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        ? 首頁 ? 理論教育 ?英語評說分句的形式與功能

        英語評說分句的形式與功能

        時間:2023-03-31 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:第五節(jié) 英語評說分句的形式與功能一、引論評說分句在結(jié)構(gòu)上插入句子中,故傳統(tǒng)語法稱之為插入句。章振邦教授在其《新編英語語法》中將表示說話人對話語的看法和態(tài)度或?qū)φ麄€句子進(jìn)行說明與解釋的評說分句稱之為評注性狀語分句;將承上啟下,起連接作用的評說分句稱為連接性狀語分句。還有一些what分句可以有相應(yīng)的副詞替代表示評注。

        第五節(jié) 英語評說分句的形式與功能

        一、引論

        評說分句(comment clause)在結(jié)構(gòu)上插入句子中,故傳統(tǒng)語法稱之為插入句(parenthetical clause)。盡管這類分句接近狀語,但在功能上并非修飾謂語動詞或整個謂語,而是修飾整個主句,或者基本上不起修飾作用。由于這類分句結(jié)構(gòu)不受句子變化過程的影響,不在句子結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部中起作用,不與它所評說的句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上緊密結(jié)合,是獨(dú)立于句子主體之外,表示句子外圍狀語的一種分句結(jié)構(gòu),所以Quirk等人將這類分句列入外加語,分離性狀語或評注性狀語和聯(lián)加語或連接性狀語范圍內(nèi)。章振邦教授在其《新編英語語法》中將表示說話人對話語的看法和態(tài)度或?qū)φ麄€句子進(jìn)行說明與解釋的評說分句稱之為評注性狀語分句;將承上啟下,起連接作用的評說分句稱為連接性狀語分句。

        二、結(jié)構(gòu)類型

        從形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)來看,評說分句可有如下七種類型:

        1.第一類:主句型

        這類分句像主句,不用任何連接詞引導(dǎo)。常見結(jié)構(gòu)上類似主句的有:I think,I see,I wonder,I tell you,we guess,you know,they tell me,who knows,god knows,that it to say,it is said,it is suggested等。有時還可用祈使句或一般疑問句形式,如:mind you,mark you,do you hear(know),don't you think(know)等。請看例證:

        ①Their performance was wonderful,don't you think?

        ②The trees in that area,it is said,are mostly over thirty feet tall(It is said that the trees in that area are...)

        2.第二類:狀語分句型

        這類評說分句像狀語分句,用從屬連詞as或if引導(dǎo)。常見類似結(jié)構(gòu)有:as you/they know(say),as I say(remember),as I see it,as I understand(it),as is common knowledge,as it ge nerally assumed,as it turns out(happens),if I may say so,if you don't mind,if I can speak frankly等。請看例句:

        ③You're not much of a radio addict,as I remember.

        ④If I can speak frankly(If I may be frank/If I can put it frankly),they are not interested in your plan at all.

        If-clause表示評說時,主語通常是說話人I,謂語常由speak,say,tell等交際動詞(communicative verb)構(gòu)成。這類分句還可轉(zhuǎn)換成主句結(jié)構(gòu),例④中的if-clause的相應(yīng)主句結(jié)構(gòu):I will say frankly/I tell you frankly that they are...同時,例④中的if-clause也可有相應(yīng)的副詞(frankly)、介詞短語(in all frankness)、不定式分句(to be frank,to speak frankly,to put it frankly)、-ing分詞分句(frankly speaking,putting it frankly)、-ed分詞分句(put it frankly)等一系列結(jié)構(gòu)的替代形式表示評注。

        3.第三類:名詞分句型

        這類分句像名詞性分句,常用what引導(dǎo)。類似結(jié)構(gòu)有:what is more important,what is more serious/surprising,what is still more remarkable,what worries/annoys me,what's more,that is still worse等。例如:

        ⑤What is more important(Even more important),we should not let it happen again.(It is more important that we should not let it happen again).

        ⑥What is more still remarkable(More remarkable still),he is in charge of the project.

        上述例證表明,某些what分句可以有相應(yīng)的無動詞分句替代形式表示評注。還有一些what分句可以有相應(yīng)的副詞替代表示評注。比如:

        ⑦What was even more certain(Certainly),he didn't speak at the meeting(It is certain that he didn't...).

