一、語言翻譯法(Grammar-translation Approach)
語法翻譯法起源于拉丁語教學法。在交際法引進之前,一直在我國外語教學中占主導地位。其主要特點為:側重閱讀能力的培養(yǎng);重視語法教學;充分利用和依靠母語,反復進行母語和外語互譯。
二、聽說法(Audio-lingual Approach)
聽說法又稱句型教學法。聽說法是以美國語言學上的結構主義為其語言學基礎,以行為主義為其教育心理學基礎,形成了外語學習中的S-R(Stimulus-Response)即刺激——反應理論。聽說法認為在教學中應該聽說領先;反復操練,形成習慣;教學以句型為中心;盡量避免母語;重視培養(yǎng)學生外語思維習慣;盡量避免和消除學生的錯誤。
三、情境教學法(Situational Approach)
(一)定義
情境教學法是教師根據課程內容,利用實物、圖片、電教設備、動作表演及學生的真實心理,要求學生根據實際情景進行交際學習,面對復雜多變的因素做出獨立的判斷和靈活的應對。它的核心在于激發(fā)學生的情感,方法是在教學過程中,教師有目的地引入或創(chuàng)設以形象為主體的,并具有一定情緒色彩的生動具體場景,從而給學生的態(tài)度體驗,進而幫助學生理解教材,使學生的心理機能得到發(fā)展的教學方法。
它的基本步驟是:提出情境,學習語言;聽說領先,反復操練;書面練習,鞏固結構。在整個教學過程中,教師不但是語言楷模,還是教學活動的設計者和指揮官。作為語言楷模,教師要以正確的、地道的英語設計學習的情境,教師的語言是學生模仿的標準。作為課堂活動的設計者和指揮官,教師要組織和控制所有的課堂活動,同時要在教學中觀察學生的錯誤,然后考慮下一課應如何設計教學以便幫助學生改正錯誤。
在情境法的課堂上,英語是教學語言,教師應用英語組織教學、解釋語言項目和布置課下作業(yè)。但在解釋語言詞匯或結構時,如碰到一些難以解釋的項目,教師也可使用母語講解,但教師不鼓勵學生使用母語。
(二)教學實例
教學目標:To increase the awareness of preserving environment. To understand and evaluate ideas, information, facts, opinions, intentions and arguments on the present topic. To learn to provide reasons to support certain idea.
教學內容:Economy Improvement vs. Environment Protection.
教學對象:University Students.
教學設備:Computer,PPT.
教學材料:Newspaper,Magazine,Audio&video clip related to the topic.
教學時間:90mins.
教學過程:
1.輸入過程(45mins)
(1)熱身:讓學生頭腦風暴環(huán)境保護問題(5mins)
(比如overpopulation,over fishing,destruction of the rainforests/deforestation,waste disposal, air,river and sea pollution,the destruction of the ozone layer,the green house effect,etc.)
(2)Facts speak louder(40mins)
①讓學生觀看視頻“Deforestation Fear In donesia”并完成與之相關的聽寫填空練習。(5mins)
②讓學生聽短文“Japanese Whaling”并回答短文后的問題。(5mins)
③給學生分組(每四人一組),討論某一種環(huán)境污染,并再選一名成員做總結發(fā)言。(10mins)
④讓學生閱讀準備好的相關文章回答問題:Is there a balanced trade-off between economic development and environmental protection?(20mins)
(教師的指導:In principle,there’s supposed to be a trade-off between economic development and environmental protection. Both economic development and environmental protection can be accomplished without coming into conflict. However,in most cases, it is impossible for developing countries to start at a high level,achieving coordinated development ideally,high econology and less environmental pollution.The fact is that usually the first pot of gold are gained at the cost of environment. So we should increase the awareness of environmental protection to balance the two so that we human beings can survive and enjoy life as desired.)
2.輸出過程(45mins)
(1)口頭討論問題(10mins)
What policies that the central government should take to develop economy: treatment after pollution or restrictions on development for sake of environment?
(2)筆頭回答問題(10mins)
讓學生回答上述問題,并列出所選內容的優(yōu)缺點。如支持“Treatment after pollution”的學生會寫到“increased income and improvement in living conditions”。他們還會列出這一政策的七宗罪:
①over-exploitation of natural resources;
②over-harvest;
③destruction of natural habitat;
④pursuit of personal,local or immediate interests;lack of consistency in policy-making;
⑤lack of prompt and effective treatment;
⑥reckless consumption of energy.
他們承認這個事實,“serious pollution will cause great damage to natural resources, animals and human beings as well,for example,global warming,shortage of clean water, energy contention,and even wars”。所以他們陷入兩難局面“seeking food and clothing or protecting natural environment”。
支持后者的學生會寫到“converting the land for forestry and pasture” and “preserving the natural resources”,同時他們也不會忽視這個事實,“poverty-stricken people, namely ecological refugees,are suffering from untreated diseases,dropouts,lack of educational resources,etc.”,所以他們也同樣陷入兩難局面“suffering poverty while sitting on a gold hill”。
免責聲明:以上內容源自網絡,版權歸原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原創(chuàng)版權請告知,我們將盡快刪除相關內容。