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        ? 首頁 ? 理論教育 ?原發(fā)性肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移

        原發(fā)性肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移

        時間:2023-04-24 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:原發(fā)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移和復發(fā)是其主要死亡原因。肝癌主要通過門靜脈侵犯發(fā)生肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移。已有報道肝癌的肝外轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率為13.5%~36.7%[23,24]。由于肝硬化患者可能伴有良性的淋巴結(jié)腫大,因此,這一特征不是轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌所特有的。探索肝癌相關(guān)分子的機制,有助于早期診斷和預測肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移,并為治療肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移提供治療靶點。血漿較高水平OPN與肝癌患者較差的生存密切相關(guān)[44]。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肝癌組織中D8S298的LOH患

        ◎湯釗猷 欽倫秀

        原發(fā)性肝癌,以肝細胞癌(HCC)為主,是第三大最常見的癌癥死因,5年總生存率僅為3%~5%[1],而中國的死亡人數(shù)占全球死亡人數(shù)的55%[1]。原發(fā)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移和復發(fā)是其主要死亡原因。肝癌主要通過門靜脈侵犯發(fā)生肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移。肝癌根治性切除(整個腫瘤切除干凈,邊緣無瘤殘留)后5年復發(fā)率達61.5%,小肝癌切除后5年復發(fā)率也有43.5%[2]。由于HCC具有豐富的血管,通過血管浸潤并經(jīng)血流轉(zhuǎn)移到肺、骨、腎上腺及人體其他部位。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率也較高,尤其是肝門區(qū)。

        過去幾十年,肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移研究取得許多進展,例如早期發(fā)現(xiàn)的肝癌根治性切除術(shù)后亞臨床復發(fā)的再切除[3],轉(zhuǎn)移性人肝癌模型系統(tǒng)的建立及其用于篩選新的治療方法[4-6],發(fā)現(xiàn)可預測肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的153個基因分子標簽和一個肝微環(huán)境炎癥免疫反應分子標簽[7-8],染色體8p缺失與肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切[9],發(fā)現(xiàn)預測肝癌復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移多種臨床生物標記[10-13],確定新的預測指標和治療靶點[14,15],證實α-干擾素對HBV相關(guān)肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)有抑制作用[16,17],探索其他治療方法[18-20]并優(yōu)化放射方法治療肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移[21,22]

        7.9.1 原發(fā)性肝細胞癌轉(zhuǎn)移的臨床與病理學特點

        (1) 肝外轉(zhuǎn)移

        肝癌的肝外轉(zhuǎn)移并不少見。但肝外轉(zhuǎn)移擴散模式的詳細臨床報道不多,因此其發(fā)病率尚不清楚。已有報道肝癌的肝外轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率為13.5%~36.7%[23,24]。最常見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位是肺,占34%~58%(尸檢病例觀察得到)[25];其次常見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位是區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)和骨,分別占10% ~42%和4%~28%[26]; 少見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位是腎上腺(6% ~27%)[25,26]、腹膜[26]、皮膚[27]、腦[28]、肌肉[24];罕見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位有口腔[29]、鼻[30]、垂體[31]、甲狀腺[32]、乳腺[33]、食管[34]、心臟[35,36]、脾[37]、胰腺[38]、腎[39]和睪丸[40]等。

        通常肝癌的肝外轉(zhuǎn)移首先在肺中發(fā)現(xiàn)。相反,其他一些不太常見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位從來不在肝癌早期就出現(xiàn)肝外轉(zhuǎn)移。在大多數(shù)情況下,利用胸部X線、CT等檢查可觀察到肺轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)節(jié)狀陰影,部分伴胸腔積液。

        在腹腔周圍和肝門淋巴結(jié)通常會出現(xiàn)區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)腫大。由于肝硬化患者可能伴有良性的淋巴結(jié)腫大,因此,這一特征不是轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌所特有的。惡性淋巴結(jié)的大小并不能衡量腫瘤的惡性程度。螺旋雙相CT掃描有助于區(qū)分良、惡性淋巴結(jié)腫大,動脈期增強或區(qū)間大小的增加提示可能是惡性淋巴結(jié),但確診需依據(jù)活檢[26]。同樣,增大的腎上腺腫塊并不一定意味著惡性腫瘤,據(jù)統(tǒng)計腎上腺腺瘤也是較為常見的原因。腎上腺腫塊動脈期增強(占腎上腺轉(zhuǎn)移的25%)多表明為轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病。

        (2) 術(shù)后肝內(nèi)復發(fā)