        凡是起評說分句作用的what-clause都可以有相應(yīng)的句子性關(guān)系分句(sentential relative clause)替換表示評注。

        4.第四類:關(guān)系分句型

        這類分句是句子性關(guān)系分句,用which引導(dǎo)。Quirk等人在《A Grammar of Contemporary English》一書中指出,盡管句子性關(guān)系分句的位置固定在它所述及的分句后面,但比較起來,它在句子中的地位更像一個外加詞。這一點(diǎn)可從它和what is more那樣的評說分句在語義上的相似看出來。試將例⑧中的which surprises me和用作評說分句的what surprises me作比較:

        ⑧Things then improved,which surprises me(It is surprising for me that things then improved.)

        =What surprises me(surprising for me),things then improved.

        這類分句表示評注時不僅可以有相應(yīng)的副詞替代,而且都能以It is+adj.+that...的結(jié)構(gòu)來代替。試比較:

        ⑨He didn't want to have anything to do with them,which was quite obvious/understandable(It is quite obvious/understandable that he didn't want...).

        =Quite obviously/understandably,he didn't want to have anything to do with them.

        5.第五類:并列分句型

        并列分句(coordinate clause)表示評注時與句子性關(guān)系分句有著對應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系。因?yàn)榫渥有躁P(guān)系分句差不多總可以一個含有and和經(jīng)常前置的強(qiáng)調(diào)指示代詞的并列分句來釋義。試比較:

        ⑩He has a somewhat swelled head,and this I don't like.=He has a somewhat swelled head,which I don't like.

        6.第六類:不定式分句型

        表示評注的to不定式分句有to tell(you)the truth,to speak candidly,to put it bluntly,to make matter worse等。例如:

        img35To tell(you)the truth,he is not yet qualified for the job(I'll tell you the truth that he is not qualified for the job).

        由to be加形容詞詞干(如:to be fair,to be frank,to be blunt,to be sure等)構(gòu)成的不定式分句不僅有相應(yīng)的副詞,而且還可以有相應(yīng)的帶if的限定性分句替代表示評注。例如:

        img36To be sure(surely),I've made a mistake(I'm sure that I have made a mistake/It must be accepted that I've made a mistake.).

        7.第七類:-ing分詞分句型

        表示評注的-ing分詞分句常見的有speaking of the record,putting it mildly,calculating roughly等。含副詞的speaking分詞結(jié)構(gòu)都可有相應(yīng)的副詞代替。比如:strictly speaking,broadly speaking= broadly,seriously speaking=seriously,generally speaking=generally,personally speaking=personally,frankly speaking=frankly等。例如:

        img37I doubt,speaking as a layman,whether television is the right medium.

        第三、六、七類大都是不能隨便增添的合乎習(xí)慣用法的類型,而第一、二類內(nèi)容包括得比較多而且構(gòu)造力較強(qiáng)。但是,每一類中都有一些習(xí)慣用語或套語:you see,as I say,what's more,to be honest,generally speaking。同樣,每一類至少都有一定的自由來創(chuàng)造新的表達(dá)法。

        大量的由第一人稱或第二人稱主語引導(dǎo)的第一類評說分句在談話中成了老生常談的插入語(you know,I see等)。但是,除第一類以外,評說分句可以相當(dāng)自由地構(gòu)成,而且允許時、體的變化和增添附加語等其他成分。因此,在下句中增添從屬連詞as,將該句變成第二類評說分句,但意思實(shí)際上沒有什么變化。例如:

        img38The Indian railway(my uncle was telling me some time ago) have always made a profit.=The Indian railway(as my uncle was telling me some time ago)have always made a profit.

        在第一類評說分句中,動詞或形容詞屬于及物類型,它們要求有一個間接陳述句作賓語。因此,在含有這類評說分句的句子和含有間接陳述句的句子之間,可以建立起從一個句型轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個句型的關(guān)系。比如,為了把例img39中的間接陳述句變成像例那img40樣的句子,必然顛倒主句和分句之間的從屬關(guān)系,將that分句變成主句,主句變成評說分句。由于句法作用的顛倒,例img41img42兩個句子解釋并不完全一樣。但是,它們之間的關(guān)系說明了評說分句的功能:

        img43 I think that the cross-talk was interesting and instructive.

        img44 The cross-talk,I think,was interesting and instructive.

