五、家族倫理道德的范式化

“中國家族倫理道德制度，發(fā)達早?！?馮爾康，1996：5)且非常完備。(胡文彬，2005：585)“經(jīng)過歷代統(tǒng)治階級及其士人的改造，宗法制度下的血親有意識地轉(zhuǎn)化為法律條文(如不孝成為犯法的首惡)，更主要的是形成宗法式的倫理道德，長久地左右著社會心理和行為規(guī)范。”(馮天瑜，1990：232)所謂“宗法”就是中國古代社會規(guī)定嫡、庶系統(tǒng)的法則。(顧偉列，2006：59)所謂，“血親”意識，就是“六親”——父子、兄弟、夫婦;“九族”——父族四、母族三、妻族二。這種“血親”意識是與家族制度相伴隨而產(chǎn)生的，它構(gòu)成社會意識的軸心。同時，“孝親”也是家族倫理道德的“核心”。古人特別強調(diào)“百善孝為先”、“不孝有三，無后為大”，使“孝”成為中國家族中心主義的靈魂與基本命題。如《紅樓夢》中賈政身為榮府一家之主，而且還有官爵在身，但在母親面前卻必須畢恭畢敬，不敢有絲毫的怠慢;對于母親干涉自己管教兒子寶玉，他惟有“躬身陪笑”、“跪下含淚”、“叩頭哭道”、“苦苦叩求認罪”等，卻不敢言語頂撞。

◆ 賈政見他母親來了，又急又痛，連忙迎接出來，只見賈母扶著丫頭，喘吁吁的走來，賈政上前躬身陪笑道：“大暑熱天，母親有何生氣親自走來?有話只該叫了兒子進去吩咐?！辟Z母聽說，便止住步喘息一回，厲聲說道：“你原來是和我說話!我倒有話吩咐，只是可憐我一生沒養(yǎng)個好兒子。卻教我和誰說去!”賈政聽這話不象，忙跪下含淚說道：“為兒的教訓(xùn)兒子，也為的是光宗耀祖。母親這話，我做兒的如何禁得起?”

……

賈政聽說，忙叩頭哭道：“母親如此說，賈政無立足之地?！辟Z母冷笑道：“你分明使我無立足之地，你反說起你來!只是我們回去了，你心里干凈，看有誰來許你打。”一面說，一面只令快打點行李車轎回去。賈政苦苦叩求認罪。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第三十三回)

Jia Zheng rose in dismay and distress to greet his mother，who entered on a maid's arm，gasping for breath．At once he stepped forward to bow respectfully．

“Why should you vex yourself，mother，and come over on such a hot day? If you have any instructions，just send for your son．”

The Lady Dowager halted to catch her breath．

“Were you addressing me?”She demanded sternly．“Yes，I have some instructions．The pity is I've borne no filial son to whom I can speak．”

Appalled by his rebuke，Jia Zheng fell on his knees，tears in his eyes．“If your son disciplines his son，it is for the honor of our ancestors，”he pleaded．“How can I bear your reproaches?”

……

When Jia Zheng heard this he knocked his head on the floor．

“What place is there for me on earth，mother，”he wailed，“if you reproach me like this?”

The Lady Dowager smiled sarcastically．

“You're making it clear that there's no place for me，and yet you start complaining．We are simply going away to save you trouble and leave you free to beat anyone you please．”

She ordered attendants to pack up at once and make ready for the journey，while Jia Zheng kowtowed and earnestly begged her forgiveness．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

“孝”不僅要求人們對活著的長輩順從、畢恭畢敬，而且還要對死去的列祖列宗盡孝道。如下面的例句中就是賈珍對死去的父親——賈敬的隆重追悼，體現(xiàn)了“孝親”在賈家這個大家族中的倫理道德本位。

◆ 賈珍父子星夜馳回……賈珍忙說了幾聲“妥當(dāng)”，加鞭便走，店也不投，連夜換馬飛馳。

一日到了都門，先奔入鐵檻寺。那天已是四更天氣，坐更的聞知，忙喝起眾人來。賈珍下了馬，和賈蓉放聲大哭，從大門外便跪爬進來，至棺前稽顙泣血，直哭到天亮喉嚨都啞了方住。尤氏等都一齊見過。賈珍父子忙按禮換了兇服，在棺前俯伏，無奈自要理事，竟不能目不視物，耳不聞聲，少不得減些悲戚，指揮眾人。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第六十三回)

Jia Zhen and his son were speeding home post-haste．．．

“Well done，well done!”

