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        ? 首頁 ? 理論教育 ?翻譯與文體

        翻譯與文體

        時間:2023-04-01 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:新聞報道涉獵面廣,詞匯量大,語言現(xiàn)象紛繁復(fù)雜,對譯者的知識面以及語言功底的要求較高。如Ground Zero,這個詞起源于1946年,原指“核爆炸原點,爆炸中心”,后引申意義為“基本點或起始點;巨大變化發(fā)生的中心點”。這樣受人擺布的活死人被稱為zombie。在已故英國王妃戴安娜巴黎車禍事件報道中,這個詞出現(xiàn)頻率極高,也進入了英語詞匯,意思是“狗仔隊”。

        新聞報道涉獵面廣,詞匯量大,語言現(xiàn)象紛繁復(fù)雜,對譯者的知識面以及語言功底的要求較高。新聞翻譯總結(jié)起來主要應(yīng)突出以下幾個方面:

        1.譯文要精煉、準確、流暢;

        2.理解原文要透徹;

        3.長句處理要得當。

        下面我們從詞匯及句型的角度詳細闡述一下新聞翻譯實踐中的主要難點及對策。

        4.1.1 詞匯

        新聞英語的詞匯是其最突出的特色之一。英美新聞報刊的編輯記者們永遠是語言變化陣地上的前沿人物。由他們創(chuàng)造并流傳開來為大眾所接受的詞匯如今已數(shù)不勝數(shù)。此外,新聞報道幾乎涵蓋社會生活的方方面面,因此詞匯量龐大復(fù)雜,并且在新興事物的涌現(xiàn)下,創(chuàng)造新詞的頻率也十分驚人。最后,新聞報道在時效性的要求下,用詞十分簡潔;在各種修辭手段的幫助下又不失深邃新鮮,增加了可讀性和趣味性。我們從以下幾個方面來闡述新聞報道的詞匯特點:

        一、新詞層出不窮

        在新聞報道中,讀者往往會讀到或聽到一些新詞,如:charitainment(娛樂明星參與慈善活動),stem cell(干細胞),blog(網(wǎng)絡(luò)日志;博客),podcast(傳播或播放媒體文件;播客)等等。在這些新詞當中,有些詞是早已存在,只不過在新的事件或新的語境中產(chǎn)生了新的含義。如Ground Zero,這個詞起源于1946年,原指“核爆炸原點,爆炸中心”,后引申意義為“基本點或起始點;巨大變化發(fā)生的中心點”。在最近幾年的幾大時事背景下,它又有了一些新的意義,如

        1.The families of Sept.11made their annual pilgrimage to Ground Zero yesterday,burdened by familiar sorrows and a growing,gnawing anxiety that the world is forgetting them too fast.

        結(jié)合上下文我們知道,這句話里的Ground Zero毫無疑問指的是遭受“9.11”恐怖襲擊之后的紐約世界貿(mào)易中心遺址,因此我們可將它譯為:

        “9.11”恐怖襲擊遇難者家屬昨天前往世貿(mào)中心遺址進行一年一度的吊唁活動。他們背負著喪失親人的悲傷和日益令人心煩的焦慮,認為世界將他們遺忘得太快了。

        2.Secretary-General tours worst destruction he has ever seen at tsunami’s Ground Zero.

        從這句話可以看出,此處的Ground Zero是指2004年底南亞地區(qū)遭受空前海嘯襲擊的地方,所以這句話可譯成:

        聯(lián)合國秘書長視察了造成極大毀壞的海嘯發(fā)生地。

        還有一個十分有趣的例子是關(guān)于zombie一詞。這個詞首次出現(xiàn)在19世紀末期,當時有一種起源于西部非洲的伏都教(Voodoo)通過神秘儀式將死人復(fù)生,加以控制。這樣受人擺布的活死人被稱為zombie。而現(xiàn)在,隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及與發(fā)展,某一臺上網(wǎng)的電腦很可能染上某種病毒并受其控制,到處散發(fā)垃圾郵件,新聞記者將其稱為zombie,請見例句:

        “One alarming trend to emerge from the survey was the increasing number of zombie computers—PCs that have been compromised remotely by hackers or virus writers...Zombie computers are sending out over 40%of the world’s spam,usually to the complete ignorance of the PC’s owner.”

        國內(nèi)媒體將zombie computers翻譯成“僵尸電腦”,雖有些聳人聽聞但也不失準確。

        另外有一部分新詞是將某些舊詞與其他一些詞匯或詞根組合起來改頭換面,形成新的意義。Britcom就是一個很好的例子,這個詞來自于sitcom即situation comedy(電視連續(xù)劇或情景喜?。ritcom這個詞取British的前半部分和sitcom的后半部分組合起來,意義當然就是“英式情景戲劇”了。近年來,隨著中國航天事業(yè)的發(fā)展,常常有一個新詞taikonaut(太空人)出現(xiàn)在外國的新聞報道中。這個詞是由漢語“太空”(taikong)與英語astronaut(航天員)中的后半部分-naut拼接而成,組成新詞taikonaut。

        二、外來語使用頻繁

        在新聞報道中,除新詞不斷涌現(xiàn)之外,外來語的使用也非常頻繁。如南非曾經(jīng)臭名昭著的“種族隔離制度”,在新聞報道中就用上了南非語中的apartheid來精確表達這種制度的意義,后來這個詞就進入了英語詞匯。近兩年見報率比較高的一個詞叫paparazzi,來自意大利語,原意是“自由職業(yè)的攝影師”,靠拍到具有新聞價值的照片為生,他們成天跟蹤名人名流,偷拍他們的照片,因此名聲大噪。在已故英國王妃戴安娜巴黎車禍事件報道中,這個詞出現(xiàn)頻率極高,也進入了英語詞匯,意思是“狗仔隊”。還有,美國政治特有的詞匯caucus是指政黨核心成員的秘密會議,特別是推舉該黨派的總統(tǒng)候選人的小范圍會議,但它源于印第安語,指印第安部落領(lǐng)袖會議。類似這樣的外來語還有:tsunami(日語,海嘯),jihad(阿拉伯語,圣戰(zhàn)),bona fide(法語,貨真價實的),Zeitgeist(德語,時代精神),czar(俄語,沙皇,掌權(quán)者),tycoon(日語,大人物),thug(印地語,暴徒),junta(西班牙語,軍政府),nirvana(梵語,涅?)