        三、語義功能

        從語義的角度來看,按其講話的方式與態(tài)度有如下三種語義功能:

        1.表示說話人肯定的態(tài)度

        這類分句通常用第一人稱主語,有時也用第三人稱主語;動詞常為一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時,有時還可用被動語態(tài)或帶有情態(tài)動詞。這類分句在語義上表示說話人對交談內(nèi)容的看法,究竟在多大程度上相信他所說的話是真實(shí)可靠的,對所說的事情的肯定性程度包括:

        1)表示說話人的肯定態(tài)度。這類評說分句表達(dá)人們根據(jù)客觀事實(shí)對所講內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性看法與確信性態(tài)度。常見的有:I know,I claim,I see,I remember,I agree,I admit,I'm sure,I'm convinced,I have no doubt,I must say,I must admit,I must tell you,I have to say,it's true,I don't deny,I don't deny,I don't doubt等。例如:

        img45The two parties will soon arrive at an agreement,it's true.(It's true that the two parities will soon...)

        img46I must tell you,the government is going to resign.(I tell you that the government is...)

        2)表示說話人不太肯定的態(tài)度。這類評說分句表示講話人根據(jù)某種信息發(fā)表個人的觀點(diǎn)或表達(dá)個人的看法,具有某種推測性和判斷性,有時甚至帶有某種猜測性,講話語氣不太肯定。常見的有:I assume,I believe,I consider,I dare say,I feel,I guess,I hear,I imagine,I presume,I suppose,I think,I understand,I venture to say,I wonder,I'm told,I can see,I have heard,I have read,I may assume,it is said,it is reported,it is claimed,it is rumored,it has been claimed,it seems,it appears等。例如:

        img47This,I suppose,will give you some idea of our stand on the question(I suppose that this should give you...).

        2.表示說話人的感情色彩

        這類評說分句往往表示講話人的高興、害怕、后悔、希望、愿望等心理狀態(tài)。常見的有:I'm glad to say,I'm happy to say,I'm pleased to say,I'm delighted to say,I'm happy to tell you,I hope,I wish,I fear,I regret,I'm afraid,I regret to say,I'm sorry to say,it pains me to say,it grieves me to say等。例如:

        img48I regret to say(Regrettably for me/To my regret),he refused our invitation(I regretted that he should have refused our invitation).

        3.喚起對方的注意或爭取對方的同意

        這類評說分句表示引起對方對自己的話語的注意與興趣或征求對方意見,故通常有第二人稱主語you。常見的有:you know,you see,you realize,you can see,you may know,you may have heard,you must admit,mind you mark,it may interest you to know,wouldn't you say,don't you think,don't you agree,can't you see,don't you know等。例如:

        img49It's ethically wrong,wouldn't say?

        四、句法特點(diǎn)

        1.在陳述句中

        評說分句在陳述句中的位置比較靈活,可以位于句首、句中、句末;書寫時往往用逗號與主句隔開,它是一個單獨(dú)的語調(diào)單位。例如:

        img50As you say,the job is absolutely made for you.

        2.在疑問句中

        評說分句用于特殊疑問句時,通常是結(jié)構(gòu)上類似主句的分句,它一般位于疑問詞之后,且其前后無逗號;若整個句子為疑問句,評說分句后的主句的主語和謂語語序不倒裝。但評說分句的主、謂則應(yīng)倒裝。例如:

        img51When do you suppose they'll be back?

        有時,評說分句和引導(dǎo)間接疑問句的主句發(fā)生關(guān)系時可有這類結(jié)構(gòu):what's she doing,I wonder?比較:I wonder what's she's doing.

        3.在關(guān)系分句中

        評說分句用于關(guān)系分句中主要是一些結(jié)構(gòu)上類似主句的分句。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看評說分句插入關(guān)系分句中,關(guān)系分句的主語和謂語部分(prediction)被評說分句所分隔;但在語義上,關(guān)系分句本身還是這類評說分句的賓語。章振邦等教授在《A New English Grammar》中認(rèn)為,這種關(guān)系分句是嵌入在另一個分句結(jié)構(gòu)中,依附于另一分句結(jié)構(gòu),從而叫做嵌入式關(guān)系分句(embedded/telescoped relative clause)。

        綜上所述,評說分句在形式、語義、語用等方面有其個性,有其獨(dú)特之處,使之形成了別具一格的分句類型。它在語言交際中頗有色彩,尤其是在口語中,比較活躍。因此,對它的探討在語言研究中有著重要意義。

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