第十四節(jié)　條件句的特殊表現(xiàn)形式

一、并列結(jié)構(gòu)

1．祈使句+and(if)

這個句型表示肯定“條件”，and表示自然的結(jié)果，即and= and then。例如：

Make haste，and you will be in time for the meeting．(If you make haste，you．．．)

快一點，你就會按時到會。

Let's give him some help，and he will be able to improve in his studies．

如果我們給他一些幫助，他就會改進他的學(xué)習(xí)。

2．祈使句+or(if not)句型表示否定“條件”，表示結(jié)果。即or=or else，otherwise．．．也可用or else(else)，or otherwise(otherwise)連接第二個分句

例如：

Hurry up，or(else)we'll be late for the meeting．(If we don't hurry up，we．．．)

趕快，否則我們開會要遲到了。

Put on more clothes，or you will catch cold．

多穿點，否則你會感冒的。

3．名詞短語+and(if)

這種句型不但簡潔，而且“條件”意義十分突出。例如：

One more effort and you will succeed．

(If you make one more effort，you．．．)

再努一把力，你就會成功的。

Another half hour and all doors would be locked．(If another half hour should pass，all doors．．．)

再過半個鐘頭，所有的門都要上鎖了。

二、動詞say，suppose引導(dǎo)的從句

這種句型多用于疑問句中，同supposing引導(dǎo)的從句用法一樣。

1．Let's say that．．．

Let's say(that)the reading-room is closed，where would you study?

如果閱覽室不開的話你到哪里去學(xué)習(xí)?

Let's say we can't get a new dictionary，what should we do?

倘使買不到新詞典，我們將怎么辦?

2．Say(if；let's say)假定，姑且說

Say the plane doesn't arrive on time we'll have to postpone the meeting．

假定飛機不準(zhǔn)時到達，我們就得推遲會議。

Say it were true，what then?

假如這是真的，那又怎么樣呢?

3．Suppose(supposing)

Suppose he were here，what would you do?

(If we suppose(that)he were here，what would you do?)

假使他在那里，那你怎么辦?

Then suppose he should refuse?(主句全省略，可稱含蓄結(jié)果句)

假如他不干怎么辦?

三、定語從句

A nation which stopped working would be dead in a fortnight．(If it stopped working，a nation．．．)

一個國家如果停頓工作，兩周內(nèi)就會滅亡。

Anybody who should do that would be laughed at．．．

任何人如果那樣做，就會被人嘲笑。

四、狀語從句

1．Before從句(must/have to．．．before．．．can/could．．．)

這是before的一種特殊用法，表示“在……之前”，“必須(只有)…才能…”。例如：

Electronic computers must be programmed before they can work．必須為電子計算機編好程序，它才能工作。

2．When從句

The people became masters only when they overthrew the ruling class．

只有推翻統(tǒng)治階級，人民才能當(dāng)家做主人。

3．While從句

The brothers and other relations might do as they would，while they did not disgrace the name．(．．．If they did not disgrace the name．)

兄弟們只要不玷污名聲，他們便可為所欲為。

4．So that從句

So that our language conforms to usage，we don't mind whether grammars approve of it or not．(If our language conforms to usage，we．．．)

我們使用的語言只要符合慣用法，語法家不同意，我們不必介意。

五、簡單句

從句完全省略，一個簡單句表示含蓄條件。

Such mistakes could have been avoided．(If we had been more careful，such mistakes．．．)

這種錯誤本來是應(yīng)該避免的。

I shouldn't worry about that now．

(If I were you，I．．．)

我現(xiàn)在就不會為這件事發(fā)愁了。

六、倒裝語序

假設(shè)條件從句中含有were，had，should時，可省掉if，將這些詞提到句首，構(gòu)成假設(shè)條件句。例如：

Were it not for their assistance，we couldn't have got over the difficulties．

要不是他們協(xié)助，這些困難我們是克服不了的。

Had they time，they would certainly come and help us．

如果他們有時間，他們一定會來幫助我們的。

Should there be a flood，what should we do?

萬一發(fā)生水災(zāi)，我們怎么辦?

七、非限定動詞短語

1．不定式短語

表示真實條件和虛擬條件，表示含蓄條件較通常。如：

It would be a mistake not to help him．

(．．．if we didn't help him．)

不幫助他將是一個錯誤。

To hear him speak English，one would take him for an Englishman．

如果聽他講英語，你就會把他當(dāng)成英國人。

2．分詞，分詞短語(或分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu))

Judging from what you say，she'd stay for the night there．

照你所說的來看，她將會留在那里過夜。

United we stand，divided we fail．

團結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。

All things considered，her paper is of greater value than yours．

如果考慮到各方面，他的論文比你的論文更有價值。

下列分詞均已用作連詞引導(dǎo)條件從句：

Seeing(that)，providing/provided(that)，considering(that)，supposing(that)，granting/granted(that)，given(that)，assuming(that)，persuming(that)等。

八、介詞短語

可表示真實條件和虛擬條件，表示含蓄條件較通常。

1．But for(if it were not for．．．，if it had not been for．．．)

But for these setbacks，we might，perhaps have realized our dream．(If it had not been for these setbacks，we．．．)

要不是有這些挫折，我們的夢想也許已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了。

But if the leadership of the Party，we couldn't live a happy life．(If there were not for the leadership of the Party，we．．．)

要不是黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，我們不可能過幸福生活。

2．without(unless)

We could not have done the work well without the peasant's help.(We．．．if it hadn't been for peasants'help．)

要是沒有農(nóng)民的幫助，我們不可能做好這個工作。

Without steel，there would be no industry．(If there were no steel，there．．．)

沒有鋼鐵，就不可能有工業(yè)。

表示條件的介詞短語還有in case of，in the event of，in the absence of，with，apart from等，下列介詞短語已轉(zhuǎn)換成連詞詞組引導(dǎo)條件從句on the supposition that，in the event that等。