第八章　商務(wù)合同的翻譯

一、商務(wù)合同的概念

在英語中，合同一般稱為Contract。何謂“Contract”？1999年中國《合同法》第二條對(duì)Contract定義為：A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing,modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subject of equal footing,that is,between natural persons legal persons or other organizations．根據(jù)這一定義，合同平等主體之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。Steven H.Gifts編著的“Law Dictionary”中將contract定義為“contract is a promise or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.” 根據(jù)這一定義，合同是一種承諾，違反承諾可以得到法律救濟(jì)，某種意義上法律履行承諾也看成是一種責(zé)任。L.L.B Curzon在其編纂的字典“A Dictionary of Law”給contract的定義：“Contract is a legally binding agreement.”根據(jù)這一定義，合同就是有法律約束力的協(xié)議?？偠灾?，合同是用以規(guī)定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利與義務(wù)，預(yù)防與解決爭(zhēng)議的依據(jù)。

商務(wù)合同，按其繁簡(jiǎn)程度的不同，可以采用正式合同（CONTRACT）、協(xié)議書（AGREEMENT）、確認(rèn)書（CONFIRMATION）、備忘錄（MEMORANDUM）、訂單（ORDER）等書面形式。本章主要討論比較復(fù)雜的正式合同及協(xié)議書的翻譯。

無論是正式合同還是協(xié)議書，一般都包括以下條款；

● 合同名稱（TITLE）

● 前文（PREAMBLE）

A．合同當(dāng)事人的名稱或姓名、國籍、主營業(yè)所或住所（SIGNING PARTIES AND EACH PARTY’S AUTHORITY）

B．合同簽訂的日期和地點(diǎn)（DATE AND PLACE OF SIGNING）

C．訂約緣由（RECITALS OR WHEREAS CLAUSE）

D．合同的類型和合同標(biāo)的的種類、范圍（TYPE OF THE CONTRACT AND THE KIND,SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CONTRACT）

● 正文（BODY）

A．定義條款（DEFINITION CLAUSE）

包括合同標(biāo)的的技術(shù)條件、質(zhì)量、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)格、數(shù)量（TECHNICAL CONDITIONS,QUALITY,STANDARD,SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITIES OF THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CONTRACT）

B．基本條款（BASIC CONDITIONS）

包括價(jià)格條件、支付金額、支付方式和各種附帶的費(fèi)用（TERMS OF PRICE,AMOUNT AND WAY OF PAYMENT,AND VARIOUS ADDITIONAL CHARGE）

C．一般條款（GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS）

a）合同有效期限（Duration）

b）合同的終止（Termination）

c）不可抗力（Force Majeure）

d）合同的讓與（Assignment）

e）仲裁（Arbitration）

f）適用的法律（Governing Law）

g）訴訟管轄（Jurisdiction）

h）合同的修改（Amendment）

i）其他（others）

● 結(jié)尾條款（WITNESS CLAUSE）

A．合同使用的文字及其效力（LANGUAGE AND VALIDITY）

B．簽名（SIGNATURE）

C．蓋?。⊿EAL）

二、商務(wù)合同的條款解讀

各種商務(wù)合同中國際貿(mào)易銷售合同的條款較為復(fù)雜，現(xiàn)以其為例對(duì)具體合同條款解釋如下：

● CONTRACT DATE（簽約日期條款）

PROVISION（條款）：

This Agreement is made on [date].

本合同簽訂于【日期】。

說明：簽約日期通常是合同的生效日，除非合同中另作規(guī)定。如果據(jù)此確定交貨時(shí)間或付款時(shí)間，該日期就顯得格外重要。

在國際貿(mào)易中，應(yīng)記住日期的格式各國不盡相同。有些日寫在月前面，另一些則反之。為避免誤解，建議在寫簽約日時(shí)避免用數(shù)字表示月份。

● IDENTIFICATION OF PARTIES（合同方定義條款）

PROVISION：

This Agreement is made between [full name of party A] of [address of party A],a/an[description and nationality of party A],and [full name of party B] of [address of party B],a/an [description and nationality of party B].

【甲方的全稱】【地址】【性質(zhì)描述】【國籍】【“賣方”】和

【乙方的全稱】【地址】【性質(zhì)描述】【國籍】【“買方”】簽訂本合同。

說明：簽約方要受合同的約束，因此應(yīng)在此條款中列明各簽約方。為避免誤解，應(yīng)寫出全稱。簽約方的性質(zhì)（合伙企業(yè)、有限責(zé)任公司、非營利機(jī)構(gòu)等）也應(yīng)寫清。簽約前，應(yīng)確認(rèn)簽約方或其代表是否有權(quán)簽署該合同。

按照慣例，此處所說的地址為營業(yè)地址。如果某一方的營業(yè)地址超過一處，應(yīng)使用注冊(cè)地址或主要營業(yè)地址。若不另作說明，此條款中所列的地址將作為貨物、款項(xiàng)和相關(guān)通知的接收地址。

● GOODS—DESCRIPTION,QUANTITY,AND PRICE

（貨物——描述、數(shù)量和價(jià)格條款）

PROVISION：

SALE AND PURCHASE OF GOODS．The Seller agrees to sell to the Buyer,and the Buyer agrees to purchase from the Seller,goods（the“Goods”） that are [specify either as described in the attached Exhibit A,which is incorporated into this Agreement or of the following type for the price and quantity stated：

Model Number：

Description：

Quantity：

Price：

Item：

Total Price：

買方同意購買，賣方同意出售以下所述（或本合同附件1所述）

貨物：

型號(hào)：

描述：

數(shù)量：

價(jià)格：

細(xì)目：

總價(jià)：

說明：貨物條款包括了無論對(duì)國際合同還是國內(nèi)合同都至關(guān)重要的兩項(xiàng)條：貨物描述和價(jià)格。如果貨物描述表述不清或被遺漏，合同會(huì)因無法確定貨物而不能生效。明確的描述應(yīng)保證簽約各方對(duì)貨物的理解沒有偏差、歧義。可以用型號(hào)、圖紙和規(guī)格等方式描述貨物。對(duì)于多種貨物，應(yīng)列出詳細(xì)的貨物清單作為合同附件。

價(jià)格可以表示為總價(jià)或單價(jià)。如果簽約時(shí)貨物數(shù)量未能確定，則價(jià)格決定方式必須在合同中寫明。國際貿(mào)易中，為避免誤解，合同中所有的價(jià)格應(yīng)帶有幣種的縮寫，如HK$和US$。

貨物數(shù)量也是要項(xiàng)之一。如果合同包括一種以上的貨物，應(yīng)將每種貨物的數(shù)量分別列出。若貨物是以重量計(jì)算的，應(yīng)表明是凈重、干重或固形重量。

● PAYMENT TERMS（支付條款）

PROVISION：

TERMS OF PAYMENT．The Buyer will pay the purchase price [specify e.g.，on or before（date）or not later than（number）days before the Delivery Date]．The payment must be remitted to the Seller at [the address stated above or specify other address]．The payment must be made in [currency] by means of [instrument of transfer].

在【日期】之前或發(fā)貨前一天，買方向賣方支付貨款【金額】。付款必須以【幣種】形式通過【支付手段】匯至如下【地址】。

說明：在一次性交易中，通常的情形是：賣方希望在發(fā)貨之前獲得貨款，而買方希望在付款之前順利地得到貨物。雙方應(yīng)通過談判達(dá)成一項(xiàng)折中方案，并制定出相應(yīng)的保護(hù)性條款以降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

在國際貿(mào)易合同中，必須明確定義貨幣種類和支付手段。應(yīng)選用穩(wěn)定的可兌換貨幣，這可以在一定程度上抵御匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)選用保證安全的支付手段，如：跟單信用證、付款交單、電匯和遠(yuǎn)期信用證等。

● COSTS AND CHARGES（費(fèi)用條款）

PROVISION：

COSTS AND CHARGES．The buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods：[list]．The seller is responsible for the following costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods：[list].

在貨物的銷售和運(yùn)輸過程中，買賣雙方承擔(dān)的費(fèi)用如下：【列表】

說明：與貨物銷售相關(guān)的任何一項(xiàng)費(fèi)用都應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定由哪方承擔(dān)。即使某一方承擔(dān)費(fèi)用的責(zé)任可以用某種貿(mào)易術(shù)語表示，也應(yīng)詳細(xì)闡述雙方的責(zé)任。可能發(fā)生費(fèi)用的項(xiàng)目包括：進(jìn)出口關(guān)稅、運(yùn)費(fèi)、廣告費(fèi)和有關(guān)的許可證費(fèi)用等。

● PACKAGING ARRANGEMENTS（包裝條款）

PROVISION：

PACKAGING ARRANGEMENTS．The Seller has discretion in packaging the goods,provided that the packaging must withstand transportation,prevent damage to the goods during transport,and comply with the following requirements：[specify,e.g.，product warning and origin marking laws of the Buyer’country,as set forth in Exhibit A annexed to this Agreement]．The Seller will endeavor to complete all packaging within time for the Delivery Date．If there is any delay,the Seller will immediately notify the Buyer of the delay,the expected time for completion,and the reason for the delay．The Buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the Seller for a new Delivery Date,which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this Agreement,or to notify the Seller that the Agreement is terminated.

