第一章　公眾演講概述An Overview of Public Speaking

All the great speakers were bad speakers at first.

——by Ralph Waldo Emerson

A speech is more than ideas. It is sound! It is music! It is rhythm! It is performance!

——Klepper in Flaherty

單元目標（Objectives of the unit）

In this unit, you will get to know about

○Nature of public speech

○Element of public speech

○Ways of delivering speech

第一部分　理論學習（Theory Introduction）

一、公眾演講的本質(zhì)（Nature of public speaking）

演講就是對眾人講話的行為，聽講人數(shù)的多少不會得到過分限制。演講至少包括四個方面:想法、語言、聲音和肢體動作。古今中外，公眾演講、口才、修辭等交際形式不僅被視為一種表達思想、傳播文化、舉賢選能的重要手段，也被看做一門語言藝術(shù)。隨著社會的不斷發(fā)展，人們不僅通過演講交流感情、溝通信息，還通過演講來討論和解決政治、經(jīng)濟、工作、學習和生活中遇到的各種問題。社會的進步和發(fā)展離不開演講這種運用語言進行交流的形式。廣義的演講涉及的范圍很廣，市場部經(jīng)理匯報市場開拓情況是演講，教師在課堂上的講解是演講，導游的講解、面試時的研討和辯論都是演講。成功的演講首先要考慮的應(yīng)該是對誰講和講什么，其次才是怎么講，怎么演。演講者需要掌握三方面的技能:寫作技能、會話技能和表演技能。會話技能是三種技能中最基本和首要的。演講過程中的會話、修辭和表演三種技能互為關(guān)聯(lián)、缺一不可，同時，三種技能又始終服務(wù)于交流思想這個演講的最重要的本質(zhì)。顯然，演講的本質(zhì)是交流。演講不僅僅是表演，同時也是現(xiàn)代人必須具備的重要素質(zhì)和必須掌握的重要技能。根據(jù)對某企業(yè)的人力資源部經(jīng)理一項調(diào)查顯示，促使大學畢業(yè)生獲得就業(yè)機會和提升的重要因素是:口頭交際能力排名第一，書面交際和聽力水平緊隨其后。因此，掌握并成功地運用英語進行演講、商務(wù)談判、市場情況匯報、協(xié)議簽訂或促銷商品的技能更是通向國際化背景下職業(yè)成功的金鑰匙。演講是一個雙向的動態(tài)過程，演講者將自己的思想觀點用聲音和肢體語言表達出來，這個過程也是聽從檢測演講者的思維能力的過程。因此，演講也是培養(yǎng)演講者的邏輯思辨能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力和批判性思維能力的過程。對于英語是第二語言或者是外語的學習者來說，準備和練習演講的過程正是一個將不同的英語微技能綜合集成和應(yīng)用的過程。

二、演講要素(Speech elements）

（一）主觀要素（Subjective element）

要成為一個優(yōu)秀的英語演講者，首先，你得學會講一口流利的英語。好的演講主要體現(xiàn)在構(gòu)思、內(nèi)容和演講技巧三方面。如果你的演講構(gòu)思紊亂、內(nèi)容枯燥，演講時結(jié)結(jié)巴巴，聽眾肯定會失去興趣。其次，學習寫出好文章。大多數(shù)演講是有準備的，也就是說，要精心進行演講稿的寫作，并把講稿全部或部分背下來。你所要演講的內(nèi)容其實就是你已經(jīng)寫好的東西。完成的演講稿應(yīng)該具備: （1）以清晰的、符合邏輯的方式組織你的觀點，以便聽眾完全理解并記住。 （2）選擇恰當?shù)膯卧~和句型。 （3）選用好的比喻，以便在聽眾頭腦中產(chǎn)生生動的形象。 （4）創(chuàng)造出有趣的情景和令人難忘的結(jié)尾。

（二）客觀要素(Objective element）

演講環(huán)境也是決定演講活動成敗的另一個重要因素。這里的演講環(huán)境是一個廣義的概念,主要指演講活動發(fā)生的時間、地點和場合。這樣的活動可能發(fā)生在演講的報告廳、教師上課的課堂、面試時的小會議室,也可能發(fā)生在大型的體育館甚至是戶外草坪等。演講環(huán)境當然也包括與此類活動有關(guān)的設(shè)備,如話筒、投影儀和計算機、舞臺布置與裝飾、講臺、坐椅等,還包括背景音樂等軟環(huán)境。演講者應(yīng)充分考慮不同的演講環(huán)境可能會對自己產(chǎn)生的影響。