They galloped on then，not stopping at any inns but changing horses at different post-houses as they sped back through the night．And upon reaching the capital they went straight to Iron Threshold Temple．It was then the fourth watch and the watch-men，hearing them，aroused everyone in the place．Jia Zhen alighted and with Jia Rong wailed aloud，both advancing on their knees from outside the gate to where the coffin was resting，kowtowing and lamenting all the way．They went on wailing till dawn，at which time their voices were hoarse．

Madam You and the others all came to meet them．Then Jia Zhen and his son，having changed into mourning according to the rites，prostrated themselves before the coffin．However，since they had to business to attend to which they could not ignore，they had to curtail their mourning in order to issue instructions．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

(1)“三從四德”

家族倫理道德對婦女有著特殊要求，即“三從四德”。所謂“三從”，就是“未嫁從父，即嫁從夫，夫死從子”;所謂“四德”，就是“婦德、婦言、婦容、婦功”。假使婦女不能生育，會被視為“不孝”，即成為丈夫休妻的理由，會被丈夫趕出家門。婦女在整個家族中的地位低下、權(quán)利有限，她們必須遵守的是“女子無才便是德”的“閨范”。婦女們在家庭中的地位是不平等的。她們的德就是她們必須無才，女性不能讀書，只能做些女紅而已。如：

◆ 至李守中乘繼以來，便說“女子無才便有德”，故生了李氏時，便不十分令其讀書，只不過將些《女四書》、《烈女傳》、《賢媛集》等三四種書，使他認得幾個字，記得前朝這幾個賢女便罷了，卻只以紡績井臼為要，因取名為李紈，字宮裁。因此這李紈雖青春喪偶，居家處膏粱錦繡之中，竟如槁木死灰一般，一概無見無聞，惟知侍親養(yǎng)子，外則陪侍小姑等針黹誦讀而已。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第四回)

When he became head of the family，however，in the belief that“an unaccomplished woman is a virtuous woman，”instead of making his daughter study hard，he simply had her taught enough to read a few books such as Four Books for Girls，Biographies of Martyred Women，and Lives of Exemplary Ladies so that she might remember the deeds of worthy women of earlier dynasties while devoting her main attention to weaving and household tasks．That was why he gave her the name Li Wan and the courtesy name Gongcai(Palace Seamstress)．

So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was so better off than withered wood or cold ashes，taking no interest in the outside world．Apart from waiting on her elders and looking after her son，all she did was to accompany the girls at their embroidery or reading．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

(2)取名范式

家族倫理道德還表現(xiàn)在族人的取名范式和稱謂范式上。所謂取名“范式”就是指某一家族某一代人都是按照一定的排行范式取名。如在我國，孔姓是個世代大家族，自孔子成為圣人后，其子子孫孫的名字都以一定的范式來取。不僅居住在山東曲阜的孔氏后代如此，散居在全國各地的孔氏子孫也必須遵從這個范式來取名。這種取名范式構(gòu)筑了家族血緣關(guān)系的親疏和系別，千載不亂，萬代相繼。