        肝癌切除后肝內(nèi)復發(fā)是比較常見的,5年復發(fā)率為38%~61.5%[2]。復發(fā)可能是由于肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移(IM)或多中心病灶(MO)所致。IM是進展期肝癌伴有不同程度血管浸潤復發(fā)的一個重要原因,超過60%的肝癌復發(fā)源于IM[41]。MO是肝硬化背景下新發(fā)生的病變,患者在早期沒有明顯的血管入侵。MO是那些嚴重肝硬化或HCV相關(guān)HCC術(shù)后復發(fā)的主要原因。MO所致HCC復發(fā)的預后明顯好于IM[42]

        許多影響因素用于區(qū)分肝癌復發(fā)的兩種起因,包括形態(tài)、腫瘤大小、位置和組織學特征、復發(fā)時間、影像學特征和遺傳標記等。對DNA異常的評估是區(qū)別IM和MO的最準確方法。HBV相關(guān)肝癌的HBV-DNA分析,如伴有雜合性缺失(LOH)DNA指紋的分析、比較基因組雜交(CGH)以及p53基因突變方式分析,均已被用來確定IM或MO所致的肝癌復發(fā)。其中LOH分析可用于大多數(shù)肝癌患者,甚至在手術(shù)切除前就可以使用,因此其很可能被常規(guī)應用于肝活檢或細針穿刺[41]。

        7.9.2 肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的預測和診斷

        (1) 肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移實驗研究提供的線索

        肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移是癌細胞、腫瘤微環(huán)境和機體之間相互作用的結(jié)果,是一個多步驟、涉及多個基因參與的作用過程。探索肝癌相關(guān)分子的機制,有助于早期診斷和預測肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移,并為治療肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移提供治療靶點。在過去10年中,已經(jīng)證實許多分子和因素參與肝癌的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移過程,包括黏附分子(鈣黏蛋白、環(huán)連蛋白、細胞間黏附分子Ⅰ,層粘連蛋白VI、CD44突變體和骨橋蛋白)、細胞外基質(zhì)降解蛋白酶、血管生成調(diào)節(jié)因子以及基因組畸變和表達譜的改變等(表7-11)[7-9,12-14,43-59]。

        表7-11 肝癌切除術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)的危險因素

        血漿骨橋蛋白水平可以預測肝癌患者的復發(fā)和預后:在研究肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)分子標簽的基礎(chǔ)上,我們證實了骨橋蛋白(OPN)在肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的重要作用。OPN的中和抗體或小分子RNA在體外和在負載人轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌細胞株的裸鼠模型中可以有效地阻斷高侵襲性肝癌細胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[7,60]。這些研究表明,OPN可以作為肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移性治療的潛在靶點。血漿較高水平OPN與肝癌患者較差的生存密切相關(guān)[44]。血漿較高水平OPN( >200ng/ml,16.3%)的肝癌患者兩年無瘤生存率(DFS)明顯低于血漿較低水平OPN ( <200ng/ml,59.0%,P=0.0001)的肝癌患者。血漿OPN水平是一個獨立預測總生存期(OS)和DFS的因素,可作為預測肝癌復發(fā)和生存的指標[44](表7-11,圖7-14)。

        圖7-14 血漿OPN水平與術(shù)后患者生存的相關(guān)性

        注: 血漿OPN水平較高的患者(≥200ng/ml,n=37,16.3%) 至復發(fā)時間顯著短于血漿OPN水平較低的患者( <200ng/ml,n=56,59%,P=0.0001)。

        肝癌組織或血漿DNA染色體8p缺失可預測肝癌復發(fā)和預后:通過對比較基因組雜交分析,染色體8p缺失被認為是與肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)最重要的遺傳學異常[9]?;蚪MDNA微衛(wèi)星分析發(fā)現(xiàn),8p缺失局限于8p23.3和8pl1.2,這兩個區(qū)域可能存在轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因。在76.0%(60/79例)原發(fā)性肝癌患者循環(huán)血DNA中可檢測到8p雜合缺失(P=0.023),在伴轉(zhuǎn)移的肝癌患者循環(huán)血DNA的8p缺失更加頻繁達85.7%。肝癌患者血漿8P雜合缺失區(qū)與TNM分期、血管侵犯和更短的DFS和OS密切相關(guān)[12]。循環(huán)DNA8p缺失患者(14.3%,n=28)3年DFS明顯低于沒有8P缺失的患者(45.1%,n=51,P=0.018)。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肝癌組織中D8S298的LOH患者根治性切除后的5年OS和DFS更差,甚至早期肝癌也是如此(44%對比57%,P=0.036),這是一個獨立預測DFS的負向因子[13]。因此,8p缺失可作為新的肝癌預后指標(圖7-15)。

