英語靜態(tài)的表現(xiàn)形式
7.2 英語靜態(tài)的表現(xiàn)形式
英語偏向于以靜態(tài)角度敘述,其靜態(tài)的表現(xiàn)有:名詞化,名詞連用,名詞作為施事者對動詞的替代,介詞優(yōu)勢,靜態(tài)動詞的使用,動詞的弱化與虛化,形容詞、副詞對動詞的替代。
7.2.1 名詞化
用名詞來表達原來屬于動詞、形容詞甚至副詞所表達的概念,這就是英語中常見的名詞化現(xiàn)象。如用抽象名詞來表達動作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等概念。首先,這種名詞可以是動詞的同源名詞(由動詞抽象而來的名詞);除此之外,還常用含有行為和動作意義的普通名詞代替動詞。
例29.流言蜚語總是愈抵制流傳愈廣。
Scandal ever improves by opposition.
例30.產(chǎn)品不按時送到就會打亂我們的計劃。
Any delay in the deliveryof the products will disturb our plan.
例31.激光可以應(yīng)用于許多科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,又適合于各種實際用途,因此成了近年來轟動一時的科學(xué)成就之一。
Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years because of its application to many fields of science and its adaptabilityto practical uses.
試比較:
例32.寫作時過分使用名詞,勢必給動詞增加太多的負擔(dān),因而阻礙思路暢通。
譯文1 The effect of the overuse of nouns in writingis the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant preventionof movementof the thought.
譯文2 One who overuses nouns in writing places too much strain upon the verbs and as a result prevents the thought from moving along.
譯文1充滿了名詞、動名詞和介詞,唯一的謂語動詞is必須拉動一個滿載名詞的主語,還必須推動兩個滿載名詞的表語,這就使整個句子缺乏動態(tài)感。譯文2則將部分名詞改為動詞,化靜態(tài)為動態(tài)。
用名詞來表達動詞或形容詞的意思還常見于一些揭示語:
No Thoroughfare 禁止通行
No U-turn 禁止掉頭
NoAdmittance Except on Business 閑人免進
No Hawker 不準在此設(shè)攤兜售
Satisfaction or Your Money Back 包您滿意,否則退款
Full Three Months Unconditional Service Guaranteed 保證三個月內(nèi)免費維修
7.2.2 名詞連用
英語的名詞優(yōu)勢還表現(xiàn)在用名詞作前置定語修飾另一名詞的做法,這一做法造成了大量的由兩個名詞構(gòu)成的名詞詞組。名詞連用加強了英語的靜態(tài)感,也反映了語言簡化的總趨勢。
名詞連用或復(fù)合名詞在科技英語里尤其常見,例如:
space shuttle flight test program航天飛機試飛計劃
computer programming teaching device manual計算機編程教學(xué)方法手冊
satellite communications ground station equipment repairer衛(wèi)星通訊地面站設(shè)備維修人員
由于名詞連用或復(fù)合名詞結(jié)構(gòu)簡化,表達方便,詞數(shù)少而信息量大,經(jīng)常用在報刊標題里,如:
Tax Law Amendments for Benefit of Middle-Income Earners稅法的修有益于中等收入者
Figure Control Problem保持優(yōu)美身材的問題
Job Opportunity Discrimination就業(yè)機會歧視
January Crude Oil Output Beats Target一月份原油產(chǎn)量超過指標
500-Metre-Long Flood Prevention Dyke Built五百米長的防洪壩建成
7.2.3 名詞作為施事者對動詞的替代
大量由動詞派生的+ er/or的名詞表示施事者,不單單表示職業(yè),很多時候又保留原來動詞的意義。這類名詞有時并不指人,而是用來代替動詞。常與前置形容詞構(gòu)成靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),如a good sailor, a bad worker, a good thief。
例33.我所認識的人當中,她最會記仇。她怎么變得那么恨我呢?
She is the best hater I’ve ever known. How she got to hate me so much!
例34.最令人吃驚的是,事情拖了很久,大大超過我原來設(shè)想的兩周。
The real shocker was that things dragged on well beyond the two weeks I had anticipated.
例35.石蕊試紙可用于指示溶液中是否含有酸。
Litmus paper can be used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution.
例36.這個時期的大探險事業(yè)的主要是由他們推動的。
They were the prime moversin all the exploration of the period.
7.2.4 名詞優(yōu)勢引起介詞優(yōu)勢
英語介詞雖然是虛詞,但使用頻率很高,在語法意義表達方面很活躍,是組成英語句子和文章的重要紐帶。介詞前置于名詞或名詞性詞語,由于英語多用名詞,必然也要多用介詞,因而產(chǎn)生了介詞優(yōu)勢。介詞優(yōu)勢與名詞優(yōu)勢結(jié)合,使英語的靜態(tài)傾向更為顯著。(連淑能1993)
例37. He is a man above bad taste.
他是一個脫離了低級趣味的人。
例38.這不符合我們黨的政策。
This is not in keeping with our Party’s policies.
例39.他們立刻出動去追擊敵人。
They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.
例40. He is at law with the enterprise.
