三、茶具的翻譯

◆ 妙玉聽了，忙去烹了茶來(lái)。寶玉留神看他是怎么行事。只見妙玉親自捧了一個(gè)海棠花式雕漆填金云龍獻(xiàn)壽的小茶盤，里面放一個(gè)成窯五彩小蓋鐘，捧與賈母。賈母道：“我不吃六安茶?！泵钣裥φf(shuō)：“知道。這是老君眉?！辟Z母接了，又問(wèn)是什么水。妙玉笑回“是舊年蠲的雨水。”賈母便吃了半盞，便笑著遞與劉姥姥說(shuō)：“你嘗嘗這個(gè)茶。”劉姥姥便一口吃盡，笑道：“好是好，就是淡些，再熬濃些更好了?！辟Z母眾人都笑起來(lái)。然后眾人都是一色官窯脫胎填白蓋碗。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢(mèng)》第四十一回)

Miaoyu at once went to make tea．

Baoyu watched the proceedings carefully．He saw Miaoyu bring out in her own hands a carved lacquer tea-tray in the shape of crab-apple blossom，inlaid with a golden design of the“cloud dragon offering longevity．”O(jiān)n this was a covered gilded polychrome bowl made in the Cheng Hua Period，which she offered to the Lady Dowager．

“I don't like Liu'an tea，”said the old lady．

“I know，”replied Miaoyu smiling．“This is Patriarch's Eyebrows．”

“What water have you used?”

“Rain-water saved from the last year．”

The Lady Dowager drank half the bowl and passed the rest with a twinkle to Granny Liu，urging her to taste the tea．The old woman drank it straight off．

“Quite good，but a bit on the weak side，”was her verdict，which made everyone laugh．“It should have been left to draw a little longer．”

All the others had melon-green covered bowls with golden designs of new Imperial kiln porcelain．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

【注】該例句中，既提到茶具中端茶的“茶盤”、喝茶用的“蓋鐘”、“蓋碗”，又提到喝茶用的“蓋鐘”、“蓋碗”的質(zhì)地，還提到泡茶用的茶葉“六安茶”和“老君眉”;泡茶用的水——“舊年蠲的雨水”和茶水的濃淡等，真是濃縮“茶文化”的句子。

“成窯”：指明代成化年間景德鎮(zhèn)官窯所燒制的一種瓷器。坯胎細(xì)膩純凈，白釉瑩潤(rùn)，造型輕靈秀美，尤以五彩者為上?！靶∩w鐘”：有蓋的小杯。

“六安茶”：產(chǎn)自安徽霍山縣大蜀山。因霍山舊屬六安郡，故稱“六安茶”。(六安)茶品亦精，但不善炒不能發(fā)香，而味苦，茶之本性實(shí)佳。其中六安毛尖為貢品名茶，舊例于四月初八進(jìn)貢后，始得發(fā)售。

“老君眉”是湖南洞庭湖君山所產(chǎn)的一種銀針茶。由未開葉的肥嫩芽頭制成，色澤鮮亮，其味甘醇，香氣高爽。又傳老子為長(zhǎng)壽老人，長(zhǎng)眉乃高壽的象征，所以“老君眉”還有吉祥之意。

“舊年蠲的雨水”：這里指所謂“梅水”。清顧鐵卿《清嘉錄》卷五：“梅水：居人于梅雨時(shí)，備缸翁，收蓄雨水，以供烹茶之需，名曰梅水?！薄独バ潞现尽吩疲骸叭擞诔踅幻箷r(shí)，備缸翁，貯雨，以其甘滑勝山泉，嗜茶者所珍也?！毙焓?img class="row1" src="http://image.guayunfan.com/attached/image/20200202/114997/56673b39498ed8a42949642c.jpg" alt="img20">《吳中竹詞》云：“陰晴不定是黃梅，暑氣熏蒸潤(rùn)綠苔。瓷甕競(jìng)裝天雨水，烹茶時(shí)候客初來(lái)。”《長(zhǎng)元吳志》載梅天多雨，雨水極佳，蓄之甕中，水味經(jīng)年不變。

