法律文本的句式特點(diǎn)
第十二章 法律文本的翻譯
第一節(jié) 法律文本的詞匯特點(diǎn)
法律文本是一種有特殊效力的文本,總體包括兩方面內(nèi)容:一是具有普遍約束力的規(guī)范性法律文件,具體指各種法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)及規(guī)章等;二是不具有普遍約束力的非規(guī)范性法律文件,即狹義的法律文書(shū),是指國(guó)家司法機(jī)關(guān)、律師及律師事務(wù)所、仲裁機(jī)關(guān)、公證機(jī)關(guān)和案件當(dāng)事人依法制作的處理種類(lèi)訴訟案件以及非訴訟案件的具有法律效力或法律意義的非規(guī)范性文件的總稱(chēng)。
專(zhuān)用于法律文本的語(yǔ)言稱(chēng)為法律語(yǔ)言,它具有權(quán)威性、莊嚴(yán)性、程式性、實(shí)效性、強(qiáng)制性,精確性等特點(diǎn),因而要求用詞準(zhǔn)確、行文正式、因循守制、句式冗長(zhǎng)等等??傊?,法律語(yǔ)言既有一般語(yǔ)言的特色,又在用詞遣句方面有其獨(dú)到之處。
英語(yǔ)法律文本的復(fù)雜性和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性首先表現(xiàn)在詞匯方面。英語(yǔ)法律文本的詞匯主要有以下六大特點(diǎn):1.具獨(dú)到含義的普通詞匯;2.詞源多樣化;3.法律行話;4.贅言贅語(yǔ);5.模糊詞語(yǔ);6.規(guī)約性情態(tài)動(dòng)詞;9.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。
1.具獨(dú)到含義的普通詞匯
日常生活中的很多常見(jiàn)詞匯放在法律環(huán)境中,詞意便發(fā)生了變化。對(duì)此不夠熟悉的讀者或譯者很容易犯想當(dāng)然的錯(cuò)誤,從而誤解原文含義。
類(lèi)似的例子還有很多。這些詞語(yǔ)雖然出現(xiàn)在法律文本中,但并不僅限于法律用詞,很多是金融、經(jīng)貿(mào)類(lèi)術(shù)語(yǔ),因此翻譯法律文本時(shí)一定要注意查證,尤其是在文本讀來(lái)不夠通順之處,更是要著力考查此詞是否是一詞多義的,并通過(guò)上下文弄懂該詞的意思。
2.詞源多樣化
英語(yǔ)本身是開(kāi)放性的語(yǔ)言,很多詞語(yǔ)來(lái)源于其他語(yǔ)種,法律英語(yǔ)中也不例外,此外,由于現(xiàn)代法律與古代法典的傳承關(guān)系,部分古代詞語(yǔ)也沿習(xí)至今,這使得法律英語(yǔ)的詞源呈多樣化趨勢(shì)。大致說(shuō)來(lái),法律英語(yǔ)多來(lái)自三種詞源:古英語(yǔ)與中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)、拉丁語(yǔ)與法語(yǔ)。
古英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)與古漢語(yǔ)一樣,莊重、準(zhǔn)確,用在法律文本中可以使其顯得更為正式,也更有助于顯示法律的神圣性和權(quán)威性。盡管說(shuō)目前英美國(guó)家提倡法律人士在起草法律文件時(shí)盡量少用或者避免使用此類(lèi)詞語(yǔ),但是適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂霉庞⒄Z(yǔ)和中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)詞匯是有必要的。這些詞語(yǔ)中最有代表性的是there, here, where等詞與by, in, of, to, under, after等構(gòu)成的副詞。(參見(jiàn)第十一章)
其次是拉丁語(yǔ),該語(yǔ)言在英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展和演變過(guò)程中一直占有特殊的地位,在法律英語(yǔ)中則更顯權(quán)威。拉丁語(yǔ)在西方歷史上長(zhǎng)期被視為“有教養(yǎng)者使用的語(yǔ)言”,也曾經(jīng)是歐洲人著述法律規(guī)則和法律命題的“通用語(yǔ)言”。此外,羅馬曾對(duì)不列顛進(jìn)行為期三百多年的統(tǒng)治,因此英國(guó)法深受羅馬法影響,英國(guó)法律中從而也吸收了很多拉丁語(yǔ)的詞匯。常見(jiàn)的有:
法律英語(yǔ)中還有大量來(lái)源于法語(yǔ)的單詞,如attorney, court, judge, summons (傳票), verdict等等。這主要有兩個(gè)原因。其一,諾曼征服后,法語(yǔ)在英國(guó)境內(nèi)成為了統(tǒng)治語(yǔ)言,14世紀(jì)法語(yǔ)成為英國(guó)法律的通用語(yǔ)言,并一直使用至15世紀(jì)末期;其二,相較英語(yǔ)而言,法語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)的意義比較單一,不容易產(chǎn)生歧義,因此使用該種詞匯使得行文更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),為法律人員廣泛使用。盡管后來(lái)法語(yǔ)不再是英國(guó)法定的語(yǔ)言,但是很多法語(yǔ)中的法律詞匯仍保留下來(lái),并沿用至今。
3.法律行話
社會(huì)上的一些集團(tuán)、群體,由于工作上、活動(dòng)上或其他目的上的共同性,在相互之間交往交流時(shí),會(huì)創(chuàng)造、使用一些不同于其他社會(huì)群體的詞匯、用語(yǔ)或符號(hào),這就是行話。在法律界也是如此。尤其是在法庭辯詞等行內(nèi)法律文書(shū)中,行話會(huì)大量使用。這些行話一方面使得法律界人士交流順暢,效率提高,另一方面也可以增加大眾對(duì)法律的敬畏。
常見(jiàn)的法律行話有:
4.贅言贅語(yǔ)
法律英語(yǔ)中的累贅詞是指連用兩個(gè)或三個(gè)彼此互為同義詞或近義詞的詞語(yǔ),從而加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣并澄清概念。在翻譯中要特別小心甄別這類(lèi)詞匯以保證譯文的精確性,因?yàn)檫@類(lèi)詞匯中有些用詞的意義并不完全相同。
