第五節(jié) 狀語從句的翻譯技巧
狀語從句是一個比較復雜的語言現(xiàn)象,英漢兩種語言中都有存在。英語的狀語從句根據(jù)功能可分為時間、地點、原因、讓步、條件、目的、結果、比較和方式狀語從句等。有些狀語從句的位置比較靈活,有前有后。此外,英語中各類狀語從句都有明顯的反應其邏輯關系的連接詞。漢語的狀語從句與英語的狀語從句的最大區(qū)別就在于狀語從句的位置和連接詞。漢語中多數(shù)狀語從句是放在主句之前,只有比較和結果狀語從句位于主句之后,方式狀語從句的位置則可前可后。
英語狀語從句的連詞大部分可以在漢語中找到相對應的關聯(lián)詞,翻譯時關鍵在于如何讓譯文更符合漢語表達方式。因為引導漢語狀語從句的關聯(lián)詞時常省略,且省略關聯(lián)詞的漢語句子更為精練,所以英文原文中的連詞有時不必譯出。例如:
The iron should be stricken while it is hot.
趁熱打鐵。
If winter comes,can spring be far behind?
冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?
關于狀語從句的具體翻譯技巧,可從分為以下幾個方面。
一、時間狀語從句的翻譯
在英語中,時間狀語從句的連接詞主要有:when(當……的時候)、whenever(每當……)、every time(每當……)、as(當……時)、by the time(等到……的時候)、the day(在……那天)、once(一旦……)、since(自從……)、until(直到……、如果不……)、till(直到……)、before(在……前)、after(在……后)、as soon as(一……就)、the moment(一……就)、immediately(一……就)、no sooner...than(一……就)、hardly/scarcely...when(一……就)、the instant(一……就)、instantly(一……就)、directly(一……就)、the minute(一……就)、the second(一……就)等。
(一)譯成相應的時間狀語
While she spoke,the tears were running down.
她說話時,眼淚流淌下來。
As she finished the speech,the audience burst into applause.
在她演講結束時,聽眾爆發(fā)出熱烈的掌聲。
Before we send our formal order confirmation,we have to inform you that we cannot accept your request for a 10% discount.
在本公司寄出正式訂單確認之前,必須通知貴方,本公司不能接受貴方打九折的要求。
When they analyzed these rocks,they found“shocked”quartz grains—slivers with a particular arrangement of micro cracks believed to represent the relic left by an extraterrestrial impact.
在分析這些巖芯時,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了“沖擊”石英顆?!獛в刑厥馀帕械奈⒘芽p的薄片,科學家認為他們是外層空間來的物體與地球碰撞留下來的遺跡。
(二)譯成“一/剛/每……就”的結構
I’ll call you as soon as I have everything arranged.
我一安排好就給你打電話。
As soon as the goods are on board,the master of the steamer or the ship’s agents will give the exporter a receipt of the goods shipped.
貨物一裝上船,船主或輪船代理人就會給出口商開出一張所裝貨物的收據(jù)。
Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.
他剛說出這些話,大家就沉默下來。
(三)譯成條件句
A body at rest will not move till a force is exerted on it.
若無外力的作用,靜止的物體不會移動。
We can’t start the job until we have the approval from the authority concerned.
如果沒有有關當局的批準,我們不能開始這項工作。
Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
如果機器發(fā)生故障,就把電門關上。
注意在翻譯上句里when引導的時間狀語從句時,譯者并沒有套用“當……時候”的句式,而是根據(jù)上下文調整為條件狀語從句。when作為最常見的引導狀語的連詞,其應用是非常靈活的,翻譯時不可簡單套譯,這樣的例子還有:
He was on the verge of losing his temper with his wife when she uttered a cry.
他正要對妻子發(fā)脾氣,忽聽她哭叫起來。
另外,when引導狀語從句除表時間之外,有時還表原因或讓步,相當于since或although,例如:
Why tell lies when you know the truth?
既然你知道實情為何還要撒謊?
He gave up literary study when he might have made a great career in it.
盡管他在文學研究方面可能會做出一番事業(yè),他還是放棄了。
He just stood here with his arms folded when he might have given me a hand.
盡管他可以幫我一把,但就是站在那袖手旁觀。
before也常被用來引導時間狀語從句,在翻譯時,要注意漢語表達習慣是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序展開,所以調整原文語序是必要的。例如:
Being a pupil before you become a teacher.