        圖7-15 HCC患者原發(fā)性肝癌組織和循環(huán)DNA中8p缺失的檢測可用于預測HCC復發(fā)和患者預后

        注: (A)HCC患者循環(huán)DNA中8p缺失檢測無復發(fā)生存時間的分析。(B)原發(fā)性肝細胞肝癌TNM分期Ⅰ期患者肝癌組織中8p缺失檢測與無復發(fā)生存時間分析。

        153個基因分子標簽可以預測肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移:在9180個基因的c DNA微陣列中,我們對有或無轉(zhuǎn)移40例肝癌樣本的全基因組基因表達譜進行大規(guī)模的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)伴轉(zhuǎn)移的肝癌的原發(fā)瘤與轉(zhuǎn)移灶有類似的基因標簽,而與無轉(zhuǎn)移的肝癌基因表達譜則不同(153個基因結(jié)果具有顯著差別, P<0.001)。因此,我們提出:促進肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移進展的基因改變更早起始于原發(fā)腫瘤,而且分析原發(fā)瘤基因表達譜可以預測轉(zhuǎn)移潛能。這個觀點與癌轉(zhuǎn)移傳統(tǒng)理論相反,并且提出預測和預防肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移應該在疾病發(fā)生的更早時期[7]。我們使用在伴轉(zhuǎn)移的與不伴轉(zhuǎn)移的肝癌之間表達明顯不同的153個基因,設(shè)計成一種可用于預測腫瘤是否具有轉(zhuǎn)移潛能的分子標簽[7]。類似分子預測標簽在其他中心也有研究,用于預測肝癌早期肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移和復發(fā)[57]。這些研究也提供了一些新的預測肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的方法。

        癌周組織炎癥/免疫反應可以預測肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移:利用c DNA微陣列研究癌細胞的同時,我們還分析了有、無肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移肝癌患者癌周肝組織的基因表達譜。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組之間存在454個基因的顯著差異(P<0.001),其中大部分基因都是炎癥和(或)免疫反應相關(guān)的基因。伴轉(zhuǎn)移的肝癌患者的肝組織促炎Th1樣細胞因子全部下調(diào),而抗炎Th2樣細胞因子明顯增加。這種獨特的Th1與Th2樣因子的表達改變伴隨著巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(CSF)1和一氧化氮合酶2的異常。這些結(jié)果表明,在腫瘤微環(huán)境中炎癥/免疫反應的失衡在肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移中也起著重要作用。使用17個與免疫反應相關(guān)的基因分子標簽,可用于區(qū)別有無肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的癌周肝組織。這個標簽在一個獨立99個肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移樣本中得到驗證,預測精度達92%,成為一個更有效的肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移預測標簽。這些結(jié)果表明癌周免疫反應的分子標簽可以準確地預測肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移和預后[8]。

        蛋白質(zhì)組學分析認定CK19和CK1可以預測肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移:通過對不同轉(zhuǎn)移潛能的肝癌細胞株和臨床組織標本的蛋白表達譜進行差異蛋白質(zhì)組學分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞角蛋白10 (CK10)、CK19和HSP27成為潛在的肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的預測指標。肝癌組織CK10過度表達和血清CK19的水平可能反映肝癌的進展,這些蛋白質(zhì)可能成為有效預測肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的預后指標和治療靶點[14,58,59]。

        (2) 轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)診斷/預后監(jiān)測的現(xiàn)狀

        上面所提到的生物標記尚未被臨床上廣泛接受。這些新的指標與臨床病理特征的組合可能有助于臨床應用。許多因素已被認為是轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素,并作為HCC復發(fā)的預測指標(表7-12)。這些因素包括一些臨床指標(如年齡、性別、伴發(fā)肝炎、肝功能、甲胎蛋白水平)、腫瘤的形態(tài)(腫瘤大小、數(shù)目、部位、肝內(nèi)或肝外播散、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移)、腫瘤的組織學特征以及治療相關(guān)因素(手術(shù)技巧、輸血)。

        伴發(fā)的肝臟疾病:肝癌復發(fā)與患者潛在肝臟疾病的狀態(tài)密切相關(guān)。肝炎活性、病毒載量、血清HBe Ag陽性、殘肝肝功能儲備都已被證實為肝癌復發(fā)的獨立危險因素[61-63]。

