cleverly that the boys solved the problem so quickly．