想做先生先當學徒。
Get the broken glass out of here before it hurts somebody.
碎玻璃傷人,先把它弄出去。
I had scarcely entered the classroom before the bell rang.
鈴聲響之前,我才剛剛邁進教室。
before可以引導讓步狀語從句:
They would fight to death before they surrender.
他們即便戰(zhàn)死也決不投降。
二、原因狀語從句
英語中,原因狀語從句的連接詞常常是:because(因為)、since(既然、由于)、as(因為)、for(因為)、now that(既然)、in that(在某方面)、seeing that(既然)、considering that(考慮到、因為)、in view of the fact that(鑒于)。
(一)根據(jù)中文表達習慣,翻譯成因果分句,一般放在主句之前
The harvest was poor this year because spread of crop diseases and pests was too quick.
因為農作物病蟲害傳播極快,今年收成很差。
We had to put the meeting off,since so many people were absent.
由于很多人沒有來,會議只得延期。
You“jump on the bandwagon”when you decide to support a candidate because public opinion studies show he is likely to win.
因為民意調查顯示某個候選人很可能會取勝,所以你決定支持他,你就是“隨大流”了。
As we have always received your payment punctually,we are puzzled to have had neither remittance nor report in connection with our current statement of June 30.
因為我方總是準時收到貴方的付款,但是迄今為止,我方既沒有收到匯款,也沒有接到有關我方6月30號結算的回音,因此深感困惑。
Now that you have had a chance to examine what we have sent to you,we are enclosing an order form for you to make an order easily.
既然貴方有機會審讀我方寄送的材料,因此為便于貴方訂貨,附上訂單一份。
It doesn’t boil,despite temperatures reaching up to 400 degrees C,because it is under terrific pressure.
盡管溫度可高達攝氏400度,水卻因為處于高壓之下而不會沸騰。
(二)可譯為漢語的“……是因為/就在于”的結構連接主句
A gas differs from solid in that it has no definite shape.
氣體不同于固體是因為它沒有固定的形狀。
He will get promoted,for he has done good work.
他將得到提升,就在于他工作干得好。
Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.
理論之所以有價值,是因為它能給實踐指明方向。
(三)可譯為not...because結構
當because引導的原因狀語從句的主句中謂語為否定式時,有時可以按正常的語序翻譯,即not否定其后動詞。例如:
He did not come to the class this morning because he was sick.
今早他沒有來上課,因為他病了。
Women in some Islamic countries do not vote because they have no right to.
一些伊斯蘭國家的婦女不參加選舉,因為她們沒有選舉權。
但是,有時not不否定謂語,而是否定because本身。所以,翻譯時應把主句譯成肯定,從句譯成否定。例如:
The engine didn’t stop because electricity was off.
并不是因為停電機器才停止運轉。
I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.
我之所以教書并不是因為教書對我來說太容易。
The vehicle did not stop running because the fuel was finished.
車子停止運行,不是因為燃料用完。
These rings are not valued because they are set with precious stones.
這些戒指的價值并不在于它們鑲有寶石。
三、條件狀語從句
英語中連接條件狀語從句的連接詞常常有:if(如果)、if only(但愿、要是……就好了)、only if(只要)、unless(除非、如果不)、providing that(假如)、in case(如果)、suppose that(假如)、so long as(只要)、on condition that(條件是)等。
(一)翻譯在主句前面
If you tell me about it,then I shall be able to decide.
假如你把一切都告訴我,那么我就能夠作出決定。
It was better in case they were captured.
要是把他們捉到了,那就更好了。
If it were gentle,only the more unstable rods fell.If it were severe,they all fell.
如果震動輕微,只有不穩(wěn)定的木棒倒下,如果震動劇烈,所有的木棒都會倒下。
If Lu Xun were alive,how happy he would be to see the great achievements of New China!
如果魯迅還活著,看到新中國的偉大成就他會多么高興??!
If a free society cannot help the many who are poor,it cannot save the few who are rich.
自由社會要是不能幫助眾多的窮人,也就無法挽救少數(shù)富人。
The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.
如果外力不超過某一限度的話,那么形變量與外力成正比。
(二)翻譯在主句后面,用來補充說明條件
You can sail in the morning if you are ready.
你早上就可以出海,如果你準備就緒的話。
During the execution of a contract,if one party fails to perform the contract and thus bring economic loss to another party,the latter may ask the former for compensation according to the contract stipulation.