貨物的包裝將由賣方負(fù)責(zé)。包裝應(yīng)防止貨物在長途運(yùn)輸中受到損壞，并符合以下要求：【例如：標(biāo)明產(chǎn)品的警示和產(chǎn)地，如本合同附件A所示】。賣方應(yīng)盡力在交貨期之前完成貨物的包裝。如無法完成，應(yīng)立即通知買方，并同時(shí)告之拖延的原因和預(yù)計(jì)完成日期。買方將選擇是終止合同，或是與賣方重新確定交貨日期并以書面形式確認(rèn)對(duì)合同的修改。

說明：此條款應(yīng)向賣方提出對(duì)包裝的最低要求。如有必要，特殊要求也應(yīng)在條款中說明。貨物的包裝需要考慮到運(yùn)輸、入境、農(nóng)業(yè)、環(huán)境、航海、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和消費(fèi)者的法律、法規(guī)等諸多因素。此外，包裝還將涉及到獲得許可、安排檢驗(yàn)、使用正確的包裝方式和標(biāo)識(shí)、提供保險(xiǎn)證明以及出示供報(bào)關(guān)使用的單據(jù)。

合同雙方也可約定買方將在買方國內(nèi)對(duì)貨物進(jìn)行包裝。在這種情況下，賣方應(yīng)堅(jiān)持在合同中寫入有關(guān)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和第三者責(zé)任的保護(hù)條款。

● TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY OF GOODS（裝運(yùn)條款）

PROVISION：

DELIVERY AND TRANSPORT OF GOODS．The Goods will be delivered [trade term,e.g.，F(xiàn).O.B.] [place] on or before [date]（“Delivery Date”）．The Seller will deliver the Goods in a single shipment．The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the Seller’s discretion．The Seller will make every effort to commence transport of the Goods so that they will arrive by the Delivery Date.

If there is any delay,the Seller will immediately notify the Buyer of the delay,the expected time for delivery,and the reason for the delay．The Buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the Seller for a new Delivery Date,which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this Agreement,or to notify the Seller that the Agreement is terminated.

賣方應(yīng)于【發(fā)運(yùn)日期】前將合同的貨物一次運(yùn)至【貿(mào)易術(shù)語，如FOB】【地點(diǎn)】。運(yùn)輸方式由賣方?jīng)Q定。賣方應(yīng)盡量將貨物按時(shí)運(yùn)抵交貨地。如有延誤，賣方應(yīng)及時(shí)通知買方以及預(yù)期到達(dá)的時(shí)間和延誤的原因。買方有權(quán)選擇重新談判，確定新的交貨期，或是終止合同。對(duì)合同的修改應(yīng)以書面形式加以確認(rèn)。

說明：國際貨物銷售合同普遍使用貿(mào)易術(shù)語——通常是依據(jù)由國際商會(huì)于巴黎制定的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》——以界定運(yùn)輸中買賣雙方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用。盡管貿(mào)易術(shù)語已被標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，但在實(shí)際運(yùn)作中，其含義卻可能發(fā)生變化。貿(mào)易術(shù)語的精確定義對(duì)合同是至關(guān)重要的。

如果你的合同不使用《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》，只需在裝運(yùn)條款中寫明承運(yùn)人、交貨地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間，以及何方負(fù)擔(dān)運(yùn)費(fèi)。若涉及多個(gè)承運(yùn)人或?qū)\(yùn)輸有特殊要求，應(yīng)在本條款中詳細(xì)說明。

根據(jù)價(jià)格條件和服務(wù)水平來指定承運(yùn)人是一種明智的方法。然而，一旦某個(gè)承運(yùn)人被指定，你有可能被迫使用一些不利條款。所以，盡管有所傾向，承運(yùn)人的指定應(yīng)保留一定的靈活性。另一種方法是指定某一種類型的承運(yùn)人，尤其是在貨物要求特殊的運(yùn)輸方式時(shí)。運(yùn)輸條款中還應(yīng)對(duì)在發(fā)運(yùn)前或運(yùn)輸途中有關(guān)貨物存放的特殊要求予以明確，例如：安全措施、氣候要求和壞天氣時(shí)的保護(hù)。

合同各方還應(yīng)達(dá)成通知條款，尤其是無法立即發(fā)貨時(shí)。這樣，賣方可能被要求在貨物備妥裝運(yùn)或提取時(shí)通知買方，特別是當(dāng)貨物易變質(zhì)或價(jià)值易波動(dòng)時(shí)。如果你的交易對(duì)時(shí)間要求嚴(yán)格，你還應(yīng)多次提供通知，以便跟蹤貨物情況和采取措施以降低遲交貨的損失。

● INSURANCE（保險(xiǎn)條款）

PROVISION：

INSURANCE．The [Buyer/Seller] will obtain and pay,on its own account,for all insurance on the Goods while in transit,provided that the insurance obtained will include for the protection of the [Seller/Buyer] coverage for the following：[specify]．Evidence of this insurance,in the form of a copy of the policy or other statement provided by the insurer,will be provided to the [Seller/Buyer] before the Goods are shipped．Each party is responsible for obtaining on its own account any other insurance coverage for the Goods that he/she may desire.

由【買方/賣方】投保貨物運(yùn)輸中的保險(xiǎn)并承擔(dān)費(fèi)用，投保的險(xiǎn)種應(yīng)包括：【具體描述】。作為保險(xiǎn)的憑證，保單或保險(xiǎn)人提供的聲明的副本應(yīng)在貨物發(fā)運(yùn)前，提交給【買方/賣方】。各方將按照各自的意愿為貨物投保，費(fèi)用自負(fù)。

說明：你應(yīng)在該條款中說明險(xiǎn)種、受益人、由哪方投保、哪方承擔(dān)費(fèi)用和對(duì)投保日期的要求。你還應(yīng)就滿意的保單格式與對(duì)方達(dá)成一致。

● TITLE TO GOODS（貨物的物權(quán)條款）

PROVISION：

TITLE TO GOODS．Title to the Goods will pass to the Buyer at the time the Goods are delivered to [place]，provided the Buyer has transmitted payment to the Seller by that time.

如果此時(shí)買方已向賣方付款，貨物的物權(quán)將在貨物運(yùn)抵【地點(diǎn)】時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移給買方。

說明：這是一項(xiàng)重要的條款，因?yàn)槿糌浳镌谶\(yùn)輸途中丟失，物權(quán)的所有方將承擔(dān)損失。通常規(guī)定在賣方向買方交貨時(shí)，物權(quán)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移。這樣，如果買方到賣方的營業(yè)地提取并運(yùn)送貨物，買方將承擔(dān)貨物在運(yùn)輸途中丟失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；如果貨物由賣方運(yùn)送，物權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移可能發(fā)生在整個(gè)運(yùn)輸途中的任何時(shí)刻，甚至在買方的門前，這取決于雙方在合同中的約定。各方應(yīng)保證在擁有物權(quán)的全過程中貨物是被投保的——或者承擔(dān)丟失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

● IMPORT/EXPORT DOCUMENTATION（進(jìn)出口文件條款）

PROVISION：

IMPORT/EXPORT DOCUMENTATION．The Seller will be responsible for obtaining,completing,and presenting to [country] customs all export documentation and fees required for clearance,including the following：[list].The Buyer will be responsible for obtaining,completing,and presenting to [country] customs all import documentation and fees required for clearance,including the following：[list]．The Buyer must notify the Seller that all import requirements have been met．The Seller is not requited to ship the Goods until the Buyer furnishes the Seller with proof that the import requirements and fees have been or will be timely met．If shipment is delayed because the Buyer fails to furnish such proof timely,the Seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract.

賣方負(fù)責(zé)申請(qǐng)和向【國家名】海關(guān)出示全部出口許可文件，并支付必要的報(bào)關(guān)費(fèi)用，具體如下【清單】。買方負(fù)責(zé)申請(qǐng)和向【國家名】海關(guān)出示全部進(jìn)口文件，并支付必要的報(bào)關(guān)費(fèi)用，具體如下【清單】。買方必須通知賣方已按要求取得全部進(jìn)口許可文件。在買方向賣方提供全部進(jìn)口許可文件已經(jīng)得到或?qū)磿r(shí)得到的憑證之前，賣方可以不履行發(fā)貨。如果由于買方未能按時(shí)提供類似的憑證而導(dǎo)致賣方延遲交貨，賣方將不被視作違約。

說明：貨物能否發(fā)運(yùn)，甚至合同能否生效可能取決于合同雙方取得必要的進(jìn)出口許可、檢驗(yàn)證明和其他授權(quán)書。因此取得全套文件——包括用于清關(guān)/報(bào)關(guān)的批文和買賣合同貨物的許可是至關(guān)重要的。

在本條款中，最好根據(jù)操作的難易程度劃分合同雙方報(bào)關(guān)的責(zé)任——賣方負(fù)責(zé)出口國的報(bào)關(guān)，買方負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)口國的報(bào)關(guān)。本條款也可改為由某一方負(fù)責(zé)所有的報(bào)關(guān)手續(xù)。

● INVOICES（發(fā)票條款）

PROVISION：

INVOICES．The Seller will issue provisional invoices and final invoices for the shipment of the Goods．The invoices must specifically describe the Goods,the quantity of the Goods,and the price of the Goods.

