釀酒葡萄栽培適應(yīng)性與氣象因素圖形分析

VITIS VINIFERA CULTIVATION ADAPTABILITY AND THE GRAPHICS ANALYSIS METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS

作者：劉昭暾　　導(dǎo)師：尹克林

西南大學(xué)　　果樹學(xué)2011屆碩士

摘　要

本試驗(yàn)研究的是釀酒葡萄的生態(tài)栽培與氣象因素中更主要?dú)夂蛞蜃又g的關(guān)系，通過世界代表性栽培地區(qū)主要?dú)庀笠蛩氐臄?shù)據(jù)整理，以圖形分析的方法，研究釀酒葡萄在溫度、降雨量、光照等方面氣候條件的生態(tài)適應(yīng)性。通過研究，結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，提出在非適宜地區(qū)種植釀酒葡萄的參考性建議。

本試驗(yàn)擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題或技術(shù)難點(diǎn)在于，氣象數(shù)據(jù)是本選題的重要限制因子，因?yàn)榭陀^條件所限，不可能把世界上每個國家或某個國家的每個地區(qū)的氣象數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行一一比較。

本試驗(yàn)預(yù)期達(dá)到的目標(biāo)在于，通過圖形分析，集中且直觀地反映多地區(qū)釀酒葡萄需要的氣候要素，從而給不適宜栽培釀酒葡萄的大面積地區(qū)的局部區(qū)域小環(huán)境栽植釀酒葡萄提供科學(xué)依據(jù)或氣候調(diào)控建議。

試驗(yàn)對象以世界著名葡萄產(chǎn)區(qū)種植的歐洲葡萄（Vitis vinifera）為代表。歐洲葡萄為原產(chǎn)于干燥地區(qū)或夏干地帶樹種，較喜高溫、干燥氣候，適應(yīng)較低空氣濕度，如意大利、法國、土耳其等國家普遍栽培，在我國適于西北、華北及東北地區(qū)栽培，如新疆、河北、山東、甘肅等地為主要產(chǎn)區(qū)；其最適宜生產(chǎn)區(qū)為地中海氣候區(qū)。

根據(jù)中央氣象臺《世界氣溫和降水資料》（1951～1980）、中國氣象科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)共享服務(wù)網(wǎng)（http://cdc.cma.gov.cn）、英國BBC網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界城市氣象數(shù)據(jù)（http://new.bbc.co.uk/weather）和其他專業(yè)書籍等提供的現(xiàn)有研究成果和氣象資料，得出釀酒葡萄生產(chǎn)中需要的歷年累計溫度、光照、降雨等主要生態(tài)條件。

根據(jù)世界釀酒葡萄的主要分布，試驗(yàn)選擇5種較為典型的釀酒葡萄栽培氣候區(qū)域及其20余個具體釀酒葡萄栽培地區(qū)進(jìn)行相關(guān)比較，主要了解其葡萄栽培狀況和相應(yīng)氣象特點(diǎn)。

歐洲葡萄的生長以絕對最低溫度大于－10℃為宜，否則可能產(chǎn)生凍害。溫度方面主要比較試驗(yàn)所涉及的集中氣候下的溫度調(diào)節(jié)是否達(dá)到歐洲葡萄臨界凍害溫度線（－15℃）（歐洲葡萄的抗寒力－16℃～－18℃，《中國農(nóng)業(yè)百科全書》1993年）和埋土防寒參考線(0℃),是否需要特別措施加強(qiáng)管理。

歐洲葡萄喜光，對光照要求較高。光照方面，主要比較試驗(yàn)所涉及的集中氣候下的光照條件，是否達(dá)到歐洲葡萄最為適應(yīng)的年日照1500h～2000h以上。

歐洲葡萄耐旱，喜干燥氣候，抗?jié)窳θ?。歐洲葡萄所需要的降水調(diào)節(jié)以年降雨量1000mm下、月均降雨量低于120mm為最佳，年均相對濕度以低于50%為最宜。這里比較試驗(yàn)所涉及的幾種氣候下的降雨量與濕度在歐洲葡萄栽培方面的適應(yīng)度。

