目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句的辨析
第十三節(jié) 目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句的辨析
So that既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。如何區(qū)別它們,有關(guān)語法書及雜志已作了不少介紹。為了進(jìn)一步從語義關(guān)系上和結(jié)構(gòu)形式上進(jìn)行分辨,本節(jié)特作如下探討:
1.目的是以觀念形態(tài)存在的潛在的可能性和意欲,不是事實(shí)
這一潛在的可能性或意欲的實(shí)現(xiàn),則是結(jié)果。目的是主觀意念,結(jié)果是客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。因此,從句若反映一種意欲、一種可能性,則是目的從句;若是一種事實(shí),就是結(jié)果從句。試比較:
I am going to take an early bus so that I'll get there in time.(Purpose)
我打算乘早班公共汽車,以便及時(shí)趕到那里。
I took an early bus so that I got there in time.(Result)
我乘了早班公共汽車,及時(shí)到了那里。
2.目的從句表示動(dòng)機(jī)(即一種可能性),并非事實(shí)
此從句只是想要達(dá)到某個(gè)結(jié)果的意愿,因而從句中多用假定性的謂語動(dòng)詞,常有can,may,will,could,might,would,should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身并無詞匯意義,只是一種虛擬用法“結(jié)果從句表示客觀事實(shí),所以用陳述語氣的謂語動(dòng)詞,從句中常無情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”。試比較:
We planted many shrubs so that the garden should/might look more beautiful.(Purpose)
我們?cè)粤撕芏喙嗄荆瑸榱俗尰▓@看起來更美一些。
We planted many shrubs,so that the garden soon looked more beautiful.(Result)
我們?cè)粤撕芏喙嗄?,花園里不久就好看多了。
I always write so carefully that I may make my meaning clear.(Purpose)
我寫作時(shí)總是字斟句酌,為了讓人看懂我的意思。
I always write so carefully that I make my meaning clear.(Result)
我寫作時(shí)總是字斟句酌,結(jié)果把意思講得一清二楚。
Every precaution was taken that the plan might not fail.(Purpose)
已經(jīng)采取了各種措施,好讓計(jì)劃不致遭失敗。
I must be getting absent-minded that I forgot to bring my ticket.(Result)
我一定是心不在焉,結(jié)果票也忘了帶。
值得一提的是,從句中如用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,有時(shí)會(huì)使得目的和結(jié)果的界線模糊。比如下面這個(gè)句子既可表示結(jié)果也可表示目的:
He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him.(Result or purpose)
有時(shí),即使從句中用了can,could,should等,它仍是一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句。請(qǐng)看下面三個(gè)句子:
The room was packed with people,so that we couldn't get in.房間里擠滿了人,我們進(jìn)不去。
It is raining,so that I cannot go out.
天在下雨,我出不去了。
What have I done that you should be so angry with me?我干了些什么使你對(duì)我如此惱火?
3.目的狀語從句與主句的關(guān)系緊密
在講話時(shí)一氣呵成,而結(jié)果從句則是句子的外在因素,講話時(shí)往往在主句和從句之間須略加停頓,書寫時(shí)一般用逗號(hào)斷開。
試比較:
We all arrived at eight,so(that)the meeting began promptly.(Result)
我們都是8點(diǎn)到達(dá)的,結(jié)果會(huì)議馬上就開始了。
We'll come at eight(so)that the meeting can begin early.(Purpose)
我們要8點(diǎn)來,以便會(huì)議能早點(diǎn)開始。
He violated the regulation,so he was punished.(Result)
他違反了規(guī)章制度,所以他受了處分。
I sent the letter airmail so he would get it right now.(Purpose)
此信我寄了航空,好讓他隨即收到。
4.目的狀語從句可以移至句首,從而達(dá)到進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)目的意義;而結(jié)果狀語從句不可以,只能置于主句之后。這表明目的從句在句中的位置比較自由,結(jié)果從句在句中位置一般比較固定
例如:
So that everyone could hear,they used a loud-hailer(They used a loud-hailer so that everyone could hear.)
為了使人人都能聽到,他們使用了擴(kuò)音器。不能說So that I could hardly stand,I was tired.
So that we should/might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.
為了看日出,我們一早就出發(fā)到山頂去。
5.目的狀語從句是句子不可分割的一部分,是句子的內(nèi)在修飾語(adjunct),結(jié)果狀語句并非句子的有機(jī)組成部分,是句子的外圍修飾語(disjunct)
因此,前者可以成為分裂句的強(qiáng)調(diào)中心,而后者卻不可以,例如:
It is so that his students may understand well that the teacher speaks clearly.
正是為了使學(xué)生很好理解,教師才講得清清楚楚。
不能說It's so that he can't sleep at night that he worries about his financial conditions.
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