賣方應(yīng)出具臨時(shí)發(fā)票和用于發(fā)貨的最終發(fā)票。發(fā)票應(yīng)包括貨物描述、貨物數(shù)量和價(jià)格等內(nèi)容。

說明：在國際貿(mào)易中，發(fā)票的作用是確認(rèn)發(fā)貨、通知發(fā)貨和用于報(bào)關(guān)。合同中還應(yīng)規(guī)定發(fā)票需符合買方國或賣方國法律、法規(guī)的要求，最好將這些要求在合同的附件中列出。

● RE-EXPORTATION PROHIBITION（禁止再出口條款）

PROVISION：

RE-EXPORTATION．The Buyer covenants that the Goods will be shipped to and delivered in [country] and that the Buyer will not ship or deliver the Goods to any other country,nor will the Buyer re-export the Goods after delivery in [country].

買方保證將貨物運(yùn)至【國家名】而非其他國家，并保證在貨物運(yùn)抵【國家名】后不再出口。

說明：對(duì)于貨物涉及進(jìn)出口管制或貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)的合同，本條款是特別重要的。根據(jù)某些國家的法律，例如美國，如果一筆交易的買方將貨物轉(zhuǎn)而運(yùn)往賣方國所禁止的第三國，賣方將在自己的國家內(nèi)以犯罪論處。如果賣方了解或理應(yīng)了解隨后的再出口，賣方可能會(huì)受到處罰。所以，如果賣方懷疑貨物將被買方發(fā)運(yùn)或再出口至某個(gè)禁止出口國，賣方應(yīng)徹底避免這筆交易。本條款可以改為允許再出口至指定的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)不受管制的國家。

● INSPECTION RIGHTS（檢驗(yàn)權(quán)條款）

PROVISION：

INSPECTIONS．The Buyer is entitled to inspect,or to have its agent inspect,the Goods at the [Seller’s place of business or point of shipping]．The Seller will pay return freight charges and will replace Goods that the Buyer or its agent rejects with Goods that meet the description and specifications set forth in this Agreement．On completion of the inspection and acceptance of the Goods,the Buyer or its agent will execute a certificate of inspection and acceptance．The inspection and execution of the certificate will be at the Buyer’s cost．The Buyer’s failure toinspect the Goods will constitute a waiver of the right of inspection,and the Buyer will be deemed to have accepted the Goods as delivered.

買方或其代理有權(quán)到【賣方的營業(yè)地或發(fā)貨地】檢驗(yàn)貨物。賣方應(yīng)將被買方或其代理拒收的貨物按照合同要求的予以更換，并承擔(dān)全部運(yùn)費(fèi)。檢驗(yàn)和驗(yàn)收結(jié)束后，買方或其代理將出具檢驗(yàn)和驗(yàn)收證書。檢驗(yàn)和出證的費(fèi)用將由買方承擔(dān)。買方不執(zhí)行檢驗(yàn)表示買方放棄檢驗(yàn)權(quán)且買方接受發(fā)運(yùn)的貨物。

說明：買方應(yīng)堅(jiān)持發(fā)貨前的檢驗(yàn)權(quán)以確認(rèn)貨物滿足合同要求。條款中應(yīng)列明執(zhí)行檢驗(yàn)人（買方、代理人、中立的第三方或是持證檢驗(yàn)員）、檢驗(yàn)地（賣方工廠、買方倉庫或收貨碼頭）和檢驗(yàn)時(shí)間。

● WARRANTIES（擔(dān)保條款）

PROVISION：

EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES．The Seller expressly warrants that the Goods ate free from all defects of material,workmanship,or installation．Within [number] days after delivery,the Seller will replace free of all charges,including the cost of transportation,any part of the Goods found defective．Except as expressly stated in this agreement,the Seller does not warrant the GOODS IN ANY MANNER AT ALL．Implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose or of merchantability are disclaimed．The Goods are sold“as is”and the Buyer understands and agrees that no reliance has been placed on The Seller’s skill and judgment to select or furnish goods for any particular purpose.

賣方明確擔(dān)保貨物的材料、制造和安裝沒有任何缺陷。發(fā)貨后【天數(shù)】天內(nèi)，如發(fā)現(xiàn)缺陷，賣方應(yīng)免費(fèi)更換缺陷部件并承擔(dān)全部費(fèi)用。賣方不承擔(dān)在本合同明確規(guī)定以外的任何形式的擔(dān)保。對(duì)貨物的特殊用途和適銷性默示擔(dān)保將予以排除。貨物“按現(xiàn)狀”出售，買方理解并認(rèn)可賣方對(duì)貨物特殊用途或適銷性缺乏判斷能力。

說明：在貨物的適銷性或質(zhì)量方面，賣方可以提供有限擔(dān)?；驘o限擔(dān)保，也可能根本不提供擔(dān)保。擔(dān)保的條件應(yīng)在合同中明確說明。某些國家的法律承認(rèn)貨物的默示擔(dān)保，除非賣方明確地予以排除。《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》也認(rèn)可默示擔(dān)保。由于執(zhí)行的難度，建議合同各方在擔(dān)保條款的段落簽字。

● INDEMNITY（賠償條款）

PROVISION：

INDEMNIFICATION OF BUYER．Provided the Buyer has not altered the Goods or the packaging of the Goods in any manner before sale,the Seller will defend any suit for damages brought against the Buyer based on a defect in the materials,design,or manufacturing of the Goods or on patent or trademark infringement in connection with the sale or use of the Goods．If an action is brought against the Buyer,it will promptly notify the Seller．The Seller will indemnify the Buyer against any liability,damage,or expenses incurred in connection with any such suit and will pay any judgment entered against the Buyer in such suit.

如果買方在銷售之前未曾變動(dòng)貨物或其包裝，那么賣方應(yīng)對(duì)任何因貨物的材料、設(shè)計(jì)、制造方面的缺陷或?qū)＠?商標(biāo)侵權(quán)行為，對(duì)買方在銷售或使用中造成的損害而面臨起訴的情況負(fù)責(zé)。如果買方被提起訴訟，應(yīng)立即通知賣方。賣方應(yīng)對(duì)買方與該訴訟有關(guān)的任何責(zé)任、損失和費(fèi)用予以賠償并支付買方判決的費(fèi)用。

說明：此賠償條款是可選項(xiàng)。如果發(fā)生賠償，賣方應(yīng)堅(jiān)持貨物及其包裝、標(biāo)識(shí)和標(biāo)志在銷售前是未曾改動(dòng)的。如果買方未經(jīng)賣方同意對(duì)貨物進(jìn)行改動(dòng)，賠償將被取消。

● INTELLECTUAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS（知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)條款）

PROVISION：

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION．The Buyer understands that the Seller owns the exclusive rights in the designs,patents,trademarks,trade names,and company names（the “Intellectual Property”） used in connection with the Seller’s Goods．The Buyer is given no rights in any of the Seller’s Intellectual Property．The Buyer will not use the Seller’s Intellectual Property as if it were the Buyer’s own property,nor will the Buyer register the Seller’s Intellectual Property in any country as if it were the Buyer’s own．The Buyer acknowledges that its unauthorized use or registration of the Seller’s Intellectual Property,or of any intellectual property that is confusingly or deceptively similar to the Seller’s Intellectual Property,will be deemed an infringement of the Seller’s exclusive rights.

買方理解賣方獨(dú)家擁有所售貨物的設(shè)計(jì)、專利、商標(biāo)、貿(mào)易名稱和公司名稱（“知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”）。買方不擁有任何賣方的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。買方既不會(huì)使用也不會(huì)在任何國家注冊(cè)賣方的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。買方理解未經(jīng)授權(quán)使用或注冊(cè)賣方的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)或具有迷惑性和欺詐性的類似的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，都將構(gòu)成對(duì)賣方獨(dú)家權(quán)利的侵害。

說明：針對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)、商標(biāo)、服務(wù)標(biāo)志、貿(mào)易名稱、專利和設(shè)計(jì)等侵權(quán)行為應(yīng)在當(dāng)事各方建立關(guān)系之始予以盡可能的防范。相對(duì)于引起的損失，現(xiàn)有的針對(duì)侵權(quán)行為的法律補(bǔ)救方法是不夠的，所以建議采用損害賠償條款。

● TIMELY PERFORMANCE（按時(shí)履行合同條款）

PROVISION：

TIME．The patties agree that [specify,e.g.，time is of the essence or timely performance of this Agreement is important,provided that if a party fails to perform on time,the parties will strive to renegotiate the terms].