“官窯脫胎填白蓋碗”：一種精美的青瓷蓋碗。“官窯”：宋代五大名窯之一。北宋大觀、政和年間，宮廷自置瓷窯燒制瓷器，稱為“官窯”。南宋顧文薦《負(fù)暄雜錄》：“宣政間京師自置窯燒造，名曰官窯?！备G址在京師汴京(今河南開封市)?！懊撎ァ庇邪?、灰、紅之分，釉色有天青、翠青、粉青、月下白、大綠。粉青為上，淡白次之。南宋時(shí)，又于修內(nèi)司置窯造瓷，窯址在杭州鳳凰山下，通稱南宋官窯。釉色微帶粉紅，濃淡不一。清許子衡《飲流齋說(shuō)瓷》云：“自宋以來(lái)，已有官窯、民窯之分。官窯者，由官撥款支銷，設(shè)專官監(jiān)督址，以進(jìn)上方，備賞賚者也?！俑G之中，更有御窯，所畫龍，必作五爪，專備御用，下不僭敢，然達(dá)官貴人，亦得享用官窯器物?！?/p>

“脫胎”：指一種凸印團(tuán)花的青瓷器，相傳用青色瑪瑙釉，深淺不一，光潤(rùn)明亮，視若無(wú)骨，叫做“脫胎”。本為宋代汝州青器窯出產(chǎn)的一種瓷器?？滴醺G出產(chǎn)了它的仿制品。

“填白”：以粉料堆填瓷賞，再蘸釉汁，以增光澤，叫“填白”。

“蓋碗”：一種較蓋盅小的茶杯。上有瓷蓋，或鏤銀蓋，下有銅、錫茶托，為平時(shí)招待親友之用。(張俊等，1987：659-660)

◆ 妙玉向風(fēng)爐上扇滾了水，另泡一壺茶。寶玉便走了進(jìn)來(lái)，笑道：“偏你們吃體己茶呢?！倍硕夹Φ溃骸澳阌众s了來(lái)飺茶吃，這里并沒你吃的?！薄忠娒钣窳砟贸鰞芍槐瓉?lái)，一個(gè)旁邊有一耳，杯上刻著“瓟斝(ban bo jia)”三個(gè)隸字，后有一行小真字，是“晉王愷珍玩”，又有“宋元豐五年四月眉山蘇軾見于秘府”一行小字。妙玉便斟了一斝，遞與寶釵。那一只形似缽而小，也有三個(gè)垂珠篆字，鐫著“杏犀”。妙玉斟了一喬與黛玉。仍將前番自己日常吃茶的那只綠玉斗來(lái)斟與寶玉。寶玉笑道：“常言‘世法平等’，他兩個(gè)就用那樣古玩奇珍，我就是個(gè)俗器了?”……妙玉聽如此說(shuō)，十分歡喜，遂又尋出一只九曲十環(huán)一百二十節(jié)蟠虬整雕竹根的一個(gè)大出來(lái)，笑道：“就剩了這一個(gè)，你可吃的了這一海?”(曹雪芹《紅樓夢(mèng)》第四十一回)

She invited the two girls into a side room，where Baochai sat on a couch and Daiyu on Miaoyu's hassock，while the nun herself fanned the stove and when the water boiled brewed some fresh tea．Baoyu slipped in then and accused them teasingly：

“So you're having a treat here in secret!”

The three girls laughed．

“What are you doing here?There's nothing here for you．”

．．．

Then he saw Miaoyu produce two cups，one with a handle and the name in uncial characters：Calabash Cup.In smaller characters it bore the inscriptions“Treasured by Wang Kai of the Jin Dynasty”and“In the fourth month of the fifth year of the Yuan Feng Period of the Song Dynasty，Su Shi of Meishan saw this cup in the Imperial Secretariat．”Miaoyu filled this cup and handed to Baochai．The other，shaped like a small alms-bowl，bore the name in the curly seal script：“Rhinoceros Cup．”Having filled this to Daiyu，she offered Baoyu the green jade beaker that she normally drank from herself．

“I thought that according to Buddhist law all men should be treated alike，”said Baoyu with a grin．“Why give me this vulgar object when they get such priceless antiques?”