        三、措辭新穎且詞義豐富

        由于新聞報道大力求新獵奇以招徠讀者,所以一些短小精悍但意義豐富的小詞見報率很高,這就需要譯者在翻譯時特別要加以考校,以免出現(xiàn)不該出現(xiàn)的錯誤,例如,bottom line是一個在新聞報道中出現(xiàn)頻繁但又經(jīng)常被誤解的詞匯。很多人望文生義地將它翻成“底線”,然后再硬生生搬到文章里去,哪能不出錯呢?其實這個詞的本義是指“最下面的一條線”,也就是在運算加加減減之后在最終結(jié)果上面劃上的一條線,而公司或企業(yè)的利潤或虧損也就是經(jīng)過這樣一個過程算出來的,因此這個詞在很多語境下指代的就是“(企業(yè)的)盈虧一覽結(jié)算線,即企業(yè)的利潤或虧損”,如下例:

        In bad times,like the 70’s or 90’s,the pressure of the bottom line was expected to lead bosses“finally”to a proper market-based system of employment.

        很顯然,這句話中的bottom line是指盈虧一覽結(jié)算線,草率地將其譯為“底線”,恐怕沒有多少人理解它的真正含義,因此將這句話譯為“在70年代或90年代經(jīng)濟不景氣的時候,追求利潤的壓力迫使那些老板們最終采用一種面向市場的雇傭體系?!本筒粫钊速M解了。

        再如,strain也是一個含義豐富的詞匯,光是做名詞時意義就有“拉力;緊張;曲調(diào);性情氣質(zhì);種類等等”,不通過上下文仔細推敲,是不可能準確翻譯出其真正含義的。請看下面兩個例子。

        1.Officials at the Army’s Dugway Proving Ground in Utah said that in 1998scientists there turned small quantities of wet anthrax into powder to test ways to defend against biowarfare attacks.A spokeswoman at Dugway,Paula Nicholson,said the powdered anthrax produced that year was a different strain from the one used in the recent mail attacks that have killed five people.

        譯文:位于猶他州的陸軍Dugway試驗場官員說,早在1998年這里的科學(xué)家就已經(jīng)成功地將少量濕潤的炭疽菌變成粉末狀態(tài),用來研制抵御生化戰(zhàn)爭的方法。該機構(gòu)發(fā)言人Paula Nicholson說,當年研制出的粉末狀炭疽孢子與最近造成五人死亡的炭疽郵件事件中所用到的細菌種類完全不同。

        2.Scientists have identified the first direct link between stress and aging,a finding that could explain why intense,long-term emotional straincan make people get sick and grow old before their time.

        譯文:科學(xué)家已經(jīng)確認了壓力和衰老之間的首個直接證據(jù),這一發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了為什么長期劇烈的情緒緊張會造成人類疾病和早衰。

        從上述兩個例子可以看出,strain在不同的語境中具有不同的含義。在例1中譯為“種類”,在例2中譯為“緊張”因此譯者要準確的翻譯一個含義豐富的詞或詞組,就必須要全面地理解和掌握它。

        4.1.2 句子

        長句是新聞英語句式的最大特點,尤其是新聞報道的開頭,往往是將事件最重要的信息包含在一到兩個長句中。因此,在翻譯之前首先要對長句有精確的理解,并把握句中各個成分的意義,理清層層疊疊的邏輯關(guān)系。請看下面的例子。

        The BBC last night beat off an 11th hour legal attempt to block a program naming four men in connection with the Omagh bombing which killed 29 people.The demand by the Northern Ireland human rights commission for the Panorama program to be injuncted was thrown out by the high court in Belfast,Mr.Justice Kerr finding in the corporation’s favor just 90minutes ahead of transmission to end a dramatic day of legal argument.

        顯而易見,第一句中的to block a program naming four men in connection with the Omagh bombing which killed 29people是legal attempt的定語,詳細說明了legal attempt的內(nèi)容。第二句中by the Northern Ireland human rights commission以及for the Panorama program to be injuncted是demand的定語,說明demand的具體細節(jié)。此外,通過對上下文的推敲不難看出句1中的legal attempt就是句2中的the demand,因為上述兩個定語中to block a program和for the program to be injuncted意義相同。此外,對于較長的定語在譯文中究竟放在被修飾詞的前面還是后面,要看句子的通順程度如何。一般來說,中文不采用冗長的定語,因此大多數(shù)情況下我們要把定語和主句分開,使它們成為松散的句子,并用逗號連接起來。

        譯文:英國廣播公司昨晚成功地駁回了針對其一檔節(jié)目最后一刻的法律訴訟,該節(jié)目將公布四名涉嫌參與造成29人死亡的奧馬爆炸案的兇手身份。該訴訟由北愛爾蘭人權(quán)委員會提出,旨在請求法庭強制禁止“萬象”節(jié)目播出,但此上訴于節(jié)目預(yù)定播出前90分鐘被貝爾法斯特高級法院的克爾法官駁回。最終這個戲劇性的訴訟日以英國廣播公司的勝利而告終。

        練 習(xí)

        一、將下列長句或段落譯成漢語:

        1.Last year was the warmest in a century,nosing out 1998,a federal analysis concludes.Researchers calculated that 2005produced the highest annual average surface temperature worldwide since instrument recordings began in the late 1800s,said James Hansen,director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

        2.A web site that earned an enterprising British student,named Alex Tew, 1 million suffered a crippling attack by ransom-seeking hackers.Alex Tew,21,said that his Million Dollar Homepage was targeted after he publicized how it had helped him raise money for his university studies.Tew had sold 10,000 small squares of advertising space on the Web site for 100each,achieving his target in four months.His initiative spawned several copycat sites.

        3.John Lennon’s original draft of lyrics to the groundbreaking Beatles song A Day in the Life has gone on sale.The manuscript,being sold in New York in a sealed-bid auction ending 7March,is expected to fetch about 2million,auction house Bonhams said.Lennon wrote the song after reading about the death of his friend,Guinness heir Tara Browne,in the Daily Mail

        on 17January 1967.

        4.In a year filled with political wrangling,natural disasters and pop culture curiosities,Americans turned to Merriam-Webster to help define them all.Filibuster.Refugee.Tsunami.Each was among the dictionary publisher’s 10most frequently looked-up words this year among some 7million users of its online site.But topping the list is a word that some say gives insight into the country’s collective concern about its values:integrity.The noun,formally defined as a“firm adherence to a code”and“incorruptibility,”has always been a popular one on the company’s Web site,said Merriam-Webster President John Morse.But this year,the true meaning of integrity seemed to be of extraordinary concern.About 200,000people sought its definition online.

        5.Behind the celebrity factor,behind the recall circus,lies a tantalizing possibility.In his unique blend of fiscal conservatism and social liberalism,Arnold Schwarzenegger is a genuinely new kind of American politician.

