高血壓分級及危險分層
啟動和維持室性心動過速和心室顫動的電生理機制包括自律性異常、觸發(fā)活動和折返機制。盡管自律性異常、觸發(fā)活動或兩者同時存在可以啟動和維持室性心動過速和心室顫動,但大多數(shù)情況仍是通過折返機制引起并維持這些心律失常。上述討論的無創(chuàng)性心電檢測技術(shù)通過檢出對折返形成至關(guān)重要的心室傳導和復極異常,或者檢出觸發(fā)心律失常的因素(如自主神經(jīng)張力失衡),間接對SCD進行危險分層。雖然這些技術(shù)能不同程度的提供SCD預(yù)后方面的信息,但各技術(shù)均側(cè)重心律失常發(fā)生的某一方面,故對SCD的預(yù)測有其局限性。
在當今能夠?qū)CD進行預(yù)防的情況下,那些可以將SCD從總死亡中識別出來的危險分層技術(shù)則顯得十分重要。已有的研究資料表明,LVEF≤30%~35%的患者能夠從置入ICD中獲益,對這部分患者需要找出高陰性預(yù)測值的危險分層方法以篩選出不需要置入ICD的患者,初步的研究提示T波電交替可能為一個很有潛力的指標。對于LVEF>35%的患者,我們需要應(yīng)用其他的危險分層方法篩選SCD高?;颊?。最近,Cygankiewicz等對294例LVEF>35%的缺血性和非缺血性心力衰竭患者平均隨訪44個月,多變量分析發(fā)現(xiàn),動態(tài)心電圖上心率變異性(SDNN≤86ms)、竇性心率震蕩(TS≤2.5ms/RR)和QT間期變異性(QTend/RR>0.21)3個指標是死亡的獨立危險因素;≥2個以上指標異常的總死亡率為30%,SCD為12%,與LVEF≤35%的對照組相似。該研究提示對于LVEF>35%的缺血和非缺血心力衰竭患者,可以應(yīng)用動態(tài)心電圖指標組合篩選出SCD高?;颊撸@些患者可能從ICD治療中獲益。
最佳危險分層策略應(yīng)該能夠識別大部分即將發(fā)生心律失常猝死的患者,同時能夠盡量排除那些不會發(fā)生猝死的患者。然而目前尚缺乏關(guān)于確立最佳危險分層策略的研究數(shù)據(jù)。今后的研究方向應(yīng)當從目前諸多的危險分層指標中篩選出最佳聯(lián)合指標和策略,并進行大規(guī)模、多中心前瞻性研究檢驗其有效性,最終達到在臨床上廣泛使用。
(鄭兆通)
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