《紅樓夢》中的榮寧二府同所有的大家族一樣，寧榮二府內(nèi)的賈家族人的取名排行也都是按照一定的范式進行。如寧榮二公單名，名字帶水字(三點水)旁，長為演，次為源。第二代人名字雙字，中間為“代”字;第三代人的名字是單字，文字輩，有賈敬、賈赦、賈政，同輩有女子賈敏，他們的名字都帶有“文”字;第四代人是玉字輩，單名，他們的名字帶王字旁，如賈珍、賈珠、賈璉、賈環(huán)、賈璜、賈琮，賈瑛(賈寶玉)等;第五代人是草字輩單名，他們的名字都帶草字頭，如賈蓉、賈薔、賈芹、賈蕓等。第四代人有四位是女性，他們的名字都帶一個“春”字，另行排行。中國人的這種取名范式是家族共同成員所共有的東西，它不僅遵循一定的規(guī)律，也有一定的含義。取名排行含義不是一種純概念的表述，而是滲透著家族的一種共同的理想、對未來的期望，帶著父母的感受或者長輩的希望，或暗含著誕生的時間。如：

◆ 子興道：“不然。只因現(xiàn)今大小姐是正月初一日所生，故名元春，余者方從了‘春’字，上一輩的，卻也是從弟兄而來的?，F(xiàn)有對證：目今你貴東家林公之夫人，即榮府中赦、政二公之胞妹，在家時名喚賈敏。不信時，你回去細訪可知?！?曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第二回)

“You don't understand，”said Zixing．“They named the eldest girl Yuanchun because she was born on New Year's Day，and so the others have‘chun’in their names too．But all the girls of the last generation had names like those of boys．For proof，look at the wife of your respected employer Mr．Lin，the sister of Jia She and Jia Zheng in the Rong Mansion．Her name，before she married，was Jia Min．If you don't believe me，check up when you go back．”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

＊Yuanchun：Cardinal Spring．

＊Min has the same radical as She and Zheng．

(3)講輩分，長幼、尊卑有序

在一個家族中，在同一輩的人中，嫡出的長子或兄長要比庶出的弟弟的地位高，男子比女子的地位高，丈夫比妻子的地位高，嫂子比弟媳的地位高。不同輩分的人，長輩比晚輩的地位高。如：

◆ 寶玉笑道：“你倒比先越發(fā)出息了，倒像我的兒子?！辟Z璉笑道：“好不害臊!人家比你大四五歲呢，就替你作兒子了?”寶玉笑道：“你今年十幾歲了?”賈蕓道：“十八歲?！?/p>

原來這賈蕓最伶俐乖覺，聽寶玉這樣說，便笑道：“俗語說的，‘搖車里的爺爺，拄拐的孫子’。雖然歲數(shù)大，山高高不過太陽。”(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第二十四回)

“You've grown very handsome since I saw you last．”Baoyu grinned．“You could almost be my son．”

“For shame!”Jia Lian chortled．“Your son?He's four or five years older than you．”

Baoyu smiled．

“What age are you?”

“Eighteen．”

Jia Yun had all his wits about him．He seized this chance to add：“As the proverb says，‘A grandfather in the cradle may have a grandson who leans on a stick．’I may be older than you but‘The highest mountain can't shut out the sun．’”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

(4)親屬稱謂

漢語親屬稱謂系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成具有多分性、多層次性的特點，它體現(xiàn)在男女有別、長幼有序、系脈分明、宗族有別。(盧紅梅，2006：31)

如漢語稱謂中的“祖父”、“外祖父”“舅舅”、“舅媽”、“姑夫”、“姑姑”、“堂哥”、“表妹”等不僅能體現(xiàn)出性別關(guān)系，還能體現(xiàn)出父系、母系、年齡長幼、姻親、已婚還是未婚、宗族等關(guān)系。如下面例句中的“舅舅”為男性且為母系的親戚，“舅母”為女性，且為姻親關(guān)系，“內(nèi)侄女”不僅表示了性別關(guān)系，還顯示出“內(nèi)侄女”王熙鳳與“二舅母”宗族關(guān)系;“嫂”的稱呼則體現(xiàn)出性別、姻親、已婚以及與稱呼人的長幼順序關(guān)系。