合同各方同意【如：按時(shí)履行本合同是重要的，或若一方無法按時(shí)執(zhí)行該合同，各方應(yīng)盡力重新進(jìn)行談判】。

說明：在美國，合同各方通常在合同中寫明按時(shí)履行合同是重要的。這樣一方可僅憑對(duì)方未能在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)履行合同而認(rèn)定其違反合同。在另外一些國家，此類條款就不很重要，因?yàn)楹贤鳟?dāng)事方通常的做法是取消或修改合同條款，而不是為違反合同的損失提出起訴。在此列出這一可選條款，可以修改這一條款以便反映國際上的通常做法。

● CONDITIONS PRECEDENT（先決條件條款）

PROVISION：

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT．This Agreement is subject to [specify,e.g.，the issuance of an import license to the Buyer by the appropriate agency of（country）government and the issuance of an export license to the Seller by the appropriate agency of（country）government].

【國家名】政府機(jī)構(gòu)向買方頒發(fā)進(jìn)口許可證和【國家名】政府機(jī)構(gòu)向賣方頒發(fā)出口許可證后，本合同方可生效。

說明：應(yīng)在合同中寫明每一項(xiàng)當(dāng)事方履行合同義務(wù)的先決條件。如果合同依賴某些條件的發(fā)生，那么為明確意圖，最好將可令合同終止的條件全部列出。

● CANCELLATION（取消合同條款）

PROVISION：

RIGHT TO CANCEL．The Buyer has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Seller fails[specify,e.g.,to ship all or any of the Goods on time]．The Seller has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Buyer fails [specify,e.g.,to make any payment required by this Agreement within（number）days of its clue date]．If either party notifies the other party that it will not,or is unable to,perform this Agreement,the party receiving notice is entitled to cancel the Agreement．To make the cancellation effective,the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the Agreement is deemed canceled．The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of nonperformance.

如果賣方未能【如：按時(shí)發(fā)運(yùn)全部或部分貨物】，買方有權(quán)取消本合同；如果買方未能【如：在規(guī)定的（天數(shù)）天內(nèi)支付合同要求的款項(xiàng)】，賣方有權(quán)取消本合同。如果合同的一方向?qū)Ψ桨l(fā)出將不再或無法履行合同的通知，收到通知的一方有權(quán)取消合同。為使取消合同的行為生效，尋求取消的一方應(yīng)通知另一方。收到該通知之日便是合同取消之日。

說明：如果任何一方都有權(quán)取消合同，應(yīng)明確寫出行使該權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)，并要求書面通知。取消合同權(quán)條款向合同的一方提供了一種不必一定通過法律程序達(dá)到滿意結(jié)果的補(bǔ)救方法。

● FORCE MAJEURE（不可抗力條款）

PROVISION：

FORCE MAJEURE．This Agreement will be deemed canceled,and neither party will have any liability to the other for losses resulting from nonperformance,if delivery is prevented by causes beyond the control of the Seller．Such causes include,but ate not limited to,acts of nature,labor disputes,failure of essential means of transportation,or changes in policy with respect to exports Or imports by the [country] government or the [country] government.

如果由于賣方不可控制的原因?qū)е聼o法發(fā)貨，本合同將被取消，合同當(dāng)事方對(duì)于不履行合同給對(duì)方造成的損失不負(fù)任何責(zé)任。這樣的原因包括但不限于：自然現(xiàn)象、勞工糾紛、主要運(yùn)輸方式的停運(yùn)和【國家名】或【國家名】進(jìn)出口政策的變更。

說明：作為所有的合同的共有條款，不可抗力條款只是闡述了合同各方的明確意圖：即如果自然災(zāi)害或合同各方無法控制的災(zāi)難阻止了合同的履行，合同將被取消。

● LIQUIDATED DAMAGES（損失賠償條款）

PROVISION：

LIQUIDATED DAMAGES．Each party understands that a breach of this Agreement will cause the nonbreaching party damages that will be difficult to calculate in terms of sales,markets,and goodwill lost．It is agreed that the parties have considered what would be a reasonable estimate of the damages each would suffer if the other were to breach this Agreement．If the Seller cannot deliver the Goods for any reason other than by fault of the Buyer,the Seller will pay to the Buyer as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount]．If the Buyer fails to furnish shipping instructions,wrongfully refuses to accept the Goods,or fails to pay the amount due on time,the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount]．If the Buyer infringes the Seller’s Intellectual Property,the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount] for each day of continued use．Payment of liquidated damages will not,in any way,affect the Seller’s rights to enjoin the Buyer’s continued use of the Seller’s Intellectual Property.

合同各方理解任何違約行為都將使非過錯(cuò)一方在銷售、市場(chǎng)或良好愿望方面遭受難以計(jì)算的損失。合同各方同意考慮用一種合理的方式來估價(jià)一方因另一方違約而遭受的損失。如果賣方因?yàn)槟承┎荒軞w咎于買方的過錯(cuò)而未能發(fā)貨，賣方將向買方支付【金額】作為損失賠償。如果買方未能發(fā)出運(yùn)輸指令、錯(cuò)誤地拒收貨物或不按時(shí)付款，買方將向賣方支付【金額】作為損失賠償。如果買方侵犯了賣方的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，買方為每一天的侵權(quán)行為將向賣方支付【金額】的損失賠償。支付了損失賠償將不影響賣方的禁止買方使用賣方的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的權(quán)利。

說明：應(yīng)根據(jù)違約所造成的預(yù)期或?qū)嶋H損失合理地確定賠償?shù)臄?shù)額。通常損失賠償?shù)娜∽C是困難和不易操作的，并且由于如不加以禁止損害將繼續(xù)發(fā)生，因此損失賠償是一種不完全的補(bǔ)救方法。

● ARBITRATION（仲裁條款）

PROVISION：

ARBITRATION．Except when liquidated damages apply,if a dispute arises between the parties to this Agreement with regard to any of the provisions or the performance of any terms and conditions of this Agreement,the dispute will be settled by [binding/nonbinding] arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the [name of arbitration rules] in [location].

除采用損失賠償外，因執(zhí)行本合同發(fā)生的或與本合同的條款有關(guān)的爭(zhēng)議，可在【地點(diǎn)】根據(jù)【仲裁規(guī)則】通過【約束性的/非約束性的】仲裁予以解決。

說明：仲裁可作為通過法律訴訟解決合同糾紛的變通方法。仲裁的程序要比法庭審判簡(jiǎn)單，但也是允許雙方向中立人或小組申辯以尋求客觀的裁決。在解決商業(yè)糾紛方面這種方式因比法律訴訟更溫和、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更迅速而得以更廣泛的應(yīng)用。

仲裁并非被所有的國家采用。例如，在墨西哥仲裁就很少被采用；在亞洲，仲裁幾乎和訴訟一樣不受歡迎。而且，一些國家還認(rèn)為仲裁裁決和其他的管轄權(quán)沒有區(qū)別。所以建議在考慮采用仲裁解決合同爭(zhēng)端之前，征求有關(guān)律師的意見。

● GOVERNING LAW AND CHOICE OF FORUM（適用法律條款）

PROVISION：

FORUM AND GOVERNING LAW．The parties understand and agree that the laws of[location] will be applied to interpret this Agreement．This Agreement [is/is not] to beinterpreted by application of the United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods．Any action filed to resolve a dispute between the parties must be brought in [location].

雙方同意本合同適用【地點(diǎn)】的法律?！堵?lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》將【適用/不適用】于本合同。任何旨在解決雙方糾紛的行為應(yīng)在：【地點(diǎn)】進(jìn)行。

說明：選擇具體的適用法律可以控制合同條款的解釋。你所選擇的法律通常會(huì)影響到起訴或執(zhí)行管轄權(quán)的地點(diǎn)、適用何種法律、法規(guī)和程序。如果你在自己的國家提出訴訟，必然熟悉律師和商業(yè)法，這樣的經(jīng)歷與在陌生的國度，遵守陌生的法律、法規(guī)或程序，依靠外國律師提出訴訟是完全不同的。

● AMENDMENTS TO CONTRACT（合同的修改條款）

PROVISION：

MODIFICATIONS AND WAIVERS．All modifications of this Agreement must be in writing and signed by the parties or their authorized agents．If a party waives any of its rights under this Agreement to make a claim for breach,that waiver will have no effect with regard to the party’s Tight to enforce the Agreement as to any subsequent breach.