為了取得比較理想的演講效果，無論是組織單位的負責人,還是演講者都應(yīng)該親臨現(xiàn)場反復檢查場地和確認音效(如果需要使用相關(guān)設(shè)備） ，在以下幾個方面進行仔細考慮:包括場地大小適中(依照活動人數(shù)決定） ,整潔安靜,沒有任何干擾物和障礙物；場地光線充足,空氣流通；視聽設(shè)備準備充分,音效真實可靠；演講臺大小適中、擺放位置合適,保證有足夠高度便于演講者和聽眾之間的眼神交流；環(huán)境布置簡潔大方,與演講內(nèi)容和風格協(xié)調(diào)一致,相得益彰。

三、演講呈現(xiàn)方式(Types of delivering）

目前，精彩的演講方法有四種:念稿演講、背誦演講、即興演講和提綱演講。

（一）念稿演講（Manuscript delivery） :是完全依據(jù)事先準備好的稿子逐字念的演講。政治家的專題發(fā)言、學術(shù)交流中的論文宣讀和公司的業(yè)績匯報等都得采用念稿演講。這種演講的最大優(yōu)勢是能確保演講者不會忘詞或發(fā)生口誤，并能在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完成演講。但也正是由于這種演講完全是按照稿子念，演講者也就無法與聽眾進行目光交流并得到聽眾的反饋，也無法根據(jù)演講場合做相應(yīng)的變化，這樣，整個演講會會顯得比較生硬，缺乏活力和生機。對于缺乏演講經(jīng)驗的新手來說還可能出現(xiàn)因為緊張而越念越快的情況，無法保證演講的效果。對這種演講方式，要想取得較好的演講效果，最重要的方法是演講者在預(yù)先熟悉演講稿的前提下，在演講稿的重點詞、句和段前做好標記，演講時適當提前脫離稿子以便與聽眾進行必要而簡短的眼神交流，并輔之以必要和得體的手勢強化演講的內(nèi)容，然后及時將自己的目光收回到講稿上來。

（二）背誦演講（Memorized delivery） :背誦演講是將準備好的演講稿背熟、現(xiàn)場脫稿演講的呈現(xiàn)形式。演講比賽，還有各種慶典和儀式上的演講以及一些專題講座通常都采用這種演講方式。其特點是簡短，其優(yōu)勢是演講者可以通過悅耳的聲音、眼神交流和手勢更多地與聽眾進行直接的交流。但是，背誦式演講要求演講者花費大量時間進行充分的準備。因為如果現(xiàn)場忘詞，就意味著演講失敗。其次是目光交流容易流于形式，面部表情容易變得呆板，因為演講者總是或多或少地想著自己已經(jīng)背會稿子。

（三）即興演講（Impromptu delivery）:即興演講是指事先沒有準備、臨時被邀所做的演講。演講者只能根據(jù)自己的知識、經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗的積累就一個話題發(fā)表自己的看法，演講的內(nèi)容取決于演講者所能想到的和能表達出來的。即興演講是演講比賽中的一個重要部分，也是最具挑戰(zhàn)性的演講形式。在人們的日常生活中也經(jīng)常需要進行即興演講和發(fā)言，例如回答教師課堂上的提問、專題研討會、演講后的回答問題、獲獎感言和宴會上的祝酒詞都歸類于即興演講。即興演講要求演講者的知識積累豐富、邏輯思維清晰、措辭準確、表達流暢。尤其要避免詞不達意、雜亂無章、冗長反復等。由于即興演講往往是應(yīng)邀現(xiàn)場發(fā)揮，或是演講者有感而發(fā)，因此，首先要求演講者自始至終集中注意力，積極地融入當時的交流氛圍并參與到整個的交流活動中，這樣才能做到有話可說并且言之有物。同時，即興演講的題目一般都是演講者比較熟悉的話題，內(nèi)容往往比較散亂，因此就更加需要演講者巧妙地組織好這些想法并使之構(gòu)成一篇比較好的即興演講稿。在演講過程中應(yīng)注意:①根本不必由于事先沒有準備而一再請示聽眾諒解，那樣會顯得你自己缺乏信心和經(jīng)驗。②鎮(zhèn)定自若地完成構(gòu)思，切不可慌神。③按自己的思路有條不紊地闡述自己的觀點、陳述自己的想法，爭取給聽眾留下久經(jīng)歷練、經(jīng)驗老到的感覺，從而贏得聽眾的信任和認可。切不可在某一個或少數(shù)的幾個觀點或細節(jié)上兜圈子。④恰當、適時、簡要地回顧或者提及其他演講者的一、兩個十分鮮明的觀點或者重要的事實，禮貌地表示贊同和欣賞，既可以使得演講現(xiàn)場的氣氛非常友好和諧，又可以為自己贏得一些時間平心靜氣地整理思路。