如果把漢語親屬稱謂分類的話，可以分為父系和母系兩大系統(tǒng)。父系系列包括有高祖父母、曾祖父母、祖父母、父母、兒子、孫子(女)、重孫子(女)、曾孫子(女)、玄孫(女)上下“九族”;母系系列包括外祖父母、舅父母、姑表兄弟姐妹、姨父母、姨表兄弟姊妹等。即使是在現(xiàn)代中國，可以作為親屬核心稱謂詞語仍然多達20多個，他們是祖、父、子、孫、母、女、兄、弟、姊、妹、伯、叔、侄、甥、姑、舅、姨、岳、婿、夫、妻、嫂等。如：

◆ 鳳姐兒想一想，笑道：“一家子也是過正月節(jié)，合家賞燈吃酒，真真的熱鬧非凡。祖婆婆、太婆婆、媳婦、孫子媳婦、重孫媳婦、親孫子媳婦、侄孫子、重孫子、灰孫子、滴滴搭搭的孫子、孫女兒、外孫女兒、姨表孫女兒、姑表孫女兒……噯喲喲!真好熱鬧!……”(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第五十四回)

Xifeng drained her cup and thought for a second．“In the middle of the first month，”she began，“during the Lantern Festival a family was having a fine lively time，enjoying lanterns and drinking together．There were the great-grandmother，grandmother，grand-mothers-in-law，daughters-in-law，grand-nephews and a pack of great-great-grandsons，as well as granddaughters and grand-nieces on the paternal and maternal sides，and grandnieces on the brothers'and sisters'sides．．．Aiya，it was really lively……”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

◆ 天下真有這樣標(biāo)致的人物，我今兒才算見了!況且這通身的氣派，竟不像老祖宗的外孫女兒，竟是個嫡親的孫女，怨不得老祖宗天天口頭心頭一時不忘。只可憐我這妹妹這樣命苦，怎么姑媽偏就去世了!(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第三回)

This is the first time I've set eyes on such a ravishing beauty．Her whole air is so distinguished!She doesn't take after her father，son-in-law of our Old Ancestress，but looks more like a Jia．No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn't put you out her mind and was forever talking or thinking about you．But poor illfated little cousin，losing your mother so young!(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

◆ 她從貧苦的姑家，又轉(zhuǎn)到更貧苦的姨家。(蕭紅《王阿嫂的死》)

She had lived for a while with some impoverished paternal relatives，then had been bundled off to some maternal relatives who were，if anything，even worse．(Howard Blatt譯)

【注】漢語中“姑”指的是“我”父親的姐妹，“姨”則是“我”母親的姐妹?！肮脣尅焙汀耙虌尅痹谟⒄Z中都用aunt來表示，體現(xiàn)不出宗族概念，因而翻譯成“paternal relatives”和“maternal relatives”，有利于英語讀者了解中國文化，了解中國人的家族親屬間有嚴格的稱謂區(qū)別。在這種家族親屬稱謂中，父系重近，維系的久遠;母系輕遠，維系的時間相對較短。中國有句俗話，“姑表親，輩輩親，斷了骨頭連著筋”，而“姨娘親，不算親，死了姨娘斷了親”，反映了一種普遍的社會心理，折射出親屬稱謂的血緣因素的遠近所造成的親疏。如：

◆ 寶玉聽了，忙上來悄悄的說道：“你這么個明白人，難道連‘親不間疏，先不僭后’也不知道?我雖糊涂，卻明白這兩句話。頭一件，咱們是姑舅姊妹，寶姐姐是兩姨姊妹，論親戚，他比你疏。第二件，你先來，咱們兩個一桌吃，一床睡，長的這么大了，他是才來的，豈有個為他疏你的?”(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第二十回)

Baoyu stepped to her side and said softly，“Someone of your intelligenceshould know that distant relatives can't come between close ones，and new friends can't take the place of old．Dense as I am，I know that．Look，you're the daughter of my father's sister，while Baochai's a cousin on my mother's side—you're more closely related to me than she is．Besides，you came here first，we've eating at the same table，slept in the same bed and grown up together，while she has only recently arrived．How could I be less close to you because of her?”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