合同的修改必須以書面形式確立并經(jīng)各方或其授權(quán)代表簽字。如果一方放棄了某項(xiàng)對(duì)違約的索賠權(quán)，這種放棄并不影響該合同方對(duì)隨后的違約行為行使合同權(quán)利。

說明：本條款是合同的通用條款。本條款將有效地防止了口頭修改合同，而且如果以口頭或書面形式放棄了某種權(quán)利，還將防止對(duì)其他權(quán)利亦被放棄的期待。

● INUREMENT AND ASSIGNMENT（生效和轉(zhuǎn)讓條款）

PROVISION：

INUREMENT AND ASSIGNMENT．This Agreement binds,and inures to the benefit of,the parties,their successors,and assignees,subject to the limitations of any assignment．Neither party may assign the rights or delegate the performance of its duties under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party.

本合同對(duì)各當(dāng)事方、其繼承人和符合規(guī)定的轉(zhuǎn)讓人有效并具有約束力。未經(jīng)另一方預(yù)先的書面認(rèn)可，不得轉(zhuǎn)讓或委派本合同項(xiàng)下的權(quán)利和責(zé)任。

說明：在一次性銷售中，合同當(dāng)事方不可能有時(shí)間將合同轉(zhuǎn)讓他人。然而，對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治不穩(wěn)定時(shí)期的國際貿(mào)易，本條款的作用就十分突出了。

● SEVERABILITY（分離條款）

PROVISION：

SEVERABILITY OF PROVISIONS．If any provision of this Agreement is held invalid or unenforceable for any reason,that provision is fully separable,and will be deemed separated from,the rest of this Agreement．The remaining provisions will be valid and enforceable as if the invalid or unenforceable provision were not part of this Agreement.

如果由于某些原因，本合同的任何條款失效或無法執(zhí)行，該條款是完全可分離的并且應(yīng)該與合同的其余部分分離。如同那些失效的、無法執(zhí)行的條款不屬于本合同一樣，合同的余下條款仍是有效的、可執(zhí)行的。

說明：應(yīng)將這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款寫入合同，以保證單獨(dú)的條款可以從合同刪除而不影響整體合同的有效性。

● INTEGRATION（整體性條款）

PROVISION：

ENTIRE AGREEMENT．This Agreement is the entire understanding between the parties．The Seller is not bound by any statements,representations,promises,or inducements,regardless of whether made by the Seller,an agent,or employee,unless it is set forth in this Agreement．The Buyer specifically agrees that no reliance has been placed on any representations other than the provisions contained in this Agreement.

本合同的擬定建立在雙方完全相互理解的基礎(chǔ)之上。除非寫入本合同，否則賣方或其代理人、雇員所做的任何聲明、陳述、承諾和勸說不能作為對(duì)賣方的約束。買方完全同意，不信賴本合同條款以外的任何陳述。

說明：國際貿(mào)易中，有關(guān)各方在確立貿(mào)易關(guān)系之前，通常會(huì)在各種商務(wù)和社交場(chǎng)合進(jìn)行接觸。這一條款的重要性在于向各當(dāng)事方強(qiáng)調(diào)：無論在談判中做出何種聲明，書面文字構(gòu)成了最終合同。

● NOTICES（通知條款）

PROVISION：

To give notice pursuant to this Agreement,a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this Agreement．Notice is deemed to be given at the time it is received．A party must notify the other party in writing of any change in address within[number] days of the effective date of the change.

有關(guān)本合同的通知必須按合同所列的地址發(fā)送對(duì)方。收到通知之時(shí)應(yīng)視為通知已送達(dá)。如果一方的地址發(fā)生變更，應(yīng)在【天數(shù)】天之內(nèi)通知對(duì)方。

說明：盡管不是基本條款，但本條款對(duì)于澄清可接受的程序是重要的。本條款還要求書面通知，因此任何口頭通知在生效前必須以書面形式確認(rèn)。

● AUTHORITY TO BIND PARTY TO CONTRACT（簽約授權(quán)條款）

PROVISION：

BINDING AUTHORITY．The parties warrant to each other that each has legal capacity to enter into and be bound by the terms of this Agreement.

合同各方相互保證，擁有參與本合同的合法權(quán)利。

說明：無論當(dāng)事方是個(gè)人還是實(shí)體，應(yīng)在合同中加入本條款以確保簽約人擁有授權(quán)。如果簽字人未經(jīng)授權(quán)，合同可能被認(rèn)定無效。如果當(dāng)事方是個(gè)人，他（她）必須擁有簽約的法定能力（如法定年齡，精神狀況）；如果當(dāng)事方是實(shí)體，簽字人必須是授權(quán)代表。如果合同的履行超過了一次性交易，外國公司代表的授權(quán)必須附帶一份由該國政府機(jī)構(gòu)出具的授權(quán)證明。如果該外國公司是有限責(zé)任公司或類似實(shí)體，授權(quán)應(yīng)經(jīng)由公司決策機(jī)構(gòu)（如董事會(huì)）通過。外國公司也可能向你要求同樣的授權(quán)證明。合同中應(yīng)提出對(duì)滿意的授權(quán)證明的要求。

● INDEPENDENT COUNSEL（獨(dú)立法律建議條款）

PROVISION：

INDEPENDENT LEGAL ADVICE．Each party acknowledges that it has been advised and has been given the opportunity to obtain independent advice regarding the legal,tax,and accounting issues and consequences of this Agreement．The parties further acknowledge that they have been given the opportunity to make their own separate judgments,and each is relying solely on its own review and that of its own advisors regarding the rights,obligations,liabilities,and consequences of this agreement.

各當(dāng)事方承認(rèn)已被建議并有機(jī)會(huì)獲取有關(guān)法律、稅費(fèi)、財(cái)務(wù)和本合同之后果等問題的獨(dú)立建議。各方還承認(rèn)有機(jī)會(huì)做出各自的判斷，有關(guān)本合同的權(quán)利、義務(wù)、責(zé)任和后果，各方依從于自己或本方顧問的觀點(diǎn)。

說明：國際合同的各當(dāng)事方遵守不同的法律，通常一方比另一方更具商業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。為執(zhí)行合同，建議將本條款寫入合同，以表示各當(dāng)事方有權(quán)得到本合同的權(quán)利、義務(wù)方面的獨(dú)立的法律建議。

● LEGAL COSTS AND FEES（法律費(fèi)用條款）

PROVISION：

COSTSANDATTORN EYS’ FEES．Costs and attorneys’ fees may be sought by the prevailing party in a legal action if（1）either party to this Agreement is required to employ legal counsel,to incur other expenses to enforce any obligation of the other party,or to defend against any claim,demand,action,or proceeding because the other party fails to perform any obligation imposed by this Agreement；（2）a legal action is filed by or against a party to this Agreement；and（3）the action or its settlement establishes the default of the other party．In such event,the prevailing party is entitled to recover from the other party the amount of all reasonable attorneys’ fees and all other expenses incurred in the enforcement or defense．These fees and expenses are recoverable regardless of whether they were incurred prior to,in preparation for,in contemplation of,during,or after the filing of the action.

如果（1）因一方當(dāng)事人未能履行合同義務(wù)而使另一方雇用律師以強(qiáng)制違約一方履行合同義務(wù)，為任何索賠請(qǐng)求、訴訟或是其他程序的辯護(hù)而支付的額外費(fèi)用；（2）訴訟是由遵守合同或是違反合同的當(dāng)事方引起的；（3）訴訟或解決方法確定了一方的違約。在這種情況下勝訴方有權(quán)要求對(duì)方賠償所有合理的律師費(fèi)和所有執(zhí)行或辯護(hù)的費(fèi)用。發(fā)生于訴訟的每個(gè)階段（前期、準(zhǔn)備、策劃、過程當(dāng)中和完成）的費(fèi)用都應(yīng)得到賠償。

說明：關(guān)于法律費(fèi)用和律師費(fèi)的補(bǔ)償，各國法律有不同的規(guī)定。在一些國家，勝訴一方的大部分訴訟都將從對(duì)方獲得補(bǔ)償；而在另一些國家，只有幾類訴訟能夠得到補(bǔ)償，如失誤、錯(cuò)誤和欺詐的訴訟。即使沒有法律默示這一權(quán)利，法庭通常將執(zhí)行對(duì)法律費(fèi)用和律師費(fèi)已加以明確規(guī)定的協(xié)議。

● ACCEPTANCE AND EXECUTION（接受和執(zhí)行條款）

PROVISION：

ACCEPTANCE．To accept this offer,the Buyer must sign and return it without any modifications to the Seller,who must receive it no later than [date]．The Seller is entitled to revoke this offer at any time before receipt of acceptance.