續(xù)表
5.模糊詞語(yǔ)
雖然法律語(yǔ)言要求表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確,但是這與法律文本中的模糊詞語(yǔ)并不矛盾。模糊與含混是不同的概念。模糊是一種修辭手段,模糊語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用可以增強(qiáng)表述的全面性,從而提高法律的使用范圍。法律英語(yǔ)中恰當(dāng)使用模糊,能夠給予量刑者一定的余地依照具體情況酌情考量,這是實(shí)現(xiàn)立法意圖和司法目標(biāo)不可或缺的手段。
例1:Customs formalities shall be duly completed in accordance with this Law.
譯文:應(yīng)依照本法律規(guī)定適當(dāng)辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)。
說(shuō)明:此句中的duly一詞便是法律中模糊詞語(yǔ)的體現(xiàn),用來(lái)表示一種不確定的、隨情況變化而變化的情況,但在此等情景下卻非常貼切、靈活。
例2:The customs may consult and make copies of contracts, invoices, account books, certificate of foreign exchange settlement and payment, bills, business letters and telegraphs, voice and image recording products, and other materials reflecting the relationship and transaction activities of buyers and sellers in order to examine the authenticity and accuracy of the declared value.
譯文:海關(guān)為審查申報(bào)價(jià)格的真實(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性,可以查閱、復(fù)制與進(jìn)出口貨物有關(guān)的合同、發(fā)票、賬冊(cè)、結(jié)付匯憑證、單據(jù)、業(yè)務(wù)函電、錄音錄像制品和其他反映買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方關(guān)系及交易活動(dòng)的資料。
說(shuō)明:例2中在列舉一系列查閱復(fù)制材料后使用了模糊語(yǔ)“其他反映買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方關(guān)系及交易活動(dòng)的資料”,適當(dāng)對(duì)此處未能涵蓋、但又可能發(fā)生的情況留出了余地,此處這種必要的模糊處理使原文更為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),法律適用范圍更廣。
6.歸約型情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
法律文本大多是對(duì)適用對(duì)象做出的規(guī)約、許可、授權(quán)、禁止等。因此英語(yǔ)的法律條文里使用很多規(guī)約性的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,如shall, may, can, should, ought to, 等。其中出現(xiàn)頻度最高是shall。此處的“shall”并非助動(dòng)詞,而是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表示強(qiáng)烈的義務(wù)關(guān)系,比“should”語(yǔ)義更強(qiáng),用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)法律強(qiáng)制效力。該詞并不局限在第一人稱(chēng)后使用。(參見(jiàn)第十一章)
第二節(jié) 法律文本的句式特點(diǎn)
1.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)
法律文本的一大特點(diǎn)是使用名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)代替短句,從而使句子簡(jiǎn)化,同時(shí)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也增強(qiáng)了文本的正式性和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性,但是另一方面這些堆砌的詞匯所含信息量大且密集,往往會(huì)使文本更為晦澀難懂。
例 1:Fees with regard to the construction, installation, assembling, servicing and technical services provided to goods, such as workshops, machinery, equipment etc., after importation;
譯文:廠房、機(jī)械、設(shè)備等貨物進(jìn)口后進(jìn)行建設(shè)、安裝、裝配、維修和技術(shù)服務(wù)的費(fèi)用
分析:文章中使用with regard to…加上一連串名詞來(lái)代替定語(yǔ)從句,在后文又用介詞短語(yǔ)after importation 代替after they are imported, 使句子層次大為簡(jiǎn)化。名詞如construction, installation, assembling, importation 比相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞construct, install, assemble, import 聽(tīng)來(lái)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)正式,但是此類(lèi)詞語(yǔ)難度比動(dòng)詞大,須仔細(xì)辨識(shí),加大了閱讀難度,而且該處結(jié)構(gòu)本身修飾關(guān)系也很復(fù)雜。