【注】“親不間疏，先不僭后”的意思是“關(guān)系疏遠的人，不能離間關(guān)系親密的人;結(jié)識在后的人，不能超過結(jié)識在先的人”。(張俊等，1987：340)

(5)濃烈的孝親

“孝親”也是家族倫理道德的“核心”。古人特別強調(diào)“百善孝為先”、“不孝有三，無后為大”，使“孝”成為中國家族中心主義的靈魂與基本命題。孝道觀念是宗法社會的核心內(nèi)容(顧偉列，2006：64)，它要求每個人盡管所處的位置各有不同，當(dāng)須遵守已經(jīng)規(guī)定好的為人之道，即父慈、子孝、兄良、弟悌、夫義、婦聽、長惠、幼順、君仁、臣忠等“十義”。如：

◆ (寶玉)說著扳鞍上馬，眾小廝圍隨往賈赦這邊來。見了賈赦，不過是偶感風(fēng)寒，先述了賈母問的話，然后自己請了安。賈赦先站起來回了賈母話，次后便喚人來：“帶哥兒進去太太屋里坐著?！睂氂裢顺?，來至后面，進入上房。邢夫人見了他來，先倒站了起來，請過賈母安，寶玉方請安。邢夫人拉他上炕坐了，方問別人好，又命人倒茶來。一鐘茶未吃完，只見那賈琮來問寶玉好。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第二十四回)

He(Baoyu)swung himself into the saddle then and his pages escorted him to Jia She's house，where he found that his uncle had nothing worse than a cold．Having delivered his grandmother's message he paid his own respects．Jia She stood up to reply to the Lady Dowager's inquiries after his hearth，then ordered a servant to take Baoyu to his wife．

Baoyu went to the back，to Lady Xing's apartment，and when she had risen to convey her respects to his grandmother he bowed on his won account．She made him sit beside her on the kang and asked after the rest ofthe family．While they sipped the tea she had ordered，Jia Cong came in to greet Baoyu．(楊憲益、戴乃迭)

【注】賈寶玉像個使者代表著賈母來到大伯賈赦家，向賈赦問好，因此，賈赥見寶玉有如見著賈母。這就像過去皇帝賜給某人某物，眾人見了皇帝的信物，都得下跪一樣。所以，賈赦盡管身為寶玉的伯父，卻必須先站起來回了賈母話。這也是為什么邢夫人見了寶玉后，倒先站了起來，請賈母安，寶玉方請安的原因，體現(xiàn)出濃濃的孝親情感。漢語所體現(xiàn)的這種家族尊敬長者的文化習(xí)俗，在漢英翻譯時也可以通過英譯文闡釋出來。

子女對父母的孝親情感還表現(xiàn)在：子女不僅尊重父母，甚至連父母的名字也不直接讀寫或讀念，每每遇此，則用其他的字代寫或代念。如：

◆ 雨村拍案笑道：“怪道這女學(xué)生讀至凡書中有‘敏’字，皆念作‘密’字，每每如是;寫字遇著‘敏’字，又減一二筆，我心中就有些疑惑。今聽你說的，是為此無疑矣。”(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第二回)

Yucun pounded the table with a laugh．“No wonder my pupil always pronounces‘min’as‘mi’and writes it with one or two strokes missing．That puzzled me，but now you've explained the reason．”

＊one or two strokes missing：a parent's name was taboo and had to be used in an altered form．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

【注】林黛玉讀書時，凡書中有“敏”字，皆念作“密”字，或?qū)懽钟鲋懊簟弊?，又減一兩筆，這是中國古代避諱的表現(xiàn)。中國避諱的范圍大致有兩個方面，一是公諱，也就是遇到帝王和孔子的名字，必須避諱;二是私諱，也叫家諱，也就是遇到祖父、父親或母親的名字，必須避諱。該例句中的避諱則屬私諱。避諱的主要方法有：(1)改字法——用同義、近義或近音字來代替回避的字，這叫“恭代”。如秦始皇的名字叫嬴政，諱“正”字，凡是遇到“正”字，改用“端”字。(2)缺筆法——將應(yīng)避諱的字少寫某些筆畫，一般總是少寫最后一個筆畫，稱為“敬末”。(3)空字法——刻書時，遇到應(yīng)避諱的字不刻出來，空出相同的位置，或作“某”或作。如三國時期蜀主劉備字玄德，清刻本常作德，為避康熙的諱。(4)分析法——即將應(yīng)避諱的字，分成幾個部分來敘述。如為避清圣祖玄燁的諱，就將玄寫成“從一從么”。(5)墨圈法——即對應(yīng)避諱的字，四周加黑框。(6)說明法——即對必須避諱的字，加以某種說明，而避免直接寫出來。