Signed this [date]

By：[signature of officer or agent]

Seller/[title of seller’s representative] for Seller

Accepted on [date]

By：[signature of officer or agent]

Buyer/ [title of buyer’s representative] for Buyer

如接受本協(xié)議，買方應(yīng)在本協(xié)議簽字并于【日期】之前將本協(xié)議不加修改地寄至賣方。在收到買方的接受之前，賣方有權(quán)撤回報(bào)價(jià)。

　　　　買方　　　　　　　　　賣方

　　　　日期：___________　　日期：___________

　　　　簽名：___________　　簽名：___________

　　　　職務(wù)：___________　　職務(wù)：___________

說明：如果報(bào)價(jià)條款中規(guī)定了接受方式，必須與規(guī)定一致，否則合同將不成立。本條款要求不加修改的接受，這表示“接受”方的任何修改都構(gòu)成事實(shí)上的還盤。

三、商務(wù)合同的語言特點(diǎn)分析

合同文本不同于文學(xué)作品也不同于日常會(huì)話，不可能使用諺語、俚語等，也不可能借助于華麗的辭藻和形象的修辭手法如夸張、擬人、比喻等手法表情達(dá)意。所以，商務(wù)合同中的語言用詞是冷靜的，要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)莊重、清楚準(zhǔn)確，切忌情緒型詞匯。

1.Diction

● 多使用正式或法律用語。例如：

1）At the request of Party B,Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.（應(yīng)乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技術(shù)人員幫助乙方安裝設(shè)備。）

2）The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.（雇主應(yīng)對(duì)有關(guān)人員給予正確的技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。）

3）This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.（本合同的簽訂與解釋均根據(jù)中國法律。）

4）In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed,the other party shall have the preemptive right.（如一方想出售或轉(zhuǎn)讓其投資的全部或一部分，另一方應(yīng)有購買優(yōu)先權(quán)。）

5）The authorities approved（the）said application of 3rd November,2004.（“the said”或“said”此處是公文體，意為“該”、“上述的”。）

● 多把“here”、“there”、“where”加后綴使用，例如：

1）hereafter：after this time；in the future 此后，今后

2）hereby：by means of；by reason of this 據(jù)此

3）here in：in this 在此

4）hereinafter：later in this contract,etc．在下文中

5）hereinbefore：in the preceding part of this contract,在上文中

6）hereof：of this 于此

7）hereto：to this 到此

8）heretofore：until now 直到此時(shí)

9）hereunder：under this 在下

10）hereupon：at this point；in consequence of this 因此

11）herewith：with this 同此，因此

12）thereafter：afterwards 其后

13）thereby：by that means；in that connection 因此，從而

14）therefrom：from that 從此

15）therein：in that；in that particular 在那里

16）thereinafter：later in the same contract,etc．以下

17）thereinbefore：in a preceding part of the same contract,etc．在上文

18）thereon：on that 在其上

19）thereof：of that：from that source 其中

20）thereto：to that 另外，到那里

21）thereunder：under that 依據(jù)

22）thereupon：then；as the result of that 因此

23）therewith：with that or it 與此

24）whereas：considering that；but 盡管

25）whereby：by what；by which 為何

26）wherein：in what；in which 在何處

27）whereo,of what；of which 關(guān)于

28）whereon：on what：on which 在……上

● 多用成雙成對(duì)的同義詞以限定、確定或強(qiáng)調(diào)其意義，例如：

1）The parties may,through consultation,make amendments to and revisions of this Contract as and when the need arises.（雙方可在必要時(shí)通過協(xié)商修改本合同。）

2）This Agreement is made and entered into by and between ABC Co．a(chǎn)nd DEF Co.（ABC公司和DEF公司雙方簽訂本協(xié)議。）

3）Each party to this Agreement shall fulfill or perform any of the obligations under this Agreement.（本協(xié)議雙方應(yīng)履行協(xié)議規(guī)定的義務(wù)。）

4）This Agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.（本協(xié)議以及本協(xié)議規(guī)定的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，未經(jīng)另一方同意不得擅自轉(zhuǎn)讓。）

5）The amendments to or alterations of this Contract become effect only after they are signed by both parties and approved by the original approving authorities.（本合同的修改只有在雙方簽字并在原審批主管機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)后才能生效。）

● 多用“shall”代替“will”或“should”以加強(qiáng)語氣和強(qiáng)制力，例如：

1）The persons employed by Party A shall be responsible to the Manager of Party A.（甲方雇用的所有人員都必須向甲方的經(jīng)理負(fù)責(zé)。）

2）Party A Shall,at most favorable prices,supply Party B With spare parts of the 1eased equipment.（甲方應(yīng)以最優(yōu)惠價(jià)格向乙方供應(yīng)所租設(shè)備的備件。）

3）This Contract shall become effective Upon and from the date on which it is signed.（本合同應(yīng)于簽字之日開始生效。）

注意：在合同中，“shall”并非單純的將來式，而是常常用來表示法律上可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)；它譯成中文為“應(yīng)”、“應(yīng)該”、“必須”，以表示其具有的約束力。“will”在合同中雖也用作表示承擔(dān)義務(wù)的聲明，但語氣比“shall”弱，強(qiáng)制力也比“shall”差；它譯成中文應(yīng)為“將”、“愿”、“要”?！皊hould”在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較強(qiáng)的假設(shè)“萬一”，極少用來表示“應(yīng)該”。這都是英語合同用詞與基礎(chǔ)英語用詞的不同之處。

2.Expression

● 用語要力求準(zhǔn)確、明白、嚴(yán)密，舉例說明如下：

1）Payment shall be made by Party B in a week.

這句話模棱兩可。因?yàn)樗瓤衫斫鉃樵谝粋€(gè)星期之內(nèi)，又可理解為在一個(gè)星期之后。因此，如果想說前者就應(yīng)用within a week；如果想說后者就應(yīng)用after a week。

2）Party A shall send technicians to train Party B’s personnel.

這句話含糊不清、不夠具體。因?yàn)橘M(fèi)用由誰負(fù)擔(dān)和技術(shù)員何時(shí)派出均不明確。因此，必須明確而具體地規(guī)定：Party A shall send technicians at Party B’s expense to train Party B’s personnel within 30 days after signing the Contract.（甲方應(yīng)于簽約后三十天內(nèi)派遣技術(shù)人員培訓(xùn)乙方人員，有關(guān)費(fèi)用，由乙方承擔(dān)。）

3）The goods are to be shipped by a steamer at a port or ports on the West Coast as per bill Or bills Of lading dated or to be dated not later than April 30，2000.

這句話的用語不夠清楚，以致是否可以分批裝運(yùn)不明確。因?yàn)樗日f由一艘船裝運(yùn)，又說可由一個(gè)港口或二個(gè)以上的港口以一個(gè)提單或二個(gè)以上的提單裝運(yùn)。因此不如明確地說：The goods are to be shipped by a steamer at a port on the West Coast as per bill of lading to be dated not later than April 30,2000．即明確地說“不準(zhǔn)分批”。

4）Shipment is to be effected bimonthly at 600 metric tons each.

這句話用語模棱兩可，以致裝船的時(shí)間和數(shù)量無法確定。因?yàn)椤癰imonthly”這個(gè)詞，既可解作“兩個(gè)月”，也可解作“半個(gè)月”。因此就難免產(chǎn)生歧義——究竟每?jī)蓚€(gè)月運(yùn)出六百公噸，還是每半個(gè)月運(yùn)出六百公噸。

● 多用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，少用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。因?yàn)橹鲃?dòng)語態(tài)比較自然、明確、直接，有力。試比較：

1）A：The rules and regulations of the worksite shall be observed by workers.（工地的規(guī)章應(yīng)被工人遵守。）

B：Workers shall observe the rules and regulations of the worksite.（工人應(yīng)遵守工地的規(guī)章。）

2）A：Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（乙方被甲方委托為在新加坡的獨(dú)家銷售代理。）

B：Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（甲方委托乙方為在新加坡的獨(dú)家銷售代理。）

● 多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。盡管合同的條款是規(guī)定簽約以后的事項(xiàng)，通常仍以使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為原則，例如：

Before completion of the project,Party A may at any time increase or decrease the amount of work of the project.（在工程竣工之前，甲方可以隨時(shí)增加或減少工程數(shù)量。）

上述條款是規(guī)定簽約以后的事項(xiàng)，但是不用將來時(shí)態(tài)而用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

● 多用直接表達(dá)方式，少用間接表達(dá)方式，例如：

A：This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.（本條款不適用于尚未全部?jī)敻兜膫钟姓摺＃?/p>

B：This Article applies only to bondholders who have been Paid in full.（本條款只適用于已經(jīng)全部?jī)敻读藗某钟姓摺＃?/p>

相比較而言，合同中應(yīng)使用B句。

● 能以一個(gè)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)者就用一個(gè)單獨(dú)的動(dòng)詞，避免使用與其同義的動(dòng)詞短語。例如：

1）Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.（甲方應(yīng)于簽約后30天內(nèi)指派其授權(quán)代表。）

如果我們用“appoint”取代 “make an appointment of” 這句話將變得更為簡(jiǎn)潔、有力。

2）Party A will give consideration to Party B’s proposal of exclusive agency.（甲方愿意考慮乙方獨(dú)家代理的建議。）

應(yīng)用“consider”取代第二句中的“give consideration to”。

● 多用某些特殊用語，例如：

1）WHEREAS鑒于

它是在合同前文中用作引出簽約背景和目的的連詞。正式而重要的合同，尤其是英美法系的合同，多有此條款。

2）WITNESS證明

它在合同前文中常用作句首的謂語動(dòng)詞。

This Agreement,made by...