2.多為陳述句
法律英語(yǔ)文書(shū)的主要功能是明確法律關(guān)系,限定法律條文,規(guī)定相應(yīng)人員的權(quán)利和義務(wù)等,所以法律英語(yǔ)的基本句式通常是陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)。疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句和祈使句在法律文本中十分罕見(jiàn)。
例2:The opening Bank shall actively assist the accounting firm to prudently and, after receiving the bank enquiry letter, verify the relevant data and material, clearly issue its opinion, duly seal its business chop evidencing the legitimate authority and reply within 5 business days after receiving the bank enquiry letter.
譯文:開(kāi)戶(hù)銀行應(yīng)當(dāng)積極配合會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所的工作,在收到銀行詢(xún)證函后,認(rèn)真核對(duì)有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)資料,明確簽署意見(jiàn),加蓋對(duì)外具有法定證明效力的業(yè)務(wù)專(zhuān)用章,并在收到詢(xún)證函之日起5個(gè)工作日內(nèi)回函。
3.多長(zhǎng)句
法律英語(yǔ)所述的關(guān)系相對(duì)來(lái)講非常復(fù)雜,立法者總要將某個(gè)問(wèn)題相關(guān)的全部情況通盤(pán)考慮在內(nèi),才能最大限度地避免漏洞,造成對(duì)法律的曲解,因此法律文本的邏輯性強(qiáng),句子頗長(zhǎng),大局嵌套小句,定語(yǔ)后置現(xiàn)象普遍,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。
例3:Unit price of the said imported goods, same goods or similar goods that are sold to buyers without a special relationship with the seller in the maximum quantity at the first level of sales links, which occurred at the same time or approximately at the same time as the importation of the goods; however, items stipulated in article 22 of this set of regulations shall be deducted.
譯文:與該貨物進(jìn)口的同時(shí)或者大約同時(shí),將該進(jìn)口貨物、相同或者類(lèi)似進(jìn)口貨物在第一級(jí)銷(xiāo)售環(huán)節(jié)銷(xiāo)售給無(wú)特殊關(guān)系買(mǎi)方最大銷(xiāo)售總量的單位價(jià)格,但應(yīng)當(dāng)扣除本條例第二十二條規(guī)定的項(xiàng)目。
例4:Where employers constitute, modify or determine such bylaws or significant matters in direct relation to the real benefits of workers as the remuneration, working time, rest and vacation, work safety and health care, social insurance and welfare, job training, job discipline or quota management, the draft thereof shall be discussed at the workers?congress or by all the workers, which shall bring forward schemes and opinions.
譯文:用人單位在制定、修改或者決定有關(guān)勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬、工作時(shí)間、休息休假、勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生、保險(xiǎn)福利、職工培訓(xùn)、勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律以及勞動(dòng)定額管理等直接涉及勞動(dòng)者切身利益的規(guī)章制度或者重大事項(xiàng)時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)職工代表大會(huì)或者全體職工討論,提出方案和意見(jiàn)。
例5:The customs may consult and make copies of contracts, invoices, account books, certificate of foreign exchange settlement and payment, bills, business letters and telegraphs, voice and image recording products, and other materials reflecting the relationship and transaction activities of buyers and sellers in order to examine the authenticity and accuracy of the declared value.