(6)族長、祠堂與義學(xué)、家塾

中國古代的宗族構(gòu)成除了同祖共宗的血緣關(guān)系、地緣因素之外，還必須選出組織者——族長以管理宗族的大小事務(wù)及族人的活動場所——祠堂。與此同時還需設(shè)置經(jīng)費來源的義田和教育族中子弟的家塾。(胡文彬，2005：597)

◆ 雖然賈政訓(xùn)子有方，治家有法，一則族大人多，照管不到這些;二則現(xiàn)任族長乃是賈珍，彼乃寧府長孫，又現(xiàn)襲職，凡族中事，自有他掌管。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第四回)

Although Jia Zheng was known for his fine method of schooling his sons and disciplining his household，the family was too large for him to see to everything．Moreover the head of the clan was Jia Zhen，who as the eldest grandson of the Duke of Ningguo had inherited the title and was responsible for all clan affairs．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

【注】“族長”是宗法制度下家族或宗族的頭人，通常由族中輩分較高、年紀較大的有權(quán)有勢的人擔(dān)任。(漢語雙語《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》，2002： 2564)賈珍乃是賈家家族中長房長孫，又現(xiàn)襲職，掌管族中事務(wù)。假設(shè)族中子弟“今日會酒，明日觀花，甚至聚賭嫖娼”，賈珍不管，別人也會像賈珍那樣以“公私冗雜，且素性瀟灑，不以俗務(wù)為要”等種種借口而不聞不問的。

祠堂，也稱“宗祠”，是供奉祖先神主讓族人祭祀的地方，也是族人團體活動或族長施政的場所。(胡文彬，2005：597)如：

◆ 諸子弟有未入朝者，皆在寧府門前排班伺候，然后引入宗祠。且說寶琴是初次，一面細細留神打諒這宗祠，原來寧府西邊另一個院子，黑油柵欄內(nèi)五間大門，上懸一塊匾，寫著是“賈氏宗祠”四個字，旁書“衍圣公孔繼宗書”。兩旁有一副長聯(lián)，寫道是：“肝腦涂地，兆姓賴保育之恩;功名貫天，百代仰蒸嘗之盛?！币嘌苁ス鶗?/p>

進入院中，白石甬路，兩邊皆是蒼松翠柏。月臺上設(shè)著青綠古銅鼎彝等器。抱廈前上面懸一九龍金匾，寫道是：“星輝輔弼”。乃先皇御筆。兩邊一副對聯(lián)，寫道是：“勛業(yè)有光昭日月，功名無間及子孫?！币嗍怯P。五間正殿前懸一鬧龍?zhí)钋嘭遥瑢懙朗牵骸吧鹘K追遠”。旁邊一副對聯(lián)，寫道是：“已后兒孫承福德，至今黎庶念榮寧?！本闶怯P。

里邊香燭輝煌，錦幛繡幕，雖列著神主，卻看不真切。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第五十三回)

On their return，they alighted from their chairs by the lobby of the Ning Mansion．All their younger kinsmen who had not gone to court had lined up to wait in front of the main gate，and now ushered them into the Ancestral Temple．

Now as this was Xue Baoqin's first visit here，she took pains to observe the whole place carefully．The temple，a five-frame structure enclosed by a black palisade，stood in a separate courtyard to the west of the Ning Mansion．In large characters on the placard over the gate was the imposing fourcharacter inscription“Jia Family Ancestral Temple．”In small characters beside this she read“Written by Kong Jizong，Hereditary Duke Descended from Confucius．”The couplet flanking this read：