他正在和那家企業(yè)打官司。
介詞可以和任何名詞、動詞、形容詞組合,還可以產(chǎn)生形形色色的介詞詞組,另外還可以把動詞形變、轉(zhuǎn)化成介詞(如concerning, regarding等)或者是分詞加介詞的詞組(如born of, resulting in等)。介詞短語又常常與弱化動詞(如be, seem, look, become等)和“沉悶的名詞”(ponderous nouns)連用。
例41.孩子們都穿上了大衣,戴上了圍巾和手套,全身都給裹得暖暖和和的。(宋天錫2007)
The children were snugged up in overcoats, mufflers, and mittens.
原文中的動詞“穿上”“戴上”譯成了弱化動詞were+分詞+介詞短語“snugged up in overcoats, mufflers, and mittens”,體現(xiàn)了英語的介詞優(yōu)勢。
7.2.5 靜態(tài)動詞的使用
英語中的靜態(tài)動詞有兩類:一是非活動性的感覺認識動詞,如: feel, astonish, desire, dislike, think, suppose, see, regard, realize, perceive, hear, hate, forgive, love, mean, please, want, understand, recognize, imagine, guess, doubt等;二是關(guān)系動詞,如: be, belong to, consist of, depend on, fit, equal, include, need, own, remain, resemble, sound, tend, have, contain, possess等。因此,英語中就謂語性質(zhì)來說有以下幾種句子是靜態(tài)的:(周志培2003)
1.第一類靜態(tài)動詞作謂語表示感覺和認知的句子
例42. The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients.
醫(yī)生同情他的病人。
例43. The painting immediately remindsme of the childhood in my home-town.
一見這幅畫,我就想起了我故鄉(xiāng)的童年時代。
2.第二類靜態(tài)動詞作謂語表示關(guān)系的句子
例44. Americans are great joiners, as the huge number of organizations available in the United States attests.
美國各種組織的數(shù)目之龐大足以證明美國人熱衷參與活動。
3. be+感官(感官動作)復(fù)數(shù)形式表示狀態(tài)的句子
例45. They were all eyes as the presents were opened.
禮品打開時,他們?nèi)褙炞⒌乜粗?/p>
4. be +介詞短語表示狀態(tài)的句子
例46. Because of bad government, the company was in the red.
由于管理不善,公司出現(xiàn)虧損。
例47. The factory is under construction.
工廠正在建造中。
5.被動句
例48. An illustration is furnishedby an editorial in the Washington Post.《華盛頓郵報》的一篇社論提供了一個例證。
7.2.6 動詞的弱化與虛化
英語里最常用的動詞正是動作意味最弱的動詞——to be,其各種形式(包括must be, may be, should have been)都缺乏動態(tài)感。
例49. There is sure to be some rain tomorrow.
明天肯定要下雨。
例50. There is a soldier standing in front of the gate.
門口站著一個士兵。
例51. It was the finding of the committee that there had been bribes paid by company managers to foreign officials.
委員會發(fā)現(xiàn)公司經(jīng)理向外國官員行賄。
由“it”或“there”與be構(gòu)成的句式,其靜態(tài)意味更加明顯,試比較:
例52. There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida.
佛羅里達東海岸有一場熱帶風(fēng)暴。
Atropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida.
一場熱帶風(fēng)暴襲擊了佛羅里達東海岸。
英語還常常把動詞轉(zhuǎn)化或派生成名詞,置于虛化動詞(如have, make, take, do等)之后作其賓語,如have a look, take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do some damages, put up a proposal等。試比較:
例53.必須把“economic”和“economical”加以區(qū)別。
譯文1 A distinction must be made between“economic”and“economical”.
譯文2 You must distinguish between“economic”and“economical”.
例54.杰克與老板爭吵之后便辭職了。
譯文1 After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.
譯文2 After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.
英語里大量的弱式短語,例如: give rise to (arouse), make contact with (meet), arrive at a decision (decide), bring to a conclusion (finish), take into consideration (consider), conduct an investigation into (investigate), of a kindly nature (kind), beyond the shadow of a doubt (certain), dueto thefact that (because),往往削弱或淡化原來所要表達的動詞、形容詞和其他詞語的意義,因而增強了靜態(tài)感。
此外,用動名詞作虛化動詞do的賓語,如do shopping, do some washing等,也很常:
例55. The combine does the harvestingof the grain.
聯(lián)合收割機收割谷物。
7.2.7 形容詞、副詞對動詞的替代
英語常用動詞的同源形容詞與弱化動詞相結(jié)合的方式表達動詞的意義:
例56.我的確不知道他們打算干什么。
I amquite ignorant ofwhat they intend to do.
例57.學(xué)生合作得很好,老師向?qū)W生表示感謝。
The teacher thanked her pupils because they arevery cooperative.(cooperate well)
例58.他熱愛科學(xué)研究,但對提升職稱不感興趣。
He is keen onscientific research but indifferent topromotion.
英語里表示心理或生理感覺的形容詞以及其他形容詞也常常與弱勢動詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),表達相當于動詞的意義。
例59.他察覺到有人在說話,但不知道說的是什么。
He was awarethat someone was talking, but not conscious what was said.
例60.郵遞員不怕狗。
Apostman is not afraid ofdogs.
例59. John seems contentjust to sit in front of the television all night.
約翰整晚坐在電視機前似乎就滿足了。
英語還常用副詞來表達動詞的意義:
例62.我明天早上動身。
I am offtomorrow morning.
例63.桌布鋪上了嗎?
Is the cloth on?
例64.就經(jīng)濟力量而言,印度落后很遠。
In terms of economic strength India is far behind.
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