WITNESSES

WHEREAS…,it is agreed as follows：

（本協(xié)議由……簽訂證明：鑒于……特此達(dá)成協(xié)議如下：）

3）IN WITNESS WHEREOF（作為所協(xié)議事項(xiàng)的證據(jù)）

這個(gè)短語常在合同結(jié)尾條款中使用。

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.

（作為所協(xié)議事項(xiàng)的證據(jù)，雙方授權(quán)代表于上面首次寫明的日期正式簽署本協(xié)議一式兩份。）

4）IN CONSIDERATION OF以……為約因

IN CONSIDERATION OF the premises and the covenants herein contained,the parties hereto agree as follows：

（茲以上述各點(diǎn)和契約所載條款為約因，訂約雙方協(xié)議如下：）

5）NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 茲特立約為據(jù)

用在WHEREAS條款之后以引出具體協(xié)議事項(xiàng)，PRESENTS：the present writings.

NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows：

（茲特立約為據(jù)，并由訂約雙方協(xié)議如下：）

6）IN THE PRESENCE OF見證人

本短語只在有見證人時(shí)使用，即在定約雙方當(dāng)事人簽名的下方由見證人簽名作證。見證人一般是有關(guān)的律師（Attorney）或公證行（Notary Public）。

四、商務(wù)合同的翻譯

商務(wù)合同屬于法律語篇，法律語篇重在“規(guī)約”，所以譯文的語言必須符合文本的類型特征和實(shí)際意義，同時(shí)也必須著眼于特定讀者對(duì)象的反應(yīng)。

在我國的商務(wù)貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)中，合同一般都采用中英兩種語言文字寫成，而且兩種文本具有同等的法律效力。一般認(rèn)為，商務(wù)合同的翻譯需要注意以下四點(diǎn)：

1．忠于原文。即譯文要忠實(shí)再現(xiàn)原文的涵義，不能有任何的違反和疏漏，尤其對(duì)合同的前文（Preamble），及本文（Body）中的具體條款（Specific conditions）和有效期限（Duration）的翻譯要特別慎重！具體來講，對(duì)于價(jià)格條款、數(shù)量、單價(jià)等重要數(shù)據(jù)萬萬不可以譯錯(cuò)，否則很可能會(huì)因小的錯(cuò)誤而造成巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。

2．符合國際貿(mào)易慣例。一個(gè)合同的當(dāng)事人對(duì)于對(duì)方國家的習(xí)慣解釋，往往不甚了解，常會(huì)引起當(dāng)事人之間的誤解、爭(zhēng)議和訴訟。為此，一些國際組織制定了在國際上已被廣泛采用的規(guī)則，形成了一般的國際貿(mào)易慣例，最典型的就是貿(mào)易術(shù)語。而英語合同的格式、條款、用詞和符號(hào)等也都應(yīng)該按照該行業(yè)的國際貿(mào)易慣例翻譯，力爭(zhēng)做到對(duì)合同的翻譯符合國際貿(mào)易慣例。

3．盡量使用規(guī)范的法律用語。由于依法成立的合同是具有法律約束力的文件，起草合同的業(yè)務(wù)人士習(xí)慣使用法律術(shù)語，以顯示其準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范、威嚴(yán)的特色。因此，翻譯過程中盡量使用確切的法律名詞、術(shù)語和用詞，是譯文準(zhǔn)確而不含糊，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而無漏洞。例如對(duì)下句的翻譯：

In case one party desires to sell or assign all of part of his investment subscribed,the other party shall have the preemptive right.

如一方想出售或轉(zhuǎn)讓其所投資的全部或一部分，另一方應(yīng)有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。（assign和preemptive都是法律用語）

4．英文合同漢譯過程中，最好采用半文半白（half literary and half vernacular）。這樣，譯文容易讀懂的同時(shí)，又精簡(jiǎn)有力。

商務(wù)合同翻譯準(zhǔn)則主要?dú)w納為三點(diǎn)：準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)練、通達(dá)。

由于商務(wù)合同關(guān)系到國際貿(mào)易中簽合同的雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，并且它有法律效力。所以，商務(wù)合同的翻譯就要求準(zhǔn)確和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。譯文一定要忠實(shí)于原文，不能隨意添加或者削減內(nèi)容。尤其對(duì)于商務(wù)術(shù)語和法律專業(yè)術(shù)語一定要謹(jǐn)慎翻譯，不能夠曲解文意，要避免歧義。

例如，“瑕疵”、“救濟(jì)”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、“滅失”等的表達(dá)就分別為“defect”、“remedy”、“force majeure/Act of God”、“jurisdiction”、“damage and/or loss”?！百r償”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”；“因?yàn)椤倍嘤谩癰y virtue of”，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于“due to”，一般也不用“because of”；“關(guān)于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不會(huì)用“about”；“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”或“wish to do”；“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”；shipping advice與shipping instructions不同，shipping advice是“裝運(yùn)通知”，是由出口商（賣主）發(fā)給進(jìn)口商（買主）的，而shipping instructions則是“裝運(yùn)須知”，是進(jìn)口商（買主）發(fā)給出口商（賣主）的；“exclusive territory”指“獨(dú)占區(qū)域”，“exclusive contract”譯為“專銷合同”，表示“An agreement between manufacturer and retailer that prohibits the retailer from carrying the product lines of firms to firms that are the rivals of the manufacturer.”……等等。

1．詞語準(zhǔn)確（Accuracy）

詞語是構(gòu)成合同文件最基本的單位，對(duì)合同文件中的一些主要詞語的準(zhǔn)確無誤的翻譯，是翻譯合同文件的最基礎(chǔ)的工作。例如，在當(dāng)前的國際貨物買賣合同中，當(dāng)事人可以通過信件、數(shù)據(jù)電文等形式達(dá)成協(xié)議，這類合同的成立，一般要簽訂一份“確認(rèn)書”。在“確認(rèn)書”中首先規(guī)定一條“茲經(jīng)買賣雙方同意按下列條款成交”，翻譯為The undersigned Seller and Buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

分析：這個(gè)譯文中的“條款”一詞應(yīng)譯為the terms and conditions,短語中的conditions不能漏掉，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)合同條款的達(dá)成經(jīng)常包含著若干條件。

再如：By confirmed,irrevocable L/C without recourse in favor of COSCO for the total value of the contracted goods in pounds sterling,payable at sight against presentation of shipping documents to the Bank of China in the port of loading.

譯文：保兌的不可撤銷的無追索權(quán)的以中國遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司為受益人的信用證，合同貨物全部貨款為英鎊，憑即期匯票并附運(yùn)輸單據(jù)向裝運(yùn)港的中國銀行議付。

分析：原譯文中“irrevocable L/C”是指“A Letter of Credit which cannot be altered or cancelled once it has been negotiated between the buyer and his bank.”，其規(guī)范譯文應(yīng)為：“不可撤銷的信用證”。

再舉個(gè)例子：Negotiating bank must ensure that advising bank charges are recovered from beneficiary otherwise negotiating bank will be responsible for the advising charges.

譯文為：議付行應(yīng)當(dāng)保證通知行的費(fèi)用能夠從受益人那里收回，否則，議付行應(yīng)承擔(dān)該通知費(fèi)用。

分析：根據(jù)用語規(guī)范文中的“negotiating bank”翻譯為“議付行”，“advising bank”翻譯為“通知行”。

2．譯文完整（Completeness）

合同文件的翻譯一定要保持譯文的完整性，決不能只求保持原文與譯文在詞量上的對(duì)等。

例如從4月1日起到10月20日止這一期間內(nèi)交貨，但以買方信用證在3月20日前到達(dá)賣方為限。

譯文：Shipment during the period beginning on Apr．1 and ending on Oct．20 subject to Buyer’s Letter of Credit reaching Seller before Mar．20.

分析：以上條款中的交貨期間應(yīng)包括4月1日和10月20日這兩天，所以，應(yīng)補(bǔ)譯both dates inclusive；另外，買方信用證到達(dá)日期也包括3月20日這一天，因此，Mar．20之前的介詞用before外還應(yīng)增加on,譯成Subject to Buyer’s Letter of Credit reaching Seler on and before Mar．20。

3．專業(yè)術(shù)語的準(zhǔn)確應(yīng)用（Accuracy of Terms）

例1：The leading partner submits a copy of the short term cash flow which covers the period from September 1997 to February 1998．Mr．Marchesini highlights the main items of the cash flow which are the Endowment fund and the advance payment as far as the receipt is concerned and the down payment for TBMs and plants purchase of fixed assets and the advance payment to subcontractors for the expenditures.