譯文:海關(guān)為審查申報(bào)價(jià)格的真實(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性,可以查閱、復(fù)制與進(jìn)出口貨物有關(guān)的合同、發(fā)票、賬冊(cè)、結(jié)付匯憑證、單據(jù)、業(yè)務(wù)函電、錄音錄像制品和其他反映買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方關(guān)系及交易活動(dòng)的資料。
4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
法律英語(yǔ)句子中大量地使用被動(dòng)句,這是因?yàn)楹芏喾蓷l文中有必要清楚表明動(dòng)作的承受對(duì)象,而動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者毋庸置疑是參與事件的一方或多方,因此不需要特別指明。此外,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用還體現(xiàn)了法律文書(shū)的客觀性。
例6:Customs duties of import and export goods may be levied by means of ad valorem, specific duties, or otherwise specified by the State.
譯文:進(jìn)出口貨物關(guān)稅,以從價(jià)計(jì)征、從量計(jì)征或者國(guó)家規(guī)定的其他方式征收。
例7:After the foreign-invested enterprise is established, the balance of the upfront expenses shall be transferred into the special deposit account of RMB capital funds in accordance with Article 8 of these measures or returned through the original route.
譯文:外商投資企業(yè)設(shè)立后,剩余前期費(fèi)用應(yīng)當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)入按本辦法第八條規(guī)定開(kāi)立的人民幣資本金專(zhuān)用存款賬戶(hù)或原路退回。
5.具有獨(dú)特法律含義的句式
此外,法律英語(yǔ)中在表達(dá)特定含義時(shí)有很多約定俗成的獨(dú)特表達(dá)句式,如subject to, notwithstanding, to the extent that等等,這些句式在日常生活英語(yǔ)中多已廢除不用,它們的出現(xiàn)使法律文本對(duì)普通讀者來(lái)說(shuō)晦澀深?yuàn)W,作為譯者則要注重對(duì)這些結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和掌握,方能在翻譯時(shí)處理自如。
第三節(jié) 法律文本的翻譯
在進(jìn)行法律文本翻譯時(shí),譯者的主要任務(wù)是力求通過(guò)語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換達(dá)到內(nèi)容和效力的完全相等。換句話說(shuō),除了意義上的對(duì)等外,在法律翻譯中要盡可能保留原文的法律意圖,以保證在司法實(shí)踐中原文與譯文能產(chǎn)生相同的應(yīng)用。
為了確保完成上述任務(wù),譯者在翻譯過(guò)程中需要遵循四條基本原則:1.準(zhǔn)確性;2.統(tǒng)一性;3.簡(jiǎn)練性;4.專(zhuān)業(yè)性。
1.準(zhǔn)確性
法律必須具有確定性,因此 法律文本翻譯對(duì)準(zhǔn)確性的要求遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他行業(yè)。缺乏準(zhǔn)確性的譯文會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)政策法規(guī)的錯(cuò)誤理解和執(zhí)行,這要求譯者對(duì)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)、概念、條款、規(guī)范等有清晰的認(rèn)識(shí),并且注重對(duì)詞語(yǔ)及結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。此外,如前文所說(shuō),法律英語(yǔ)中有很多贅言,此時(shí)也應(yīng)仔細(xì)甄別,并本著準(zhǔn)確性的原則予以處理。
例1:Where a company fails to make allocation to the statutory reserve fund and statutory welfare fund in accordance herewith, such company shall be ordered to make full allocation to the required funds, and a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan may be levied on the company.
譯文:公司不按照本法規(guī)定提取法定公積金、法定公益金的,責(zé)令如數(shù)補(bǔ)足應(yīng)當(dāng)提取的金額,并可對(duì)公司處以一萬(wàn)元以上十萬(wàn)元以下的罰款。
分析:原文談及對(duì)于公司不按要求提取兩種款項(xiàng)的情況作出了懲罰規(guī)定,這兩種款項(xiàng)分別為“statutory reserve fund”與“statutory welfare fund”,一般并列連詞前后兩端如果有重復(fù)性用詞,為了簡(jiǎn)潔起見(jiàn)可予以刪除,但是法律文本中如果刪除后文的“statutory”一詞,則可能產(chǎn)生對(duì)后一項(xiàng)費(fèi)用的界定不明,因此在翻譯的過(guò)程中也要注意準(zhǔn)確保留這個(gè)詞,才使得譯文與原文等效。
2.統(tǒng)一性
統(tǒng)一性表現(xiàn)在同一種表達(dá)方式在不同法律文本中,或者同一種表達(dá)方式在同一文本的前后文中應(yīng)該有統(tǒng)一譯法,這樣才會(huì)使文本更具可讀性,各項(xiàng)條文與規(guī)定更為清晰易懂,促進(jìn)法規(guī)的對(duì)外宣傳,并提高文本的權(quán)威性。
例2:Where an institution conducting assets appraisal, capital verification, or testing and verification provides a false certificate, the illegal income so derived shall be confiscated, and a fine of not less than 2 times but not more than 5 times the illegal income shall be imposed, and the relevant authority in charge may order such institution to cease operation, and revoke the qualification certificates of the persons directly responsible.