        腫瘤的病理學特征:許多病理學特征如腫瘤大小、數(shù)目、形態(tài)、分化程度、血管侵犯、肝內(nèi)播散以及p TNM分期,均被認為是肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)的危險因素,血管湖和血管造影積聚增強池也是早期復發(fā)指標[64,65]。瘤內(nèi)炎性細胞的浸潤以及輔助性與細胞毒性T細胞的平衡有望成為肝癌復發(fā)和生存的獨立預測因素[66]。

        血清AFP和循環(huán)肝癌細胞的檢測:血清AFP不僅可以用于診斷,同時也可以預測肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)。AFP與小扁豆凝集素A的反應片段(AFP-L3)是預測遠處轉(zhuǎn)移更為有用的指標。它可以用于肝癌復發(fā)的早期識別,比影像學診斷技術(shù)早9~12個月發(fā)現(xiàn),特異性達95%以上[67-69]。肝癌患者外周血AFPm RNA被認為肝癌細胞播散進入血液循環(huán)的分子標記,并且可以預測肝癌切除后早期肝內(nèi)復發(fā)和遠處轉(zhuǎn)移[70]。

        臨床分期:預測肝癌復發(fā)可能的臨床分期系統(tǒng)有助于指導患者評估和治療決策的制定,多種分期可用于肝癌的分類,最常見是國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(UICC)的TNM分期系統(tǒng),但BCLC肝癌臨床分期和CLIP評分系統(tǒng)可以更為有效地判斷肝癌患者預后。雖然這些評分系統(tǒng)能夠根據(jù)各自的參數(shù)有效地評估肝癌患者的預后,但是它們對準確預測某些肝癌患者的預后仍然存在缺陷,尤其是對肝癌早期無血管侵犯的患者[73,74]。

        7.9.3 預防和治療

        (1) 肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的實驗性干預

        已經(jīng)利用裸鼠模型進行抗血管生成治療的研究,干預藥物包括內(nèi)皮抑素,以及細胞生長的鈣離子內(nèi)流抑制劑羧基胺基咪唑三唑(CAI)、三硝基甲苯(TNP-470),循環(huán)Flk誘捕的血管內(nèi)皮生長因子和干擾素(IFN-α)[75]。這些藥物在減少腫瘤血管生成方面都具有一定的療效。對IFN-α進行深入研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),在裸鼠模型中,IFN-α治療可以延遲腫瘤的生長和抑制肝癌術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)。其機制主要通過下調(diào)血管內(nèi)皮生長因子抑制血管生成,直接抑制血管內(nèi)皮細胞的增殖和遷移;在 P48 陽性時,其可直接抑制腫瘤細胞增長[16,76,77]。

        有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)H-ras基因的反義寡脫氧核苷酸(ODN,細胞凋亡誘導劑)、肝素(硫酸乙酰肝素功能類似物,代謝產(chǎn)物舒拉明)、BB94(一種金屬蛋白酶抑制劑)等藥物可抑制肝癌腫瘤生長和荷人肝癌裸鼠的肺部轉(zhuǎn)移[75];合成β-肽(ICAM-1受體阻滯劑)與細胞分化劑-2可抑制肝癌的肺轉(zhuǎn)移[18]。

        (2) 目前肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)的預防策略

        目前已經(jīng)有一些措施用來預防肝癌手術(shù)切除后的轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)。這些措施包括術(shù)前肝動脈化療栓塞術(shù)(TACE)、術(shù)后TACE治療、全身或局部化療、免疫治療、干擾素和全反式維甲酸治療。然而,只有少數(shù)治療方法經(jīng)隨機對照試驗(RCT)證明有效。到目前為止,沒有任何證據(jù)證明這些新輔助和輔助療法給患者生存和預后帶來好處[78]。

        基于隨機對照試驗的結(jié)果,術(shù)前TACE并不能減少可切除肝癌切除后的復發(fā)[79]。事實上,對巨大的可切除肝癌而言,術(shù)前TACE可能增加肝外轉(zhuǎn)移和腫瘤入侵鄰近器官的可能性。對于小肝癌,術(shù)前TACE并不能抑制肝內(nèi)微轉(zhuǎn)移病灶和微血管癌栓。因此,可切除的肝癌,特別是進展期肝硬化患者應避免術(shù)前TACE。