在合同的執(zhí)行過程中,受損方可根據(jù)合同規(guī)定要求對方賠償,如出現(xiàn)一方不能履行合同而造成另一方經(jīng)濟損失的情況。
四、讓步狀語從句
英語中,表示讓步關系的連接詞常常有:though(雖然)、although(雖然)、even if(即使)、as(盡管)、while(盡管)、whatever(無論什么)、wherever(無論哪里)、whoever(無論誰)、however(無論怎樣)、no matter(不論、不管)、for all that(盡管)、granted that(即使)、in spite of that fact that(盡管)、despite the fact that(不管)等。
(一)譯成表示“讓步”的分句,如“雖然……但是……,盡管……”等
While we can not see the air,we can feel it.
我們雖然看不見空氣,但卻能感覺到它。
Granted that you don’t like the proposal,you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.
即使你不喜歡這個提議,你也不該沒有同別人商量就把它駁回了。
The price of our product is still slightly lower than those of competitors even though it has been increased by 10%.
盡管我方產(chǎn)品的價格提高了10%,但是與我方的競爭對手相比,還是稍低。
The letter of credit covering your order No.638 has not reached us yet though we have made repeated requests.
盡管我公司一再要求,但是仍未收到貴方編號638訂單的信用證。
Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth,anything humans can do,Nature has already done better.
雖然人類是地球上最聰明的生物,但大自然總會比人更勝一籌。
While industrial lasers today are most often used for cutting,welding,drilling and measuring,the laser’s light can be put to a much different use:separating isotopes to produce nuclear fuel.
雖然今天的工業(yè)激光器最常用于切割、焊接、鉆孔和測量,但激光可以用于與此迥異的用途:分離同位素以生產(chǎn)核燃料。
(二)譯成條件句
由no matter引導的從句可以譯為以“不論、不管、無論”等做關聯(lián)詞的條件分句。例如:
No matter what I say or how I say it,my little daughter always thinks I’m right.
不管我說什么,也不管我怎么說,我的小女兒總是認為我是對的。
No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly,the insect will dart off almost every time.
不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只蒼蠅,差不多每次它都飛走。
五、目的狀語從句
英語里常用的連接目的狀語從句的連接詞有:that(為了、以便)、so that(為了、以便)、in case(以防、以免)、for fear that(以防)、lest(以防)、in order that(為了)等。
(一)譯在主句前面
一般來說,把表示“為了”的目的狀語從句通常放在主句前面翻譯。
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
為了不驚醒她,他輕輕推開房門,悄悄地從屋里溜了出去。
We should start early so that we might get there before evening.
為了傍晚以前趕到那里,我們很早就動身了。
A film can slow down the blossoming so that students can study the process.
為了能讓學生研究這一過程,電影可以放慢花朵綻放的過程。
There must be device non-linearity in order that such a phenomenon could be possible.
為了使這一現(xiàn)象有可能發(fā)生,就必須存在器件的非線性。
(二)譯在主句后面
表示目的的從句還可以翻譯在主句后面,表示“省(免)得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。
He emphasized it over and again,lest she should forget.
他反復強調這一點,免得她忘了。
They hid themselves behind some bushes for fear that the enemy should find them.
他們躲在樹叢后面,以防被敵人發(fā)現(xiàn)。
In addition,the cameraman must have a knowledge of composition so that the arrangement of the people and objects in each shot will produce the desired effect.
另外,攝影師必須具備合成的知識,以便安排好每個鏡頭中的人和物來達到預期的效果。
六、結果狀語從句
(一)譯在主句后面
英語中常見的連接結果狀語從句的連詞有:so that、so...that、such...that、to such a degree等,通常可以翻譯為“結果、如此……以至于……”,一般可直接翻譯于主句之后。
He made a wrong decision,so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他做了錯誤的決定,結果浪費了自己半生的時間。
The difference is such that all will perceive it.
差別這么大,所有的人都看得出來。
(二)譯在主句前面
一般情況下,主句中如果含有never、never so、not so、not such等否定詞,而且其后的結果狀語從句是由but that和but what連接并構成雙重否定,我們在翻譯的時候,可以譯為“如果……不”或者“沒有……不”。
She never comes but she borrow.
她如果不借東西就不來。
She is not so old but that she can read.
她并沒有老到不能讀書。
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