        二、將下列段落譯成英語:

        1.2007年世界特殊奧林匹克運動會會標、主題及2005年度電視公益宣傳片的征

        集活動得到了全球關(guān)注特殊奧林匹克運動的各界人士的積極參與。自2004年11月初至12月底,2007年特奧會組委會共收到來自全球42個國家和地區(qū)的會標設(shè)計入選作品1 480余件、主題口號入選作品2 500余件。2005年1月17日,2007年特奧會會標、主題全球征集活動的首次評審委員會在上海召開。評審委員會對所有的會標設(shè)計入選作品進行了初步審核并評選出50件入圍作品。2007年特奧會會標、主題的最終獲獎方案預(yù)計于2005年2月正式公布。

        2.在漫長的世界史上,只有幾代人在自由處于危亡之際肩負重任去捍衛(wèi)自由。我決不在這責(zé)任之前退縮;我樂于接受。我不相信我們中間會有人愿意跟別的民族及別的世代交換位置。我們在這場努力中所獻出的精力、信念與虔誠、將照亮我們的國家以及所有為國家服務(wù)的人,而從這一火焰所出的光輝必能照亮全世界。

        科技英語是指廣泛運用于科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的專門英語,包括專業(yè)著作,學(xué)術(shù)文獻和技術(shù)報告等。它的特點是大量使用科技詞匯,注重客觀性,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹,而且長句及被動語態(tài)使用頻繁。

        譯者在從事科技英語翻譯時,除了要具有相當?shù)膶I(yè)知識外,還要充分掌握科技作品的語法和句法特征,注意英漢語的表達方式,分析句子要仔細,理解原文的意思要透徹。盡量使譯文明晰流暢。處理結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句時要靈活,要避免死譯或硬譯。

        下面我們著重探討科技英語翻譯時應(yīng)特別注意的幾個問題。

        4.2.1 熟悉科技英語的詞匯特征

        科技英語中最重要的特點就是使用大量科技詞匯。由于科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域十分廣泛,許多行業(yè)使用的專門詞匯數(shù)量十分龐大,因此在翻譯時譯者必須認真查閱相關(guān)專業(yè)詞典和書籍,透徹理解它們的含義,準確選擇術(shù)語,運用恰當?shù)姆绞絺鬟_原文的意義。

        此外,科技英語的詞匯中還包含許多由拉丁文或希臘文詞根構(gòu)成的詞匯如:dioxide(二氧化物),symbiosis(生物共生)以及日常生活中的某些常用詞匯。這些日常生活中的常用詞在不同的專業(yè)中具有不同的含義,如parallel一詞,在地理學(xué)中表示“緯度”,在數(shù)學(xué)中表示“平行線”,在電學(xué)中表示“并聯(lián)”,在軍事中表示“平行塹壕”,在印刷術(shù)中表示“平行號”。因此譯者熟悉和掌握科技英語詞匯的特色十分重要,它有助于譯文的準確性。

        4.2.2 掌握科技英語的句式特點

        科技作品除了使用大量的科技詞匯外還具有名詞結(jié)構(gòu)較多,被動語態(tài)較多以及句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等特點。因此譯者在翻譯時必須要認真分析句式特點,才能確保譯文的準確性。

        一、名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的處理

        在科技作品中名詞結(jié)構(gòu)常由各種靈活的介詞所引導(dǎo)并充當句中的主語或賓語、后置定語、狀語或補語成分。通常,在名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中除了多個疊加的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)給我們的理解和翻譯造成一定的難度外,大量使用的抽象名詞也是難點之一。因此對于多個疊加的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)我們除了弄懂各個結(jié)構(gòu)的意思以外,更重要的是要弄懂它們之間的關(guān)系,哪一個修飾哪一個,核心詞是哪一個,這樣才能保證譯文的準確性。例如:

        1.A recent discovery by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft of large areas of magnetic materials on Mars indicates that the planet once had a magnetic field,much like Earth does today.

        在這句話中,a recent...on the Mars是句中的主語,它包含了大量的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。它的核心詞是discovery,作它定語的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)有by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft(表示discovery的執(zhí)行者),of large areas(表示discovery的內(nèi)容),of magnetic materials(補充說明discovery的具體內(nèi)容),on Mars(補充說明discovery的地點)。確定了這些名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的成分后,我們就可以按照漢語的表達習(xí)慣把這些名詞結(jié)構(gòu)處理成一個句子:最近火星全球測量儀在火星表面發(fā)現(xiàn)了大面積的磁性物質(zhì)。

        譯文:最近火星全球測量儀在火星表面上發(fā)現(xiàn)了大面積的磁性物質(zhì),這表明火星與地球一樣擁有一個大磁場。

        2.Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia,agroup of conditions that all gradually destroy brain cells and lead to progressive decline in mental function.

        在這一句中,名詞結(jié)構(gòu)有of dementia,agroup of...conditions,而agroup of conditions是dementia的同位語,它又由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句來修飾。我們可以把這個復(fù)雜的同位語譯成:逐漸毀壞腦細胞并導(dǎo)致智力狀況漸次低下的癥狀。

        譯文:早老性癡呆癥是一種常見的癡呆癥。它是由許多逐漸毀壞腦細胞并導(dǎo)致智力漸次低下的癥狀綜合而成。

        二、被動語態(tài)的處理

        英語科技作品的另一個特點就是被動語態(tài)使用較多,而在漢語表達中人們往往使用主動語態(tài)。因此在翻譯英語科技作品時應(yīng)切記按照中文的表達習(xí)慣多用主動語態(tài),這樣譯文才會顯得通順。例如:

        1.The first purpose to which the new space technology was applied was communication.

        被動句the new space technology was applied可譯為“利用新的航天技術(shù)”,但如果在“利用新的航天技術(shù)”前面加上“人們”兩字,將它變成主動句,就更能體現(xiàn)漢語的表達方式了。

        譯文:人們利用新的航天工程技術(shù)的首要目的就是通訊。

        2.As early as 1945,it was noted that if a satellite were in orbit at a constant altitude of 22,300mile,its period would exactly match that of the earth’s surface.

        被動句it was noted可譯為“被注意到”或“被指出”,但將它譯為“有人指出”就更符合漢語的表達方式了。

        譯文:早在1945年就有人指出,如果一顆人造衛(wèi)星位于離地面22 300英里的常定高度的軌道上,其周期恰恰等于地球的自轉(zhuǎn)周期。

        三、長句的處理

        在英語科技作品中長句的使用也十分頻繁。在翻譯這些長句時,我們首先需要對句子的復(fù)雜成分加以分析,找出句子的最基本構(gòu)成成分:主、謂、賓以及紛繁復(fù)雜的各種定語、狀語或補語,完整準確地理解句子的意思,然后根據(jù)漢語的語言習(xí)慣,采用恰當?shù)姆g方式(如將長句分成若干個短句),切忌硬譯或死譯。請看下面兩個長句的分析及它們的譯文。

        1.In the process of debugging a microprocessor,an operator sits in front of a screen on which the image of the silicon is projected and uses a nano-machining tool to expose the layer where the defect is likely to be found.