譯為：主要方遞交了一份從1997年9月到1998年2月的短期現(xiàn)金流量表。馬切西尼先生強(qiáng)調(diào)指出：主要的現(xiàn)金流就收入款項(xiàng)而言有集資款和預(yù)付款就支出款項(xiàng)而言有TBM（隧洞掘進(jìn)機(jī)）設(shè)備定金固定資產(chǎn)購置費(fèi)和分包商預(yù)付款。

分析：要譯好這段文字關(guān)鍵就在于要熟練掌握這里面出現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)財(cái)經(jīng)方面的專業(yè)術(shù)語，即cash flow（資金流動(dòng)、現(xiàn)金流量、現(xiàn)金流轉(zhuǎn)）；endowment finch（留本基金、捐贈(zèng)基金）；advance payment（預(yù)付款）；receipt（收款、收據(jù)、收入）；down payment（分期付款、定金）；fixed asset（固定資產(chǎn)）；expenditure（支出費(fèi)用、支出額消費(fèi)額）。

例2：如因違反合同而造成損失的應(yīng)由違反合同的一方承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任。

譯文：In case of losses caused by a breach of contract the financial responsibility shall be borne by the party who has breached the contract.

分析：經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任主要指合同當(dāng)事人在違反合同時(shí)應(yīng)承擔(dān)的違約責(zé)任，主要形式有賠償損失、支付違約金、支付遲延、支付金額的利息等。所以經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任應(yīng)譯為financial responsibility 而不應(yīng)滿足字面上的一致譯為economic responsibility.

例3：買方自1997年7月1日起分三年償付賣方全部設(shè)備的總金額。

譯文：The buyers shall reimburse the sellers the total value of the entire equipment by installments in three years stating from July 1st 1997.

分析：在補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易合同中，償付指的是買方對(duì)賣方先行墊付的設(shè)備款項(xiàng)進(jìn)行償還。應(yīng)譯為reimburse,如果譯為settle則失去了償還的意思。

4．風(fēng)格的規(guī)范化（Standardization of Style）

商務(wù)合同英語具有獨(dú)特的實(shí)用語體特征和文體風(fēng)格。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)順應(yīng)其需要按照一定程度將其內(nèi)容表達(dá)形式和體例風(fēng)格與原文直接對(duì)應(yīng)，嚴(yán)密切合做到得體合適。

例 1：Neither of the parities hereto（to the contract） shall at any time during the continuance hereof（of this contract） deal with any of the shares of the Joint Venture Company owned by the said party whether by sale pledge or otherwise in any manner inconsistent with the coming out of its obligations hereunder（under this contract）.

分析：在此文中hereto,hereof,hereunder 古詞的使用替代了一些介詞短語，避免了某些詞語的重復(fù)，使其正式色彩很濃，具有莊重、嚴(yán)肅法律文本風(fēng)格。

例2：When the failure of the either party to fulfill its contractual obligations in time brings about loss to the other on account of causes other than force majeure the defaulter shall be datable to pay the penalty.

譯文：凡因不可抗力以外的原因，一方未能按時(shí)履約而招致對(duì)方損失時(shí)，未能按時(shí)履約方應(yīng)付罰金。

分析：原文中shall 在此不是表示將來時(shí)而是表示法律用語的語言形式。再如：

例3：合作企業(yè)期滿或者提前終止，應(yīng)當(dāng)向工商行政管理機(jī)關(guān)和稅務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)辦理注銷登記手續(xù)。

譯文：A contractual joint venture shall,upon the expiration or termination in advance of its term,cancel its registration with administrative authorities for industry and commerce and the tax authorities.

5．通順（Smoothness）

合同翻譯除風(fēng)格的規(guī)范化外，還要做到通順。如：

例1：During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract”

分析：不要翻譯成“在合同生效之日起到合同終止日的期間內(nèi)”，而應(yīng)該為“本合同有效期間”。

下面是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單Sales Contract（銷售合同）的譯本：

Sales Contract

銷售合同

Original

正本

Buyer：

買方：

This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers,whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below：

本合同由買賣雙方擬定簽署，雙方愿根據(jù)如下的條款條件，同意購銷下列商品：

Port of Shipment：　　　　　　　　　　Port of Destination：

裝運(yùn)口岸：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 目的地：

Time of Shipment：

裝運(yùn)期限：

Insurance：To be covered by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks and War Risk.

保險(xiǎn)：由賣方按發(fā)票金額110%投保一切險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)。

Terms of Payment：

By 100% confirmed,irrevocable,transferable,and divisible Letter of Credit in favour of the Sellers payable at sight against Presentation of shipping documents in China,with partial shipments and transshipment allowed．The covering Letter of Credit must reach the Sellers _____ days before the contracted month of shipment and remain valid in the above loading port until the 15th day after shipment,failing which the Sellers reserve the right to cancel the contract without further notice and to claim against the Buyers for any loss resulting therefrom.

付款條件：

憑全額發(fā)票金額的、保兌的、不可撤銷的、可轉(zhuǎn)讓的、可分割的即期信用證在中國見單付款。信用證以賣方為受益人，并允許分批裝運(yùn)和轉(zhuǎn)船，該信用證必須在裝運(yùn)月_____天前開到賣方，并在裝船后在上述裝運(yùn)港繼續(xù)有效15天。否則賣方無需通知即可有權(quán)取消本銷售合同，并向買方索賠因此而發(fā)生的一切損失。

Documents：

The Sellers shall present to the negotiating bank,Clean On Board Bill of Loading,Invoice,Quality Certificate by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau or the Manufacturers,Survey Report on Quantity/Weight issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau,and Transferable Insurance Policy or Insurance Certificate when this Contract is made on CIF basis.

單據(jù)：

賣方應(yīng)向議付銀行提供已裝船清潔提單、發(fā)票、中國商品檢驗(yàn)局或工廠出具的品質(zhì)證明、中國商品檢驗(yàn)局出具的數(shù)/重量鑒定書：如果本合同按CIF條件，應(yīng)再提供可轉(zhuǎn)讓的保險(xiǎn)單或保險(xiǎn)憑證。

Terms of Shipment：

1 The carrying vessel shall be provided by the Sellers．Partial shipments and transshipment are allowed.

2 After loading is completed,the Sellers shall notify the Buyers by fax of the contract number,name of commodity,quantity,name of the carrying vessel and date of shipment.

裝運(yùn)條件：

1 載運(yùn)船只由賣方安排，允許分批裝運(yùn)并允許轉(zhuǎn)船。

2 賣方于貨物裝船后，應(yīng)將合同號(hào)碼、品名、數(shù)量、船名、裝船日期以傳真通知買方。

Quality/Quantity Discrepancy and Claim：

In case the quality and/or quantity/weight are found by the Buyers to be not in conformity with the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyers may lodge claim with the Sellers supported by survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed upon by both parties,with the exception,however,of those claims for which the insurance company and/or the shipping company are to be held responsible．Claim for quality discrepancy should be filed by the Buyers within 30 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,while for quantity/weight discrepancy claim should be filed by the Buyers within l5 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination．The Sellers shall,within 30 days after receipt of the notification of the claim,send reply to the Buyers

品質(zhì)與數(shù)量、重量的異議與索賠：

貨到目的口岸后，買方如發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物品質(zhì)及/或數(shù)量/質(zhì)量與合同規(guī)定不符，除屬于保險(xiǎn)公司和/或船公司的責(zé)任外，買方可以憑雙方同意的檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)出具的檢驗(yàn)證書向賣方提出異議。品質(zhì)異議須于貨到目的口岸之日起30天內(nèi)提出，數(shù)量/重量異議須于貨到目的口岸之日起15天內(nèi)提出。賣方應(yīng)于收到異議后30天內(nèi)答復(fù)買方。

Force Majeure：

In case of Force Majeure,the Sellers shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of the goods but shall notify the Buyers at once．The Sellers shall deliver to the Buyers by registered mail,if so requested by the Buyers,a certificate issued by the ChinaCouncil for the Promotion of International Trade or/and competent authorities.

不可抗力：

由于不可抗力事故，使賣方不能在本合同規(guī)定期限內(nèi)交貨或者不能交貨，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任。但賣方必須立即通知買方。如買方提出要求，賣方應(yīng)以掛號(hào)函向買方提供由中國國際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會(huì)或/及有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)出具的發(fā)生事故的證明文件。

Arbitration：

All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between two parties．If no settlement can be reached,the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration organization of the defendant country．The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.

仲裁：

凡因執(zhí)行本合同或與本合同有關(guān)事項(xiàng)所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，應(yīng)由雙方通過友好方式協(xié)商解決。如果不能取得協(xié)議時(shí)，則在被告同家根據(jù)被告仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)的仲裁程序規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁，仲裁決定是終局的，對(duì)雙方具有同等的約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用除非仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)另有決定外，均由敗訴一方負(fù)擔(dān)。

Remarks：

備注：

Sellers：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Buyers：

賣方：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　買方：