（四）提綱演講（Outline delivery） :提綱演講是指主要觀點已打好腹稿，然后根據(jù)記在卡片上的大綱和關(guān)鍵詞做現(xiàn)場陳述的演講。提綱濃度介于即興演講和背誦演講之間，它既有臨場發(fā)揮的成分，也有預(yù)告準備的成分。會話的特征是它最重要的特點，也是它的優(yōu)點，因為它既具有很大的靈活性，又能避免演講者偏離主題或過多地增加新的內(nèi)容，從而保證演講處在可控范圍之內(nèi)，保證了演講者有更多機會與聽眾進行面對面的交流，并可隨時調(diào)整演講的時間、增加或刪減支持材料，還可以根據(jù)聽眾的反饋來選擇語言或添加幽默風趣的逸事。同時，也是由于這種形式的演講基本上是即興的發(fā)揮加上有限的準備，對演講者來說具有一定的挑戰(zhàn)性，對聽眾來說也具有一定的可觀賞性，所以，這種形式的演講在美國等西方國家備受推崇。課堂活動、小組討論和一些專題研討會都采用提綱演講形式。提綱演講能否取得成功關(guān)鍵在于預(yù)先準備好的提綱。必須強調(diào)的是演講者應(yīng)該使用硬紙質(zhì)的卡片，而不能使用文稿紙；卡片上的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是提綱和關(guān)鍵詞，而不是完整的段落，而且書寫清楚整齊；卡片上應(yīng)該編好序列號，以免混亂。其次，雖然這種演講是即興的，還是需要演講者做適當?shù)臏蕚?。對于缺乏演講經(jīng)驗的新手來說，這種準備包括如何手持卡片等細節(jié)，重要的自我提醒應(yīng)該標在卡片的顯著位置；用過的卡片應(yīng)該依次往后疊加，不可隨意擺放或簡單疊加；主要以左手拿卡片，必要時用右手做一些手勢和動作以強化演講效果。

第二部分　案例閱讀（Case Study）

No.1 Making My Voice Heard

What am I doing now？ I’ m using speech to communicate with you. I’m making my voice heard. Yesterday I told my parents I was nervous to death to come to this competition today. I couldn’ t sleep. I couldn’ t eat. I constantly have headaches and diarrhea. Honesty speaking, I haven’ t been so out of place and physically sick in my entire life. Instead of saying kind words to calm me down, he said, “Do you know that companies and industries have spent thousands of dollars just to let their advertisement be shown on the TV screen for less than ten seconds and you have got yourself an opportunity to make your voice heard in front of millions. How unique is this chance？”Suddenly I realize I have to seize this precious opportunity to make myself, my voice heard. People throughout the world, people throughout history have used various ways to communicate, and more importantly to make their voices heard. William Shakespeare uses his sonnets to express emotions and communicate with millions in centuries. Director Zhang Yimou uses movies to express his thoughts and ideas with audiences around the world. And the representatives of the Six-Party Talks use their wisdom to negotiate. They have made their voice heard. Today is my turn. I’ m going to seize this opportunity and I have realized from them to myself, making your voice heard is truly a universal pursuit of all mankind. I was kicking and screaming to have to go on this stage. Now I’ m reluctant to leave this stage. Making ourselves, our voice heard is truly a very important thing for every one of us.

Thank you!

案例分析:

這是一篇定題演講的稿件，演講者選擇的例證不僅生動而且形象地展現(xiàn)了作為平常人的常見心態(tài)，其父母親獨特的勸解之詞，更表達了自己對于勸解的領(lǐng)悟。通過舉例，表達了“讓別人聽到你的聲音” 、了解你的重要性。稿件層次清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹。

No.2 Making My Voice Heard

Hello, Everybody!

In my elementary school years, I was once detained in the teacher’ s office for some “serious moral misconduct” , being a very close friend to my seatmate and accompanying her home everyday.

Well, you may wonder, so what？

The only prob1em is that she is a girl. And to make things worse, she happened to be very charming by children’ s standard that my teacher reprimanded me severely for being over-enthusiastic, and maintained that I should stay away from her and concentrate on truly serious matters.

With overdue respect to my teacher's authority, I kept silent as if there were really something of an item going on between us. From then on, we were separated to sit in the diagonal corners of the classroom and were too embarrassed to speak to each other anymore.

Not only did I lose one of my best friends to my silence, but also my teacher’ s trust to my cowardly obedient manner.

When I look back on my childhood experience, I was astonished by how the “matured”adults misinterpreted the children’ s pure friendship. As if, there’ s no such thing as sincerity between the children through the eyes of grown-ups. While at the same time, I was more shocked by the children’ s frightfulness in voicing the honest answers and stating the true circumstances. And the relationship between the teachers and the students become antagonized and precariously balanced.

Education, we say, is about communication. It's a two-way street. The students should learn to be brave enough to speak up, at least once in a while.