Where an institution conducting assets appraisal, capital verification or testing and verification provides a report with material omission due to its negligence, it shall be ordered to make rectification, and where the circumstance is relatively serious, a fine of not less than 2 times but not more than 3 times the income so derived shall be imposed, and the relevant authority in charge may order such institution to cease operation, and revoke the qualification certificates of the persons directly responsible.
譯文:承擔(dān)資產(chǎn)評(píng)估、驗(yàn)資或者驗(yàn)證的機(jī)構(gòu)提供虛假證明文件的,沒(méi)收違法所得,處以違法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罰款,并可由有關(guān)主管部門(mén)依法責(zé)令該機(jī)構(gòu)停業(yè),吊銷(xiāo)直接責(zé)任人員的資格證書(shū)。
承擔(dān)資產(chǎn)評(píng)估、驗(yàn)資或者驗(yàn)證的機(jī)構(gòu)因過(guò)失提供有重大遺漏的報(bào)告的,責(zé)令改正,情節(jié)較重的,處以所得收入一倍以上三倍以下的罰款,并可由有關(guān)主管部門(mén)依法責(zé)令該機(jī)構(gòu)停業(yè),吊銷(xiāo)直接責(zé)任人員的資格證書(shū)。
3.簡(jiǎn)練性
為了使譯文更便于理解,行文更順暢,對(duì)于原文中過(guò)于復(fù)雜的表達(dá),在不影響其內(nèi)容表達(dá)與效力相等的情況下,可對(duì)一些詞句適當(dāng)予以刪節(jié),以使行文更為簡(jiǎn)練。
例3:In any of the following circumstances which has led to the divorce of husband and wife, the innocent party shall be entitled to claim damages: a.bigamy; b.cohabitation between a person who has a spouse but co-habitat with a third person; c.domestic violence; d.maltreating or deserting any family.
譯文:有下列情形之一,導(dǎo)致離婚的,無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)方有權(quán)請(qǐng)求損害賠償:(一)重婚的;(二)有配偶者與他人同居的;(三)實(shí)施家庭暴力的;(四)虐待、遺棄家庭成員的。
4.專(zhuān)業(yè)性
專(zhuān)業(yè)性是要求在翻譯過(guò)程中應(yīng)使用約定俗成的專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)及句式,以使譯文莊重、地道、準(zhǔn)確。
十大常見(jiàn)法律英語(yǔ)特殊句式有:
(1)subject to: 受??支配
例4:No other products shall any longer be subject to consolidated industrial and commercial tax.
譯文:其他產(chǎn)品都不再征收工商統(tǒng)一稅。
(2)without prejudice to: 在不影響??的條件下
例5:The offer was accepted without prejudice to the current pay negotiations.
譯文:該提議獲得接納,但對(duì)目前正在進(jìn)行的工資談判并無(wú)影響.
(3)where: 凡
例6:Where an Offshore Investors remit its RMB profits out of China, the Bank may directly process the remittance after reviewing the relevant materials such as such as the resolution of the foreign-invested enterprise on profits disposal and the evidence on tax payment.
譯文:凡是境外投資者將其所得的人民幣利潤(rùn)匯出境內(nèi)的,銀行在審核外商投資企業(yè)有關(guān)利潤(rùn)處臵決議及納稅證明等有關(guān)材料后可直接辦理。
(4)for the purpose of: 就??而言
例7:For the purposes of this Law, the one-person company with limited liability means a company with limited liability where there is only one shareholder who is a natural person or a legal person.
譯文:本法所稱(chēng)一人有限責(zé)任公司,是指只有一個(gè)自然人股東或者一個(gè)法人股東的有限責(zé)任公司。
(5)provided that: 但是
例8:At the end of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease, provided that the renewed term may not exceed twenty years commencing on the date of renewal.
譯文:租賃期間屆滿(mǎn),當(dāng)事人可以續(xù)訂租賃合同,但約定的租賃期限自續(xù)訂之日起不得超過(guò)二十年。
(6)notwithstanding: 盡管
例9:Monetary conditions were largely stable in 1999, notwithstanding occasional turbulence in the external environment in the aftermath of the Asian financial turmoil.