        此長句的主語是an operator,謂語是sits和uses。介詞短語In the process of debugging a microprocessor和in front of a screen on which the image of the silicon is projected都是狀語,前者修飾整個句子,后者修飾sits。在后一個介詞短語中,on which the image of the silicon is projected是定語從句,修飾a screen。動詞不定式to expose the layer where the defect is likely to be found是賓語a nano-machining tool的補語,而在動詞不定式中,where the defect is likely to be found是定語從句,修飾the layer。分析了句子的結(jié)構(gòu),掌握了句子的意思,翻譯起來就容易多了。

        譯文:在排除微處理器故障時,操作員坐在投射出芯片影像的屏幕前,使用納米工具將有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)的故障層顯露出來。

        2.Indeed,those very characteristics of the physical sciences have led to the“ivory tower”mentality of the natural scientists,to their assertions that science is neutral,that it has nothing to do with politics,and should be allowed to be undertaken for its own sake,without regard to the ways it may be applied.

        這是一個較為復(fù)雜的長句。它的主語是those very characteristics of the physical sciences,謂語是have led to,賓語是the“ivory tower”mentality of the natural scientists和their assertions that science is neutral,that it has nothing to do with politics,and should be allowed to be undertaken for its own sake,without regard to the ways it may be applied。其中that science is neutral,that it has nothing to do with politics是their assertions的同位語,should be allowed 是that science is neutral句中的并列謂語,to be undertaken是主語sciences的補語。兩個介詞短語for its own sake和without regard to the ways it may be applied是狀語,而在后者中it may be applied是定語從句,修飾the ways,其中它省略了介詞和關(guān)系代詞in which。剖析了句子的結(jié)構(gòu),了解了句子的意思,這樣翻譯起來就輕松多了。

        譯文:物理學(xué)科的這些特征確實已經(jīng)造成了自然科學(xué)家的“象牙塔”心態(tài),使他們產(chǎn)生了這樣的看法:自然科學(xué)是中立的,與政治毫無關(guān)系,應(yīng)該任其發(fā)展而無需顧及其應(yīng)用的方式。

        練 習(xí)

        一、將下列段落譯成漢語:

        1.The discovery of two large pieces of the Titanic’s hull on the ocean floor indicates that the fabled luxury liner sank faster than previously thought.The hull pieces were a crucial part of the ship’s structure and made up a bottom section of the vessel that was missing when the wreck was first located in 1985,the researchers said.After the bottom section of the hull broke free,the bow and stern split,said Roger Long,a naval architect who analyzed the find.The stern,which was still buoyant and filled with survivors,likely plunged toward the ocean floor about five minutes later.

        2.The moon may have gotten its start 4.5billion years ago when,according to the theory,aplanetary projectile about one-seventh the earth’s mass collided with the earth.The energy of collision crushed and vaporized major parts of the two globes,sending out a high-velocity jet of material at temperatures as high as 12,000degrees Fahrenheit.Within Just a few hours,some of it came back together far enough away from the earth to remain in orbit.The earth itself reformed as a combination of the old planet and the bulk of the projectile.

        Strong support for this scenario has come recently from simulations on some of the world’s most powerful computers,primarily in a project at Los Alamos national laboratory involving astronomer Alastair Cameron,one of

        the first proponents of the theory.

        One reason for the appeal of the giant-impact scenario is that it seems to explain all the chemical findings from Apollo.For example,the moon rocks lack water,sodium and other volatile materials-precisely the substances that would boil away in the rapid vaporization after impact.

        二、將下列段落譯成英語:

        1.日本著名的富士山由于冬雪稀少,很多人猜測這座沉睡了三百年之久的火山可能要爆發(fā)了。但是有關(guān)專家們說雪的多少與地殼運動之間沒有任何聯(lián)系。上個月,日本很多地方像往年一樣,都下了雪,但是從近來的一些照片上可以看到,以往被白雪覆蓋的富士山頂如今已經(jīng)裸露出來。

        2.U-2飛機駕駛員感到擔心的是,中央情報局已在U-2飛機上安上了一種裝置,這種裝置在必要時能提前爆炸,把包括飛機和駕駛員在內(nèi)的一切罪證一下子都消除干凈。這種說法原來是俄國人提出來的,后來又被美國的一些寫文章的人接過去大肆宣揚。

        公文一般是指政府或其他機構(gòu)發(fā)布的宣言、告示、聲明或其他證明材料。我們常常提到的“應(yīng)用文”就屬于這種文體。公文最突出的文體特點就是正式性:措辭客觀嚴謹準確,不拖泥帶水;句式上基本都是復(fù)雜長句為主。另一個重要特點就是它的格式體例相對固定,不易更改?;谝陨细鼽c,翻譯者在處理公文體的時候應(yīng)把握簡潔、準確和格式范例這三大要點。當然充分吃透原文意義,正確理解某些特殊詞匯的含義也相當重要。

        4.3.1 證書的翻譯

        證書作為一種認證手段在日常生活中十分普遍。譯者在翻譯證書的時候最重要的就是要照顧到體例和格式。各種不同的證書在行文和格式規(guī)范上的要求都有所不同,因此在翻譯證書類文件時最重要的就是要參考翻譯范本,嚴格遵循其體例。此外,由于證書文體的特殊性,在翻譯時措辭也要盡量客觀、簡潔和準確,在句式的處理上,要避免短句,多用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句。請看下面的例子:例一:學(xué)位證書

        上面這個學(xué)位證書的翻譯可以參照我國學(xué)位證書翻譯的格式進行,參考譯文如下:

        西北大學(xué)

        博士學(xué)位證書

        黛貝拉·丹尼斯·萊特女士于公元一九九九年十二月二十九日在伊立諾伊州艾文思頓出色地通過我校博士學(xué)位考查和論文答辯,經(jīng)我校研究生院推薦,特授予哲學(xué)博士學(xué)位。

        西北大學(xué)校長:(簽名)

        理事會會長:(簽名)

        理事會秘書:(簽名)

        研究生院院長:(簽名)

        例二:結(jié)業(yè)證書

        以上這個結(jié)業(yè)證書參照一般范本,可譯為:

        從以上兩個典型證書的譯文可以發(fā)現(xiàn),證書翻譯中最重要的就是格式,在翻譯之前譯者一定要找到相關(guān)模板,這一點非常重要。證書的正文一般很簡短,在翻譯具體地名、人名信息時請注意采用統(tǒng)一認可的版本,以免造成不必要的誤解。

        練 習(xí)

        1.將下面證書譯成漢語:

        2.將下面證書譯成英語:

        戶口簿

        戶別:非農(nóng)業(yè)戶口

        戶主姓名:宋耀明

        戶號:01647

        住址:上海市徐匯區(qū)高安路55弄4號

        戶口登記機關(guān):上海市徐匯區(qū)公安局

        簽發(fā)日期:1988年7月5日

        姓名:宋哲

        與戶主關(guān)系:父子

        曾用名:無

        性別:男

        出生地:上海

        國籍:中國

        籍貫:浙江寧波

        出生日期:1982年1月31日

        本地其他住址:無

        宗教信仰:無

        公民身份證號碼:310102198201315423

        身高:1米74

        血型:A

        最高學(xué)歷:本科

        婚姻狀況:未婚

        服兵役情況:無

        工作單位:復(fù)旦大學(xué)

        職業(yè):教師

        何時由何地遷入此地:1978年10月由上海市靜安區(qū)南京西路710弄5號遷入

        4.3.2 摘要的翻譯

        摘要一般分為新聞?wù)?、統(tǒng)計摘要、論文摘要、報告摘要等等。由于摘要旨在給閱讀者提供一個在短時間內(nèi)掌握全文大意的機會,因此,摘要主要體現(xiàn)完整、清楚、簡明這幾大特點。因此譯者在用詞方面要少用修飾語,盡量直白但也要注意少用行話俗語,切忌累贅重復(fù);在句式上務(wù)求明晰簡潔,多用短句,尤其在漢譯英時盡量避免使用復(fù)雜長句和多重后置定語。請看下面兩個摘要翻譯的例子。

        例一

        A Report of the Structural Engineering Review

        Abstract:

        The intent of the structural engineering review is to provide an independent review of the representative structural systems,as depicted in structural drawings and design criteria prepared by the Design Structural Engineer,in order to confirm their feasibility and conceptual adequacy.

        Our review consisted of the following activities:

        ●Verify the codes,ordinances,and other regulations being used on the project.

        ●Review design criteria and verify that they conform to applicable codes,meet the owner’s objectives,and are technically feasible.

        ●Review the design concepts and design assumptions and determine if they conform to the design criteria,are technically correct,and encompass all major aspects of the Project.

        ●Review the constructability of the proposed structural schemes.

        ●Verify that an economical design scheme has been selected.

        ●Review the gravity load path from the locations of load application to the foundation.

        ●Review typical structural framing elements and assemblies,e.g.,beams,columns,and shear wall.

        ●Identify the lateral force resisting system,and review the load path from application of lateral loads to the foundation.

        ●Identify cost saving opportunities.

        ●Provide structural recommendations for improvement if applicable.

        譯文:

        結(jié)構(gòu)工程審查報告

        摘要:

        此次結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工圖審查的目的是基于結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計單位提供的結(jié)構(gòu)圖紙和設(shè)計準則內(nèi)容,對這個獨特的結(jié)構(gòu)體系提供一個獨立的審查,以確認其可行性和概念的適當性。

        我們的施工圖審查包括以下內(nèi)容:

        ●驗證規(guī)范、法令和其他用于此工程的規(guī)章。

        ●審查設(shè)計準則,驗證其是否符合現(xiàn)行規(guī)范,達到業(yè)主目標,并在技術(shù)上可行。

        ●審查設(shè)計概念和設(shè)計假定,確定其是否符合設(shè)計準則,技術(shù)上是否正確,是否包含此工程的所有主要方面。

        ●審查此結(jié)構(gòu)方案的施工可行性。

        ●驗證是否采用了經(jīng)濟的設(shè)計方案。

        ●審查從荷載施加處至基礎(chǔ)的重力荷載路徑。

        ●審查標準結(jié)構(gòu)框架單元和集合,例如:梁、柱、剪力墻等。

        ●驗證抗側(cè)力體系和從水平荷載施加處至基礎(chǔ)的荷載路徑。

        ●驗證節(jié)省造價的可能性。

        ●提供可行的結(jié)構(gòu)改進建議

        例二

        民工潮對區(qū)域收入差距的影響

        摘要:

        本文通過對數(shù)據(jù)的實證分析和理論分析回答下列問題:1.中國東、中、西部地區(qū)間的收入差距和農(nóng)村勞動力跨地區(qū)流動的狀況如何?2.農(nóng)村勞動力跨地區(qū)流動對地區(qū)發(fā)展和收入差距有什么影響?3.為什么大量的勞動力跨地區(qū)流動沒有縮小地區(qū)收入差距?這個現(xiàn)象背后的政策含義是什么?4.農(nóng)村勞動力跨地區(qū)流動的未來潛力還有多大?

        關(guān)鍵詞:區(qū)域發(fā)展,收入差距,勞動力流動

        譯文:

        Rural Labor migration and Its Impact on Regional Income Disparity

        Abstract:This article answers the following questions via data analysis and theoretical analysis:1)What are the current situations of income disparity among China’s East,Central and West regions,and rural labor migration across the three regions?2)What is the impact of migration of rural labor on regional development and income disparity?3)Why labor migration didn’t reduce income disparity among regions?What are the policy implications?and 4)What are the potentials of further rural labor migration?

        Key words:regional development,income disparity,labor migration

        此摘要翻譯比較好地把握了簡潔清晰的原則,如中文原句“這個現(xiàn)象背后的政策含義是什么?”翻譯成“What are the policy implications?”非常明白曉暢,當然比“What is the meaning of policy behind the phenomenon?”這種生硬的翻譯要自然得多。

        練 習(xí)

        一、將下面摘要譯成漢語:

        China faces severe environmental challenges.The Chinese government has made environmental protection one of its fundamental state policies and established the concept of“scientific development”to guide economic growth and social advancement.In recent years,environment has been incorporated as major consideration into policy making and institutional reforms.The general public increasingly focuses their attention on environment issues and the mass media plays a critical role in educating and raising awareness.It can be argued that China’s environment protection has developed into its current status mainly as a result of mass media’s ongoing coverage of environment issues.Mass media provide a green forum where the government,the general public,the corporate world,environment organizations,advocates and other stakeholders can come together and discuss their environment concerns.