I do wish I could come back to my childhood and make my voice heard, whispering to that little boy to speak up and tell the teacher that innocence really is something worth holding fast to.

案例分析:

這是一篇定題演講的稿件，演講者透過童年經(jīng)歷生動形象地描述了“讓別人聽到你的聲音”的重要性。通過特別描述來渲染和激發(fā)聽眾興趣。稿件將敘事與問題分析平衡分解，使整體結(jié)構(gòu)貼切、合理。

No.3What do You Think of Cosmetic Surgery？ Is It a Good Thing or a Bad Thing？

It’ s an interesting topic, isn't it？ Here firstly, I would like to define cosmetic surgery. By cosmetic surgery, we exclude those who are severely injured or burned and have to receive medical treatments. We only refer to those who are physically healthy and just want to look better by deliberately seeking surgeries. So given this context, I do not think cosmetic surgery is a good thing. First, to be natural is beautiful. We should cherish what has been given to us and we should value our uniqueness. Just imagine, if every man in the world looks like David Beckham, and if every woman looks like Princess Diana, what a horrible world it would be!And secondly, I would say, to be healthy is to be beautiful. How properly we can sleep, we can eat, and how much exercises we do, and also what kind of life style we live is more important than surgeries.

Thank you.

案例分析:

這是一篇即興演講的稿件，演講者以強烈的措辭表達了對于“整形手術(shù)”的個人意見，并通過展開想象的方式呼吁聽眾對于自己意見的認同。稿件語言精練、表達完整，富有啟發(fā)性.

No.4 Is It Better for Beijing to Protect its Traditional Buildings and Historical Landmarks or Build More Modern highrises？

I think it is better for Beijing to preserve traditional buildings for the following reasons. Firstly, Beijing, as the capital of China, is a city with long history and splendid Chinese traditional culture. And those traditional buildings represent our Chinese culture and witness the long history of China and of this city. So in this increasingly globalized world, it is important for us to preserve our culture identity and to have the sense of history. And secondly, it will help us to bring our traditional culture to the outside world, because, especially in 2008, many foreigners will come to Beijing. And by visiting those cultural relics, they can feel the traditional culture of the city. In addition, I would like to add something, which is really important. That is, when we are trying to preserve those traditional buildings, we need careful evaluation, because sometimes they take up too much space. So I think they may be divided into three categories: some of them can be totally preserved; some of them may be changed a little bit; and the others may be pulled down. So that is my general idea.

案例分析:

這是一篇即興演講的稿件，演講者通過幾個理由表達了對于首都北京的建筑風格建議，立意明確、陳述清晰、表達完整，易于使聽眾產(chǎn)生一致意見，達成共識。

第三部分　課后練習（Practice）

思考與討論（Thinking and discussion）

1. Name some usage of speech in real life.

Key Points:

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2. How many ways are there in delivering speech？

Key Points:

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應(yīng)用演練（Application exercises）

Prepare speeches: 1. My Impression on Our University

　　　　　　　　　2. Chinese Traditional Festival

Example 1:

My Impression to Our University

My university is very big and famous. It not only has a reasonable 1ayout but also has a beautiful landscape. When you enter the front gate and face west, you will see a big fountain in a pond spraying a high water pillar. As you walk along the pond, the water spouts pit toward your face. Of course, It makes you feel very comfortable. Surrounding the pond, there are a lot of flowers in bloom such as chrysanthemums, cockscomb flowers, and Chinese roses. If you look toward the southern and northern sides, you will see two murals on the wall. As you leave the fountain, the clean and broad path leads you to the technology building.

You can climb to the top of the building and look down the beautiful scenery. There are six white teaching buildings among many trees. You can go out of the technology building and walk down the road in the front of the library. The library is surrounded by a number of pines and cypress trees.

The western side of the library is adjacent to a long corridor, which connects technology building and the other teaching buildings. If you leave the corridor, you can see an indoor gymnasium on the eastern side and a recreation area on the western side.

My campus is very beautiful, but I feel the most beautiful thing about it is its honest and diligent spirit of the numerous golden hearts.

Example 2:

Chinese Lunar New Year

Chinese Lunar New Year is a wonderful time of year to spend with one’ s family. People who work and study far away from their parents can return home. Everyone can tell each other about their lives, exchange gifts and eat a lot of delicious meals in the warmth of the family home.

Chinese Lunar New Year is also a great time to chat with one’ s friends. Former middle school classmates, who now study in different universities, love to go to parties and talk about university life. Many students also like to visit their former teachers and wish them a happy new year.

However, there are times during spring festival when it’ s nice just to be by yourself. You can read some nove1s that you never seem to get chance to read at school. You can have a quiet walk through the countryside near your hometown and think about your busy life.