譯文:盡管外部環(huán)境在亞洲金融風(fēng)暴后仍偶有波動(dòng),1999年貨幣狀況大致穩(wěn)定。
(7)save (except) for: 除??以外
例10:It is also a Basic Law requirement that new recruits to the Civil Service on or after July 1, 1997, should normally be permanent residents of the HK SAR, save for certain exceptions, for example to fill professional and technical posts.
譯文:《基本法》又要求,一九九七年七月一日或以后新聘的公務(wù)員,除非屬某些例外情況如擔(dān)任專(zhuān)門(mén)和技術(shù)職務(wù),否則必須為香港特別行政區(qū)永久性居民。
(8)in respect of: 有關(guān)
例11:The defendant counterclaim for loss and damage in respect of a machine sold to him by the plaintiff.
譯文:有關(guān)原告向其所售機(jī)器的被告就其所受損失和損害向原告提出反索賠。
(9)otherwise (與unless引導(dǎo)的句子連用):另行
例12:Above term shall apply unless otherwise mention.
譯文:除非另有說(shuō)明書(shū),上述條件一概適用。
(10)shall: 應(yīng)該
例13:Anyone who commits the act specified in sub-paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding paragraph shall be imposed with a penalty of not more than 10,000 yuan.
譯文:有前款第(一)項(xiàng)、第(二)項(xiàng)行為的,處一萬(wàn)元以下的罰款。
第四節(jié) 翻譯技巧——從句的翻譯
1.名詞性從句
名詞性從句主要涉及主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。翻譯時(shí),主語(yǔ)從句一般不改變?cè)械奈恢谩?/p>
例1:What disappointed us most was that the pattern did not agree with the original design.
譯文:令我們失望的是圖案與原設(shè)計(jì)不符。
例2:The company denied that it was planning to go public.
譯文:該公司否認(rèn)計(jì)劃上市。
例3:A dynamic team with creativity and motivation is what we desire.
譯文:組建一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)創(chuàng)造力和雄心的生機(jī)勃勃的團(tuán)隊(duì)是我們的心愿。
例4:We reached the airport only to hear the announcement that our flight was canceled.
譯文:我們抵達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng),卻聽(tīng)到廣播說(shuō)我們的航班取消了。
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句過(guò)長(zhǎng)而用it指代時(shí),可以將其按原順序翻譯,也可將其還原到其本身應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)的位臵。
例5:It remains a legend how the company developed so quickly from an SME to such an empire of standard products.
譯文:富有傳奇色彩的是該公司是如何從一家中小企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品王國(guó)的。
也可以說(shuō)成:“該公司如何從一家中小企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品的王國(guó)是富有傳奇色彩的”。
2.定語(yǔ)從句
(1)限定性定語(yǔ)從句
限定性定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞大多有很強(qiáng)的修飾限定關(guān)系,因此在翻譯時(shí)要提到先行詞前面。
例6:It will also have its own offices, associates or agents in the countries with which it trades.
譯文:它在貿(mào)易伙伴所在的國(guó)家也擁有辦公室,事務(wù)所或者代理商。
例7:Except in cases where the insurance is covered by the Buyers as arranged, insurance is to be covered by the Sellers with a Chinese insurance company.
譯文:除經(jīng)約定保險(xiǎn)歸買(mǎi)方投保者外,由賣(mài)方向中國(guó)的保險(xiǎn)公司投保。
倘若定語(yǔ)從句過(guò)長(zhǎng),將其移臵先行詞前面會(huì)造成漢語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞及其賓語(yǔ)相距太遠(yuǎn),結(jié)構(gòu)因此松散,造成理解上的困難。
例8:The Equipment and Material which are carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material may be expected to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.
譯文:這些設(shè)備和材料得以依照其數(shù)據(jù)和特性,以最佳條件精心包裝,因此有望承受長(zhǎng)途海上和內(nèi)陸運(yùn)輸與反復(fù)搬運(yùn)。
(2)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
由于修飾限定關(guān)系較弱,因此在翻譯非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以采用更為靈活的譯法。其中最常采用的是將非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般保留在原位,不轉(zhuǎn)換到先行詞之前。
例9:The Buyer shall establish a Letter of Credit before the above-stipulated time, failing which, the Seller shall have the right to rescind this Contract upon the arrival of the notice at Buyer or to accept whole or part of this Contract non fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for the direct losses sustained, if any.