據(jù)我校圖書館維普數(shù)據(jù)，1989～2007年的期刊中，均沒有關(guān)于重慶栽植釀酒葡萄的相關(guān)論文資料，本選題將通過詳細(xì)的數(shù)據(jù)分析，最后提出關(guān)于重慶地區(qū)引種釀酒葡萄的建議，從而對重慶地區(qū)葡萄的擴(kuò)大提供一些新的思路，并將在一定程度上填補(bǔ)期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫的有關(guān)資料空白。

本選題詳細(xì)的數(shù)據(jù)分析主要采用圖形分析法，利用計算機(jī)作圖軟件包，以溫度、降雨量、光照等幾種主要?dú)夂蛴绊懸蜃舆M(jìn)行作圖，用計算機(jī)軟件功能實(shí)現(xiàn)各地區(qū)氣候數(shù)據(jù)自動成圖，對曲線圖形（或曲線）變化所引起的釀酒葡萄品質(zhì)變化作對比分析，然后形成相應(yīng)結(jié)論。

對5種主要?dú)夂蝾愋秃?3個葡萄栽培地區(qū)氣象要素的計算機(jī)氣候圖形分析以及葡萄栽培調(diào)查表明，溫度和光照并不是我國釀酒葡萄栽培的限制性因子，而6～9月的降雨量則是影響釀酒葡萄栽培與釀酒酒質(zhì)的重要因素。我國最適宜歐洲葡萄栽培的地區(qū)是西北地區(qū)的沙漠性氣候，在北方地區(qū)，釀酒葡萄的生態(tài)適應(yīng)性則與夏季降雨量密不可分?？梢詳喽ǎL江以南地區(qū)，夏季降雨量大，雨水集中，通常環(huán)境下不適宜歐洲釀酒葡萄的栽培。

在歐洲葡萄適宜地區(qū)外引種栽培，在氣候條件的調(diào)控上會增加生產(chǎn)成本，在高溫多濕的重慶地區(qū)栽培便是如此。如以重慶北碚栽培為例，北碚在5～9月的降雨量均大于120mm，年降雨量大于1000mm，而日照數(shù)為遠(yuǎn)低于2000h的1247h，這樣，根據(jù)葡萄的生長特點(diǎn)，會出現(xiàn)病蟲容易滋生、果實(shí)著色程度不良、果品質(zhì)量較差等諸多現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。若要在渝栽培，至少需要在如下方面克服困難：

需要栽培抗高溫、抗高濕的品種，如歐美雜種。

需要采用避雨保護(hù)措施栽培?？蓽p少或避免病蟲滋生，減少或免除噴施農(nóng)藥，促進(jìn)無公害釀酒葡萄的生產(chǎn)，有利于提高酒質(zhì)。

考慮減少N肥施用量。N肥遇水，易促使新梢猛長，適當(dāng)少施N肥既能防止病蟲滋生或加劇，也能避免枝葉徒長，同時會更利于幼果生長，從而增進(jìn)成熟果實(shí)品質(zhì)，提升酒質(zhì)。

考慮適當(dāng)選擇“小氣候”地方栽植。（如在四川西昌、攀枝花等干熱河谷地帶引種栽植）

關(guān)鍵詞　葡萄　適應(yīng)性　生態(tài)區(qū)　氣候　圖形分析

Abstract

This research focuses on studying how climatic factors affect wine grapes ecological cultivation,and also provides practical suggestions of cultivating wine grapes in non-suitable regions,based on statistics analysis of the main meteorological factors,including temperature,rainfall,the amount of light and other ecological adaptability of climatic conditions in those main planting areas.

In this study,the key issues to be solved or technical difficulty is that meteorological data is an important limiting factor. It is not possible to collect and compare regional meteorological data from every country in the world or different places in one country.