        This thesis is innovative in that it focuses on environmental communication,an important but often neglected subject.For the first time in China’s journalistic studies,the concept of environmental communication is put forward.Instead of talking about the role of media in environment protection in isolation,this thesis places its discussions in a much larger context where political,economic,social and cultural factors are all at play.The author uses literature,historical records,interviews and online surveys,and addresses a wide range of issues including the social functions of mass media,development of environmental communication,its impacts and effectiveness,current problems and future challenges.The author also makes constructive recommendations about ways to enhance the effectiveness of environmental communication.Key words:mass media environmental protection environmental communication

        二、將下面的摘要譯成英語:

        先秦至漢初諸子之學(xué)皆淵源于《易經(jīng)》。就儒家而言,其思想的基本特征是治國安民的社會實踐。以此為參照,考諸《易經(jīng)》,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),儒家思想的許多內(nèi)容,如和合精神、民本思想、內(nèi)圣與外王相統(tǒng)一的思想等,皆可在《易經(jīng)》中見其端緒。

        關(guān)鍵詞:易經(jīng),儒家,和合,民本,內(nèi)圣外王

        4.3.3 廣告的翻譯

        廣告就其文體來說比較特殊,主要體現(xiàn)在措辭巧妙,力求達到一鳴驚人的效果以期給消費者留下深刻印象;其次是頻繁創(chuàng)造新詞,經(jīng)常使用暗喻,諧音,雙關(guān)等修辭手法以強化效果;再次是句法上簡潔明了,講究節(jié)奏韻律瑯瑯上口。在翻譯廣告時我們要注意“功能對等”原則,即以保留廣告效果為最終目的,對于文化背景上的差異在翻譯時可以進行必要的變通或改動,也就是說,不一定要拘泥于原文一字一句的硬譯,畢竟廣告并非新聞或公文體始終要求嚴謹準確,一個始終膾炙人口的例子應(yīng)該是著名的CocaCola了,它那完美的中文譯名“可口可樂”為其產(chǎn)品在我國大行其道立下了汗馬功勞。類似這樣的英文廣告例子不勝枚舉,如:美國著名品牌“麥斯威爾”咖啡的廣告語Good to the last drop譯為:滴滴香濃,意猶未盡;著名鉆石公司DeBeers的廣告語A diamond lasts forever譯為:鉆石恒久遠,一顆永流傳;摩托羅拉廣告語Intelligence everywhere譯為:智慧演繹,無處不在;肯德基廣告Finger-licking good!譯為:吮指回味。所有這些經(jīng)典的廣告翻譯正是運用了靈活變通的原則,幾乎沒有一例是對照原文直譯的,而且在譯文中還特別照顧到了中文的韻律,一聽或一讀便很難忘記,這樣廣告的效果就達到了。

        還有一類廣告叫做分類廣告,內(nèi)容五花八門,包括招聘求職、租售房屋、外出旅行、征婚啟事等等。這類廣告語言平實簡潔,其目的是傳達實際信息而非吸引讀者注意力,因此翻譯時應(yīng)盡量忠實于原文。如下面的英語招聘廣告:

        RESTAURANT MANAGER/ASSISTANT MANAGER

        Responsibilities:

        —Responsible for restaurant operations

        —Staff management and training

        —Budgeting and cost control

        —Execute marketing promotions with marketing team

        Requirements:

        —At least 5years experience in F&B industry,with 2years in similar capacity

        —Strong analytical,leadership and communication skills

        —Aggressive,dynamic with sharp business acumen and business driven

        —Good command of spoken and written English and Chinese

        —Familiar with MS office applications

        —Candidates with less experience would be considered as Assistant Manager

        Interested parties please send CV applications via E-mail to opportunities @aqua.com.hk or by fax to 3428 8845. For more details,please visit our website at www.aqua.com.hk譯文:

        餐廳經(jīng)理/助理經(jīng)理

        主要職責(zé):

        ——負責(zé)餐廳運營

        ——員工管理及培訓(xùn)

        ——預(yù)算及成本控制

        ——與市場營銷小組一起策劃市場推廣活動

        職位要求:

        ——餐飲業(yè)中至少五年工作經(jīng)驗,兩年相關(guān)職位經(jīng)驗

        ——具有良好的分析、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和溝通技巧

        ——積極進取,個性活躍,具有敏銳的商業(yè)意識和興趣

        ——具有良好的中英文讀寫能力

        ——熟練操作微軟辦公系統(tǒng)

        ——經(jīng)驗略顯不足者可應(yīng)聘助理經(jīng)理職位

        有意者請將個人簡歷發(fā)送至opportunities@aqua.com.hk或傳真至34288845,有關(guān)詳情請登錄網(wǎng)站www.aqua.com.hk

        下面我們再來看一個漢語廣告的例子:

        新聯(lián)想——全球PC領(lǐng)導(dǎo)企業(yè)

        新聯(lián)想是一家極富創(chuàng)新性的國際化的科技公司,由聯(lián)想及原IBM個人電腦事業(yè)部所組成。

        作為全球個人電腦市場的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)企業(yè),新聯(lián)想從事開發(fā)、制造并銷售最可靠的、安全易用的技術(shù)產(chǎn)品及優(yōu)質(zhì)專業(yè)的服務(wù),幫助全球客戶和合作伙伴取得成功。

        我們成功的基礎(chǔ)是讓客戶實現(xiàn)他們的目標:工作高效、生活豐富多彩。

        我們的價值觀

        聯(lián)想公司及員工鄭重承諾,以下四個核心價值觀是我們一切工作的基礎(chǔ):

        成就客戶——致力于客戶的滿意與成功

        創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新——追求速度和效率,專注于對客戶和公司有影響的創(chuàng)新

        精準求實——基于事實的決策與業(yè)務(wù)管理

        誠信正直——建立信任與負責(zé)任的人際關(guān)系

        譯文:

        Lenovo:A Worldwide Leader in Technology

        Lenovo is an innovative,international technology company formed as a result of the acquisition by the Lenovo Group of the IBM Personal Computing Division.

        As a global leader in the PC market,we develop,manufacture and market cutting-edge,reliable,high-quality PC products and value-added professional services that provide customers around the world with smarter ways to be productive and competitive.

        We base our success on our customers achieving their goals:productivity in business and enhancement of personal life.

        Our values

        Lenovo and its employees are committed to four company values that are the foundation for all that we do:

        —Customer service:We are dedicated to the satisfaction and success of every customer.

        —Innovative and entrepreneurial spirit:Innovation that matters to our customers,and our company,created and delivered with speed and efficiency.

        —Accuracy and truth-seeking:We manage our business and make decisions based on carefully understood facts.

        —Trustworthiness and integrity:Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships.

        還有一些廣告篇幅比較長,翻譯時除運用上述一些基本原則外,譯者還必須注意語言的感召力,忌用結(jié)構(gòu)盤錯的長句、復(fù)雜句,注意洞悉顧客的心理,只有這樣廣告才能譯得好,譯得巧。請看下面美國著名制藥公司禮來旗下品牌ALIMTA的一則廣告:

        Reaching to the horizon has always been a tale of discovery.We’ve always wanted to know where we are in the world to find our bearings,avoid obstacles,and navigate the way to our goals.In fact,whether on land or at sea,knowing where we are can sometimes mean the difference between life and death.In former times,travelers relied on primitive techniques to establish their position and to gain an idea of their course.Yet it would still take a measure of instinct and a great deal of luck to reach their destination,a combination far too unreliable.The search for an accurate means of measuring position became the greatest scientific challenge of its day,culminating in the work of 18th century engineer John Harrison.His efforts solved the challenge of longitude and a new era was born.With longitude,the possibilities were endless;new positive perspectives were found.New vantage points yielded the freedom to venture beyond the known world and discover exciting new horizons.Command the elements;master the world!