        目前只有一個隨機對照試驗對術(shù)后TACE報道了陽性結(jié)果,肝癌根治性切除后肝動脈給予1850MBq單一劑量131Ⅰ碘油治療,結(jié)果能顯著降低肝癌的復發(fā)率,并增加了3年總生存率[80]。在最近的一項報道證實,它可以增加5年DFS和OS[81]。然而,兩個早期的隨機對照試驗提示術(shù)后TACE治療對于肝癌根治性切除后的患者是有害的,因為它不能消除復發(fā)[82],甚至可能增加復發(fā)和肝外轉(zhuǎn)移率[83]。

        對于大多數(shù)肝癌,術(shù)后全身化療并不是明顯有效的。尚無隨機對照試驗證實輔助化療是有益的,它可能增加腫瘤復發(fā),而且長期化療可能使肝硬化患者病情惡化[84]。但是,卡培他濱被證實能夠有效地抑制腫瘤的生長和降低肝癌切除術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)的發(fā)生率,這可能是控制肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)的新方法[19]。

        生物治療被認為是防止手術(shù)后肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)最有希望的策略。許多隨機對照試驗表明,丙型肝炎(HCV)相關(guān)的肝癌切除術(shù)后予IFN-α治療后,可以減少其復發(fā)[85-87]。在IFN-α能抑制HCC生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的基礎(chǔ)上[16],我們的一項隨機對照試驗研究236例乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)相關(guān)肝癌患者給予IFN-α治療(50μg,肌內(nèi)注射,每周3次,18個月)后評估IFN-α對腫瘤復發(fā)和生存的影響。治療組和對照組的中位生存期分別為63.8個月和38.8個月(P=0.0003),而無瘤生存期分別為31.2個月與17.7個月(P=0.142)。因此,IFN-α治療能夠提高HBV相關(guān)肝癌患者根治性切除術(shù)后的OS,可能因為IFN-α推遲了肝癌的復發(fā)[17](圖7-16)。

        許多臨床試驗已證實過繼性免疫治療對肝癌復發(fā)有積極的作用。一項發(fā)表在《柳葉刀》的研究證實,肝癌切除術(shù)后前6個月通過重組IL-2和CD3抗體體外激活自體淋巴細胞進行過繼免疫治療,可減少18%復發(fā)率,顯著改善無復發(fā)生存率和疾病特異性生存率,但并沒有提高總生存率[88]。甲醛固定自體腫瘤疫苗(AFTV)也可以使肝癌復發(fā)風險減少81%,顯著延長首次復發(fā)時間,并改善肝癌患者的DFS和OS[89]。

        圖7-16 IFN-α治療可以提高HBV相關(guān)HCC患者手術(shù)切除后的OS

        注: 治療組中位OS為63.8個月,而對照組為38.8個月(P=0.003)。

        (3) 肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)的處理

        許多治療策略包括手術(shù)再切除、TACE、局部腫瘤療法如射頻消融(RFA)和化療用來控制肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)。任何一種對于復發(fā)的治療策略均被視為肝癌復發(fā)的良好預后因素。因此,要改善肝癌復發(fā)的預后,我們應盡可能積極治療轉(zhuǎn)移和復發(fā)病灶。然而,很少有隨機對照試驗可以評估這些方式的效果(表7-12)。

        表7-12 肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā)的治療

        手術(shù)治療:許多研究表明,肝癌再切除術(shù)能夠有效治療事先選擇患者的肝內(nèi)復發(fā)性肝癌并延長其生存期[90,91],復發(fā)性肝癌再切除后和原發(fā)性肝癌根治性切除后具有相同的5年OS。自從20世紀70年代后期以來,我們已對636例患者進行亞臨床復發(fā)性肝癌再切除,患者的5年生存率高達63.9%,明顯高于局部療法(RFA后為51.6%,TACE治療后為28.5%),10年生存率可達39.2%(未發(fā)表資料)。在這些患者中,有250例存活5年以上,76例存活超過10年。因此,肝癌再切除術(shù)是少于3個腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)和肝功能良好復發(fā)性肝癌患者的首選治療方法,它也可以提高復發(fā)性肝癌患者生活質(zhì)量(圖7-17)。

        圖7-17 重復肝切除是肝內(nèi)復發(fā)HCC患者的有效治療手段,可延長患者生存

        注: 在作者所在單位,已對636例亞臨床復發(fā)的HCC患者進行再切除手術(shù),這些患者5年和10年生存率可達到63.9%和39.2%。其中,250例患者已經(jīng)生存5年以上(A);隨訪CT顯示肝右葉復發(fā)灶(B);重復肝切除手術(shù)治療后(C)。