The grateful recipients of Imperial Favor will gladly dash their brains out on the ground;

Generations to come will make solemn sacrifice for deeds whose fame resounds to Heaven．

This too had been written by the duke descended from Confucius．

Entering this courtyard，the party proceeded along a way paved with white marble and bordered by green pines and cypresses to a terrace on which were displayed ancient bronze tripods and libation cups green with patina．Before the porch hung a placard gilded with the nine-dragon design，and the inscription“Stars Shine on the Assistant，”which had been written by the late Emperor himself．The couplet on either side，also in the Imperial calligraphy，read：

Their achievements outshine the sun and moon，

Their fame will extend to their posterity．

The tablet over the entrance to the main hall was engraved with frolicking dragons，and bore the intagliated motto in blue：“Venerate the Departed，Continue Their Sacrifice．”The couplet flanking this，also written by the Emperor，read：

Their descendants succeed to their good fortune and virtue;

Ning and Rong live in the memory of the black-haired people．

The hall itself，ablaze with candles and lamps，was so brilliant with silk hangings and embroidered curtains that the ancestral tablets，ranged in their places，were hard to make out distinctly．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

【注】在本例句中，作者首先寫出了賈家祖有功，宗有德的歷史，所以要宗族共祭。體現(xiàn)了“人本乎祖”的觀念。作者是借用寶琴的眼睛進行觀察，將賈家祠堂向我們描述了一遍，由此我們得知賈家的祠堂不僅規(guī)模大，而且祠堂里懸掛的匾額、對聯(lián)，都有其歷史，輝煌且肅穆。

那么什么又是“義學(xué)”呢?所謂“義學(xué)”，也叫“義塾”，是由宗族、地方的公益收入或捐贈興辦的一種免費學(xué)校，供族人、親友子弟入學(xué)讀書。(胡文彬，2005：599)這種義學(xué)曹雪芹在《紅樓夢》第九回中也寫出了賈家義學(xué)的來歷。請看：

◆ 原來這賈家之義學(xué)，離此地不遠，不過一里之遙，原系始祖所立，恐族中子弟有貧窮不能請師者，即入此中學(xué)。凡族中有官爵之人，皆供給銀兩，按俸之多寡幫助，為學(xué)中之費。特共舉年高有德之人為塾師，專為訓(xùn)課子弟。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第九回)

Now this Jia family school，which was only a li away，had been set up several generations earlier so that members of the clan who could not afford to engage a tutor would have somewhere to educate their sons．It was supported by those with official positions，who contributed according to the size of their stipends，and an elderly man of good reputation in the clan was elected to take charge of the boys'instruction．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

過去大家族所辦的義學(xué)，不僅族中貧窮子弟可以入學(xué)接受塾師的訓(xùn)課，就是族中子弟的親戚也可以附讀。如：

◆ 寶玉不待說完，便答道：“正是呢，我們卻有個家塾。我因業(yè)師又回家去了，也現(xiàn)荒廢著呢?！袢栈厝ィ尾环A明，就往我們敝塾中來，我亦相伴，豈不是好事?”秦鐘笑道：“家父前日在家提起延師一事，也曾提起這里的義學(xué)倒好，原要來和這里的親翁商議引薦。因這里事忙，不便為這點小事來甛絮的?！?曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第七回)

“Just what I think，”broke in Baoyu．“We have a school for members ofour clan who can't engage a tutor，and some other relatives attend it too．My tutor went home last year，so I'm a loose end myself for the time being．．．．If，as you say，your worthy father is concerned over this，why not tell him about it when you go home today，and come and study in our school?I'll be your schoolfellow，and we can help each other．What could be better?”

“The other day when my father brought up the question of a tutor he spoke highly of this free school here，”replied Qin Zhong eagerly．“He meant to come and talk it over with Lord Zhen，but didn't like to trouble him about such a trifle when everyone here is so busy．”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)