譯文:買(mǎi)方應(yīng)在上述規(guī)定日期之前開(kāi)立信用證,否則賣(mài)方有權(quán)通知買(mǎi)方取消合同,或接受買(mǎi)方全部或部分未履行合同。此外,賣(mài)方還有權(quán)就直接損失索賠。
例10:In the last three years, our two offices have employed an average of fifty people, a lot of whom have been with the practice for many years.
譯文:過(guò)去三年來(lái),我們的兩家辦公室平均雇用了五十名員工,其中很多已經(jīng)從業(yè)多年了。
但是有些情況下,例如非限定性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞限定關(guān)系較強(qiáng),非限定性定語(yǔ)從句譯為漢語(yǔ)后篇幅很短,或者修飾先行詞的還有限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),為了行文流暢可以將定語(yǔ)提前。
例11:Meeting the daily challenge of competition, in both large-scale and small-scale contexts and succeeding in our work is only possible with a team that is capable of enthusiasm, and which is built on a basis of friendship and mutual trust.
譯文:只有一個(gè)熱情的團(tuán)隊(duì),一個(gè)建立在友誼和相互信任基礎(chǔ)上的團(tuán)隊(duì),才能不論任務(wù)大小都有可能在日常競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中成功,在工作中勝出。
句中有非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),也可以將句子拆分,譯成兩個(gè)并列句:
例12:The manufacturer desires to appoint some overseas agents for its business abroad, who will work on commission.
譯文:廠商希望指定一些海外代理負(fù)責(zé)其國(guó)外業(yè)務(wù)。這些代理以傭金為工作報(bào)酬。
此外,有些非限定性定語(yǔ)從句實(shí)際表示目的或結(jié)果,可以將其譯為狀語(yǔ)從句。
例13:It is necessary for us to conduct amicable negotiation on the quality discrepancy, which may help sustain our long-term cooperation.
譯文:有必要就質(zhì)量異議進(jìn)行友好協(xié)商,以便維持我們的長(zhǎng)期協(xié)作。
3.狀語(yǔ)從句
英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)功能的不同可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、讓步、目的等狀語(yǔ)從句。一般說(shuō)來(lái),狀語(yǔ)從句在英語(yǔ)中位置靈活,既可以置于主句之前,又可以置于主句之后。因此在翻譯狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)主要的問(wèn)題是在于怎樣將它們放入恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?,怎樣處理好句與句之間的連接關(guān)系。
(1)按原語(yǔ)序翻譯
狀語(yǔ)從句可以按照其原來(lái)語(yǔ)序翻譯為漢語(yǔ)。
例14:If you find the quality of our products unsatisfactory, we?re prepared to accept return of the rejected material within a week.
譯文:如果貴方對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不滿(mǎn)意,我們將在一星期內(nèi)接受退貨。
例15:In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.
譯文:若其年齡超過(guò)15歲,則由買(mǎi)方承擔(dān)因此產(chǎn)生的平均保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)以外的費(fèi)用。
例16:We will personally deliver and install your office furniture for you so your project is done correctly, on-time and on-budget.
譯文:我方將上門(mén)為貴方辦公家具送貨并且安裝,以便貴方項(xiàng)目順利地按時(shí)在預(yù)算金額內(nèi)完成。
(2)轉(zhuǎn)換語(yǔ)序
對(duì)于和漢語(yǔ)邏輯位置不同的狀語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)換其位置。
例17:Why pay full price when you can get beautiful professional-quality furniture at up to 80% off?
譯文:在能夠以高達(dá)兩折的折扣獲得專(zhuān)業(yè)水準(zhǔn)的家具時(shí),為何要支付全價(jià)呢?
例18:I am contacting you because I can help you improve the pulling power of your advertising without increasing your advertising budge。
譯文:因?yàn)槲覀兛梢詭椭F方不增加廣告預(yù)算而提高其吸引力,所以與貴方聯(lián)系。
例19:The Purchaser agrees to complete all operations on each zone before beginning cutting in the next portion or zone.
譯文:買(mǎi)方同意在開(kāi)始下一地區(qū)砍伐前完成該地區(qū)所有操作。
例20:Business is possible if you can lower the price to HK$2,150.
譯文:你方若能減價(jià)到2 150港元,可能成交。
(3)轉(zhuǎn)換狀語(yǔ)從句類(lèi)型
狀語(yǔ)從句也可以根據(jù)其邏輯關(guān)系翻譯成其他類(lèi)型的狀語(yǔ)分句。
例21:Where there is any quality discrepancy, the seller needs to look into it right away.