The study is provide realistic recommendations or climate control advice on growing wine grapes in those non-suitable regions in a small scale,based on scientific data that directly reflects the climate elements needs of wine grape.

The study uses the world-famous grape,the European grape(Vitis vinifera) grown in many European regions. It originates from dry areas,growing comfortably in hot and dry climate,adaptable to lower humidity. Italy,France,Turkey and other European countries cultivate a lot. In China,it grows well in the Northwest,North and Northeast China,such as Xinjiang,Hebei,Shandong,Gansu and etc. It favors Mediterranean Sea climate zone.

Necessary temperature,light,rainfall and other key ecological factors data are acquired from Central Meteorological Station World Temperature and Precipitation Data (1951-1980),China’s meteorological science data sharing network (http://cdc.cma.gov.cn),BBC network world cities meteorological data(http://news.bbc.co. uk/weather) ,and other reliable and available data resources.

According to the world map of growing wine grapes ,the study compares four kinds of relatively typical grape cultivation climate area and more than 20 concrete of grape cultivation areas,mainly understanding its related comparison grape cultivation status and corresponding meteorological characteristics.

It is advisable that the absolute minimum temperature for growing of European grapes is higher than -10℃,otherwise it might produce the cold. Temperature is mainly involved comparison experiments of several climates to meet European grapes whether temperature condition critical cold temperature line (0℃),whether to need special measures to strengthen management.

European grapes favor light-sufficient climate. In this study,all the four kinds of grapes,from several climates are compared whether they attain illumination condition in 1500 hours to 2000 hour or above.

European grapes resist drought and dry climate well,but not humid climate. European grape need less than 1000mm annual rainfall precipitation conditions,standard for best,and 120mm per month. And humidity level is below 50 percent annually. This is to compare those four grapes from several climate on humidity level.

According to Southwest University Library data ,1989-2007 periodicals,they are not any about Chongqing relevant materials. This paper will be able to give helping Chongqing expand the growth and production. In the meantime ,to a certain extent,this study will also fill in the blank of relevant information in the periodical database.

This paper’s data analysis mainly is completed through graphic software program with temperatures,rainfall,and light as the climate impact factors. Each function realizes automatic mapping climate data for curve graphics so as to compare the grape quality change,and then form a corresponding conclusion.

Based on the analysis,including five kinds of main climate types and 23 viticulture area meteorological elements,the computer climate graphics analysis and grape cultivation survey indicates that the temperature and light and not liquor-making grape cultivation of restrictive factor,but rainfall is with wine grape cultivation effect of liquor quality factor from June to September .The most suitable grape cultivation region for European wine grapes is our country’s Desert climate,which refers to the northwest China. And as well there is a close correlation between the ecological adaptability and the Summer rainfall. Consequently ,south areas of the Yangtze,the Summer rainfall is usually not suitable for European wine grape cultivation.

For other non-suitable regions,it would be extremely costly to introduce the wine grapes,like in Chongqing. Take Beibei region for example,from May to September,Beibei’s rainfall is over 1200mm on average ,but illumination hours are just 1247,way below the optimum 2000 hours. Those climate conditions can cause many problems like parasites,the fruit color degree adverse,poor quality fruit. If it should be done in Chongqing,the following would be the prerequisites:

Cultivate new breeds like European hybrid which can resist high temperature and high humidity.

Adopt measures to protect shelter from the cultivation so as to reduce or avoid pests. Reduce or exempt pesticides in order to promote organic wine grape production to improve the wine quality.

Consider reducing N fertilizer. N fertilizer easily prompts new shoots with water. By doing that,it can not only prevent pest and aggravation,also avoid moderate growth. It will also be beneficial to the young fruit growth,leading to better ripe fruit quality and the wine quality.

Consider the appropriate “microclimate ”places to plant wine grapes. (such as in Sichuan Xichang,Pan Zhihua etc valley areas that are really dry and hot)

Key words　Grape　Adaptability　Ecological zone　Climate　Graphic analysis