        有人認為肝移植是肝癌復發(fā)患者的一種治療策略,對經(jīng)選擇的患者進行肝移植來控制腫瘤也是可能的。但必須遵循腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)數(shù)目(最多3個)和大小(可達5cm)的標準,以確保術(shù)后肝內(nèi)和肝外播散發(fā)生率更低。據(jù)報道,按照米蘭標準選擇肝癌患者肝移植后腫瘤復發(fā)率不到10%,主要是肝外(肺)轉(zhuǎn)移[92]。

        肝癌肝外復發(fā)切除治療的療效尚未得到公認。對經(jīng)選擇的患者,文獻支持采用積極的治療方法,即除顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移外,控制原發(fā)腫瘤,手術(shù)切除轉(zhuǎn)移灶,保留肝功能。肝癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移手術(shù)切除已被證實可延長患者生存期。肺切除術(shù)后的平均生存期為29個月[93],轉(zhuǎn)移瘤切除術(shù)后1年和3年生存率分別45.3%和23.8%,而1年和3年的無瘤復發(fā)生存率分別為32.4%和21.6%[94]。此外,胸腔鏡肺切除術(shù)可以延長肝癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移患者的生存期。在原發(fā)腫瘤治療得到良好控制、無其他轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病、患者基礎(chǔ)狀況好的情況下,肝癌腎上腺轉(zhuǎn)移患者可以通過切除腎上腺延長生存期。腎上腺切除術(shù)可使患者生存期延長2年以上[95]。肝癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,應采用手術(shù)治療來預防和治療神經(jīng)壓迫和病理性骨折等并發(fā)癥。肝癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移性病灶可以手術(shù)治療,以提高患者生活質(zhì)量,無論能否延長患者生存時間。

        局部療法:射頻消融是治療不能切除肝內(nèi)復發(fā)肝癌的首選方法。對于多灶性復發(fā),TACE治療是必要的。對于TACE不能完全治療的復發(fā)灶,射頻消融可以作為有用的補充治療。

        放療:當其他療法應用存在一些困難或不完全有效時,放療可能是有益的。它也可使那些合并淋巴結(jié)、腎上腺、骨和脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移,門靜脈、膽管和(或)下腔靜脈癌栓[21,22,96]等患者獲得一定的治療效果。它還可以有效地姑息治療肝癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移疼痛的患者。人們對于放療最為關(guān)注的是,它可以抑制患者的免疫力,從而誘發(fā)遠處轉(zhuǎn)移和放療后的肝內(nèi)多個蔓延。

        化療:化療對復發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌不是很有效。動脈灌注化療(如順鉑)和全身性IFN-α組成的綜合治療是這一領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的新趨勢,這也可能成為肝癌肝外轉(zhuǎn)移患者的有用姑息治療手段。

        7.9.4 尚未解決的關(guān)鍵問題及今后的方向

        盡管對轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌的研究已經(jīng)作出了巨大努力,幾個關(guān)鍵問題仍然懸而未決。許多生物標記已經(jīng)被認定能夠預測肝癌的轉(zhuǎn)移復發(fā),但沒有一個生物標記被普遍認可,這主要是因為它們的敏感性和特異性都不理想。已建立了一個包括100多個基因的轉(zhuǎn)移分子預測標簽,但其預測價值的有效性尚未被具有不同表型肝癌亞群所證實。目前,IFN-α是唯一被RCT證實能夠有效預防肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的治療方法,手術(shù)和局部療法被認為是轉(zhuǎn)移的主要治療方法。

        在將來,應該注意以下問題:①肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移不是一個局部事件,而是全身性疾病。轉(zhuǎn)移是機體微環(huán)境(包括神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、免疫系統(tǒng)以及代謝)與腫瘤之間相互作用的結(jié)果。因此,轉(zhuǎn)移的預測干預不僅應注重對腫瘤本身,而且也應該針對微環(huán)境和機體。②在過去的一個世紀,肝癌臨床研究主要是基于病理背景。隨著分子生物學的進步,生物治療控制腫瘤將是改善常規(guī)療法預后的重要途徑。③肝癌主要療法的細胞毒性作用已被證實。然而,使用這些療法時還必須考慮殺瘤作用可提高腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移潛能。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)磷酰胺預處理可誘發(fā)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[97]。我們的研究也已經(jīng)證明,放療可增加殘癌長期轉(zhuǎn)移潛能。因此,肝癌主要療法的生物概念將是另一個需要研究的重要問題。

        (楊鑫 譯,欽倫秀 審校)

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