譯文:倘若有質(zhì)量異議,賣(mài)方需要立即調(diào)查。
例22:The Seller may, when it deems it reasonable and in the best interest of the Seller, allow the Purchaser to continue performance under the Contract.
譯文:若賣(mài)方認(rèn)為合理且符合買(mǎi)方最佳利益,可以允許買(mǎi)方繼續(xù)履行合同。
(4)譯為非狀語(yǔ)從句
例23:Consumers are tight in our spending because the economic is in recession.
譯文:經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條致使消費(fèi)者支出緊縮。
例24:No modifications of this Contract or waiver of its terms and conditions shall be effective unless they are made in writing and signed by the parties.
譯文:修訂合同或取消條款條件以雙方書(shū)面簽字為準(zhǔn)。
例25:The delegation will arrive next week, after we put an end to the seminar.
譯文:代表團(tuán)將在下周抵達(dá)。屆時(shí)我們的研討會(huì)已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
練習(xí)
一、指出下列單詞在法律英語(yǔ)中的特殊含義。
1.principal 2.negligence 3.creditor 4.accord 5.acquire
6.bind 7.claim 8.damages 9.declaration 10.review
二、通讀全文并將下列單詞填入相應(yīng)空白處。
disputes justice pursuit procedure plaintiff roots procedural
reliance means adversary jurisdictions claims judgment
parties opposing
In all jurisdictions there is general agreement that the goal of civil 1 is the just, prompt, and inexpensive determination of 2 before the courts.There is similar agreement that 3 of this goal requires that the law of procedure provides some 4 for performing each of the following basic functions: notifying the defendant that the 5 is bringing suit, informing each party of the 6 and contentions of the other, determining the nature of the dispute and the issues between the 7 , ascertaining the facts, deciding which principles of law govern the case, applying the law to the facts to reach a 8 , giving the judgment effect in some practical way, and having the official actions of lower courts checked by higher courts.With very few exceptions, the differences that exist in the 9 laws of the various 10 are only differences with respect to the means chosen to perform one or more of these functions.In addition, American rules of procedure, with the exception of those in effect in Louisiana, have their 11 in the early English common law.Consequently, most differences are not differences in kind; they are differences in the degree of evolution from early common law concepts.Finally, in all of our jurisdictions much 12 is placed on the assumption that if each of the 13 parties takes the steps and advances the propositions that appear to him or her to best serve his or her own cause, truth and 14 will emerge.Because of this characteristic, our system is often referred to as the 15 system.
三、把下列句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)。
1.為保護(hù)和改善生活環(huán)境與生態(tài)環(huán)境,防治污染和其他公害,保障人體健康,促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的發(fā)展,制定本法。
2.在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)發(fā)生的違反治安管理行為,除法律有特別規(guī)定的以外,適用本條例。
3.中外合作者的一方轉(zhuǎn)讓其在合作企業(yè)合同中的全部或者部分權(quán)利、義務(wù)的,必須經(jīng)他方同意,并報(bào)審查批準(zhǔn)機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。
4.本辦法自發(fā)布之日起施行。此前有關(guān)規(guī)定,與本辦法不一致的,以本辦法為準(zhǔn)。
5.因進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品數(shù)量增加,使國(guó)內(nèi)相同產(chǎn)品或者與其直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)者受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害或者嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的威脅時(shí),國(guó)家可以采取必要的保障措施,消除或者減輕這種損害或者損害的威脅。
四、把下列篇章翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。
Articles of Association for Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures
Chapter 1 General Provision
Article 1
In accordance with the “Law of the People's Republic of China on Joint Venture Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the contract signed on in _________, China, by, ×× Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A) and ××× Co., Ltd.(hereinafter referred to as Party A), to set up a joint venture, ×× Limited Liability Company (hereinafter referred to as joint venture company), the Articles of Association hereby is formulated.
Article 2
The names of the joint venture company shall be ×× Limited Liability Company.
Its abbreviation is...
The Legal address of the joint venture company is at...
Article 3
The names and legal addresses of each parties are as follows:
Party A: ×× Co., China, and its legal address is...
Party B: ××× Co., Ltd, and its legal address is...
Article 4
The organization form of joint venture company is a limited liability company.The liabilities of each party to the joint venture company just limits to its contributed capital, which stipulated in the Articles of Association or in the revised afterwards.The profits, risks and losses of the joint venture company shall be shared by the parties in proportion to their contributions of the registered capital.
Article 5
The joint venture company has the status of a legal person and is subject to the jurisdiction and protection of Chinese laws concerned.All activities of the joint venture company shall be governed by the laws.decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
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