        Today,we stand on the verge of discovery.We look to improve our perspective to change our vantage point and find a positive pathway.Our success against cancer also requires a new tool.To navigate obstacles and overcome limitations,we must find new bearings as we enter unfamiliar territory.The time has come to challenge conventional wisdom and change perceptions to discover new possibilities,to focus efficacy in the right direction and to enhance survival.This has been our challenge,a challenge that we have accepted.We are facing the new world in cancer treatment.Find hope,find a path,find your way with Alimta!

        譯文:

        飛越地平線始終是一個非同尋常的探索過程。我們總想知道自己身處世界何方,這樣才能找準方向,超越障礙直達目標。其實,不論是陸地還是海洋,認清自身處境何在也就意味著辨明生死。從前的旅行者依靠原始的技巧識別自己的位置,了解自己的旅程。然而,要想達到目的地,仍然需要運用本能,仰仗運氣。利用這兩種因素實在太不可靠。于是,尋找精確定位的方法就成了那時候科學(xué)家們最大的挑戰(zhàn)。18世紀工程師約翰·哈里森的成就達到了這一領(lǐng)域科學(xué)探索的頂峰。他成功地解決了經(jīng)度這一難題,一個嶄新的時代就此誕生了。有了經(jīng)度理念,無限的可能呈現(xiàn)出來,嶄新而令人振奮的視野為我們所發(fā)現(xiàn)。這些有利條件催生出了飛躍已知世界去探索全新世界的自由精神。駕馭自然,駕馭世界!

        如今我們又要向探索進發(fā)。我們要致力于拓寬我們的視野,改變觀點,積極探索。要想在與癌癥的斗爭中取得勝利就需要開發(fā)全新工具。要在進入陌生領(lǐng)域時能越過障礙,超越局限,就必須找到新的方向。如今這個時代要挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)智慧,改變思路去發(fā)掘新的可能性,找準方向著眼功效,提高存活指標。這一向是我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn),一個我們早已勇敢面對的挑戰(zhàn)。我們正面對癌癥治療這個新領(lǐng)域。與ALIMTA一起,找到希望,找到出路!

        此類廣告因為主要是通過解說的方式用聲音傳達給受眾,因此在翻譯的時候要把聲音這個因素充分考慮進去,也就是說譯文要照顧到聲韻節(jié)奏,因此最好大量使用排比句,句子要短小,措辭要響亮,有強烈節(jié)奏感,適合朗誦宣讀。

        4.3.4 商務(wù)信函的翻譯

        商務(wù)信函是公司之間進行商務(wù)交流和貿(mào)易往來的重要聯(lián)系紐帶,也是傳播企業(yè)文化的手段,同時在商業(yè)糾紛當中還可以作為書面證據(jù)。商務(wù)信函就其功能而言可分為:答復(fù)函、訂貨函、任命函、祝賀函、感謝函、介紹函、邀請函、聯(lián)絡(luò)函、致歉函、慰問函、吊唁函、推銷函等。

        在翻譯商務(wù)信函的時候,要注意內(nèi)容準確,形式規(guī)范,簡潔嚴謹,親切禮貌等原則。最重要的還是譯文要符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。如稱呼里常用的“Dear”一詞,是表達禮貌的套語,因此在翻譯時可以處理成“尊敬的”或者不處理,在姓名后加上漢語里習(xí)慣使用的“您好”。此外,在結(jié)束語中,英文習(xí)慣使用“Yours sincerely”等,在翻譯時同樣不要直譯,可將它譯為“敬呈”或“敬上”等。

        商務(wù)信函一般分為如下幾個部分:

        1.Letterhead信頭

        2.Date日期

        3.Inside Address信內(nèi)地址

        4.Courtesy Title禮貌性的尊稱

        5.Organization Title公司名稱

        6.Salutation稱呼語

        7.Body of the Letter正文

        8.Complimentary Close信尾客套話

        9.Signature簽名

        10.Hand-Written Signature or Signature Identification手寫體簽名或簽名

        11.Enclosures附件

        請看下面這個例子:

        Your Company Logo and Contact Information

        January 11,2005

        Brian Eno,Chief Engineer

        Carolina Chemical Products

        3434Pond View Lane

        Durham,NC 27708

        Dear Mr.Eno:

        Enclosed is the final report on our installment of pollution control

        equipment at Eastern Chemical Company,which we send with Eastern’s

        Permission.Please call me or send me an E-mail message at the address below if

        I can answer any questions.

        Sincerely,

        Nora Cassidy

        Technical Services Manager

        ncassidy@company.com

        Enclosure:Report

        譯文:

        公司標志和聯(lián)系方式

        2005年1月11號

        布萊安·恩諾 總工程師

        卡羅來納化學(xué)制品公司

        池景道3434號

        北卡羅來納州杜漢市27708

        尊敬的恩諾先生:

        有關(guān)東方化工公司的污染控制裝置安裝的最終報告請見附件。呈交報告之前我們已經(jīng)得到東方公司的許可。如有任何問題請來電與我聯(lián)系,或發(fā)送電郵至以下地址。

        諾拉·卡西迪 敬上

        技術(shù)服務(wù)經(jīng)理

        電郵ncassidy@company.com

        翻譯時除了格式上的對等以外,譯者在措辭上還要特別注意忠實于原文,注意商務(wù)英語中常用的表達法和句型,以便完整地傳達原文所要達到的目的。以下是一些商務(wù)英語中常用的句型及譯文。

        一、建立貿(mào)易關(guān)系

        1.我們愿意與貴公司建立商務(wù)聯(lián)系。

        We are willing to establish trade relations with your company.

        2.我公司經(jīng)營紡織品的進出口業(yè)務(wù),希望與貴方建立商務(wù)聯(lián)系。

        This corporation is specialized in handling the imports and exports business in textile products and wishes to enter into business relations with you.

        二、自我推薦

        1.請容許自我介紹,我們是……業(yè)內(nèi)領(lǐng)先的一家貿(mào)易公司。

        Let us introduce ourselves as a leading trading firm in...

        2.本公司經(jīng)營這項業(yè)務(wù)已有多年,并享有很高的國際信譽。

        Our company has been in this line of business for many years and enjoys high international prestige.

        三、推銷產(chǎn)品

        1.我們從……獲知貴公司的名稱,不知貴公司對這一系列的產(chǎn)品是否有興趣。

        Your name has been given by...and we like to inquire whether you are interested in these lines.