．．．

Very gratified by this remark，Miaoyu produced a huge goblet carved out of a whole bamboo root with which was covered with knots and whorls．

“Here's the only other one I have，”she said．“Can you manage such a large one?”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

【注】這一段落中描述了三個(gè)神奇的茶杯。第一個(gè)是“弝斝”?！?img class="row1" src="http://image.guayunfan.com/attached/image/20200202/114997/56673b39498ed8a429496436.jpg" alt="img25">、弝”：皆為葫蘆類名，均可為飲器?！皵小保罕緸楣糯破鳎凭舳源?，一旁有耳?！?img class="row1" src="http://image.guayunfan.com/attached/image/20200202/114997/56673b39498ed8a42949642f.jpg" alt="img26">弝斝”：用弝做成的斝形飲器?！肚灏揞愨n》“工藝類”：“禁城園曠地，遍植葫蘆，當(dāng)結(jié)實(shí)之初，斫木成范，其形或?yàn)槠浚驗(yàn)楸P，或?yàn)橛郏澮晕淖旨案鞣N花痕，納葫蘆與其中。及成熟時(shí)，各隨其范之方圓大小，自為一器。奇麗精巧，能奪天工，款識(shí)隆起，宛若磚文。乾隆朝所制者尤樸雅?！?/p>

“王愷珍玩”：意思是曾為王愷珍收藏玩賞，言其來(lái)歷不凡?！巴鯋稹保簳x東海郯(今山東郯城縣)人，司馬昭妻弟，官至后將軍，是當(dāng)時(shí)有名的富豪。

“元豐”：宋趙神宗年號(hào)?！懊馗保河址Q“秘閣”，古代宮廷中藏圖書秘珍的地方。

“垂珠篆字”：即“垂露篆字”，書體的一種。其筆畫點(diǎn)綴如濃露，相傳漢代曹喜工篆隸，善懸針垂露之法。

“杏犀”：用犀牛角制成的飲器?！?img class="row1" src="http://image.guayunfan.com/attached/image/20200202/114997/56673b39498ed8a42949643a.jpg" alt="img29">”：碗類器皿?！靶酉保杭戳料唬S透明，質(zhì)密紋隱，似柔而實(shí)堅(jiān)。

“綠玉斗”：綠玉制成的有柄飲器。

“九曲十環(huán)一百二十節(jié)蟠虬整雕竹根的一個(gè)大盞”：指一種用完整竹根雕制成的松結(jié)大杯。宋《清異錄》卷下：“九曲杯：以螺為杯，亦無(wú)甚奇，唯數(shù)穴極彎曲，則可以藏酒，有一螺能貯三盞許者，號(hào)九曲螺杯。”這里用以形容松枝的曲折盤旋。“十環(huán)”：形容松枝的周繞連綿?！肮?jié)”：《易·說(shuō)卦傳》：“其于木也，為堅(jiān)多節(jié)?！薄耙话俣?jié)”：形容松干的結(jié)結(jié)密布。“蟠”：盤屈。“虬”：《離騷》王逸注：“有角曰龍，無(wú)角曰虬?！币徽f(shuō)龍子有角者曰“虬”?！绑打啊保夯蜃黩绑?。李善注：“虬蟠，謂樹如龍蛇之盤屈相糾也?！?/p>

“海”：這里指淺而大的飲器?！堕}雜記》“閩俗盛宴，各饌必用大碗為敬，稱為海碗?；蛑^海者，極言其大如海也?！?張俊等，1987：660-662)

◆ 老嬤嬤聽了，于是又引黛玉出來(lái)，到了東廊三間小正房?jī)?nèi)。正房炕上橫設(shè)一張炕桌，桌上磊著書籍茶具，靠東壁面西設(shè)著半舊的青緞靠背引枕。王夫人卻坐在西邊下首，亦是半舊的青緞靠背坐褥。見黛玉來(lái)了，便往東讓。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢(mèng)》第三回)

At once the nurses conducted Daiyu along the eastern corridor to a smallthree-roomed suite facing south．On the kang under the window was a low table laden with books and a tea-service．Against the east wall were a none too new blue satin back-rest and a bolster．

Lady Wang was sitting in the lower place by the west wall on a none too new blue cover with a back-rest and a bolster．She invited her niece to take the seat on the east．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

◆ 船艙中間，放一張小方金漆桌子，桌子擺著宜興沙壺，極細(xì)的成窯、宣窯的杯子，烹的上好的雨水毛尖茶。那游船的，備了酒和肴饌及果碟到這河里來(lái)游;就是走路的人也買好幾個(gè)錢的毛尖茶，在船上煨了吃，慢慢而行。(吳敬梓《儒林外史》第四十一回)

Each vessel carries a small，square，gilt-lacquered table，set with an Yihsing stoneware pot，cups of the finest Cheng Hua or Hsuan Te porcelain，and the choicest tea brewed with rain-water．Boating parties bring wine，dishes and sweetmeats with them to the canal，and even people traveling by boat order a few cents'worth of good tea to drink on board as they proceed slowly on their way．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)