        2.我們新研制的……已推出上市,特此奉告。

        We are pleased to inform you that we have just marketed our newlydeveloped...

        3.我們盼望能成為貴公司的……供應(yīng)商。

        You will be interested to hear that we have just marketed our new product.

        四、索取資料

        1.我們對貴方的新產(chǎn)品……甚感興趣,希望能寄來貴公司的產(chǎn)品目錄及價目表。

        We are interested in your new product...and shall be pleased to have a catalog and price list.

        2.我們從《紐約時報》上看到貴公司的廣告,但愿能收到產(chǎn)品的價目表及詳細資料。

        We have seen your advertisement in The New York Times and should be glad to have your price lists and details of your terms.

        3.獲知貴公司有……已上市,希望能賜寄完整的詳細資料。

        We hear that you have put...on the market and should be glad to have full details.

        4.如蒙賜寄有關(guān)……的樣品和價目表,我們將甚為感激。

        We should be obliged if you would send us patterns(or samples)and price lists of your...

        五、寄發(fā)資料

        1.我們非常樂意寄送給你一個郵包,里面有……

        We are pleased to send you by parcel post a package containing...

        2.欣寄我方目錄,提供我方各類產(chǎn)品的詳細情況。

        We have pleasures in sending you our catalogue,which gives full information about our various products.

        3.欣然奉上我方產(chǎn)品樣品,在貴方展廳展出。

        We should be pleased to let you have samples to give a demonstration at your premises.

        4.為使貴方對我方各種款式的手工藝品有一初步了解,今航郵奉上我方目錄和一些樣品資料,供您參考。

        In order to give you some ideas of various qualities of handicrafts we carry,we have pleasure in forwarding you by airmail one catalogue and a few sample books for your perusal.

        5.隨函附上本公司新近生產(chǎn)的……樣品,請查收。

        You will find enclosed with this letter a sample of new...

        6.隨函附上購貨合同第××號兩份,希查收。請簽字并回寄一份我方備案。

        Enclosed please find two copies of Purchase Contract No...,which we trust will be found in order.Kindly sign and return one copy for our file.

        7.我們確認向貴方購買……,隨函附上訂單確認書供參照。

        We confirm having purchased from you...A confirmation order is enclosed for your reference.

        六、請求做代理商

        1.我們期盼與一些英國公司接洽,希望成為它們的銷售代理商之一。

        We are anxious to contact some British firms with a view to acting as their selling agents.

        2.如蒙考慮擔任銷售你們……代理商,我們將十分高興。

        We should be glad if you would consider our application to act as agents for the sale of your...

        七、請求報價

        1.茲函請?zhí)峁膱髢r。

        We are writing to invite quotations for the supply of...

        2.請賜知定期供應(yīng)……之報價。

        Please let us have a quotation for the regular supply of...

        3.請賜知下列貨品的最低價格。

        Kindly quote us your lowest prices for the goods listed below.

        八、詢價

        1.隨函寄上詢價單一份。

        We are enclosing here with an inquiry sheet.

        2.如果貴方對……感興趣,請告具體詢價。

        If you are interested in our...,please let us know with a specific inquiry.

        3.一收到貴方具體詢價單,我方馬上航空郵上樣品冊并報價。

        Quotations and sample books will be airmailed to you upon receipt of your specific inquiry.

        九、議價

        1.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)你方報價比我們從其他地方收到的略為偏高,請你方降價以適應(yīng)競爭。

        We find your quotation slightly higher than those we have received from other sources,and ask you to reduce your price to meet the competition.

        2.我們很抱歉地通知你方價格無競爭力,若貴方能降低價格,使我方可接受的話,我們?nèi)詫灰赘信d趣。

        We’re sorry to inform you that your price has been found uncompetitive,but we’re still interested in doing business if you can bring down your price to a level acceptable.

        練 習(xí)

        一、將下列兩封函件譯成漢語:

        函件一

        Mr.Zhang,

        Attached are the updated drawings for the Tower according to last Monday’s meeting.This is a progress set for your review and comments.We will continue to develop these drawings,and send out updates accordingly.

        This E-mail is also copied to all consultants,please confirm upon receiving.Please review these drawings and send me your comments,let me know if there’s any question.Thank you everyone!

        Cheers,

        Peter

        函件二

        Dear all,

        Well,the day is finally here.Today is my last day at C,and I just want to say thank you.I have learned so much here,and I think there is something really special about this place.We have an atmosphere that is friendly to learning,and an environment that contributes heartily to the growth of all our staff.It’s been great working(and having fun too)with so many great people.I hope that even when I’m gone we can keep in contact.

        As far as the next step goes,I will be going back to my home town to start a new adventure there.Thanks again,it’s been a pleasure.

        Tom

        二、將下面一封函件譯成英語:

        各位員工:

        在此我想讓你們每一個人都知道東南亞的海嘯給我們公司帶來的影響以及我們對這一悲慘事件的反應(yīng)。

        在去年12月26日東南亞海底地震所掀起的驚濤駭浪中,已有超過15萬人喪生,還有許多人仍然失蹤無法清點;僅印度尼西亞和斯里蘭卡兩國就有一百多萬人流離失所,而印度泰國和馬爾代夫等國還有更多的人生活受到了影響。斯里蘭卡和印度尼西亞兩國可能是目前最需要人道主義援助的國家。

        同其他公司一樣,我們公司也向救災(zāi)工作提供了極大的支援,并且發(fā)動受災(zāi)地分支機構(gòu)的當?shù)貑T工們協(xié)同。

        我向你們保證我們選擇資助的工程及其最新進展將在第一時間通知各位。有時候,有些公司看起來像是在用公開承諾捐助的手段以達到廣告宣傳的目的。如今這個時候,我們首要關(guān)注的應(yīng)該是那些在這次人類歷史上最殘酷的自然災(zāi)害中遭受慘痛損失的人們。我希望大家能從以上信息看出我們公司正腳踏實、極為認真地盡力將自己所貢獻的一切變得更加有意義,我們會沿著這條路一直走下去。

        總裁:阿倫·約翰遜

        4.3.5 商品說明書的翻譯

        商品說明書也叫“產(chǎn)品說明書”或“使用說明書”。它是關(guān)于商品的構(gòu)造、性能、規(guī)格、用途、使用方法、維修保養(yǎng)等的文字說明,時常也配有圖片解說。其功能主要是幫助或指導(dǎo)消費者正確使用產(chǎn)品。商品說明書與廣告文體截然不同,前者嚴謹規(guī)范,語句簡潔;常使用專業(yè)術(shù)語和被動語態(tài),不像廣告文體那樣充滿修辭手法。因此,在翻譯商品說明書的時候要注意:1)譯文要與原文風(fēng)格一致,表達要簡練;2)譯文應(yīng)進行適當?shù)恼Z序調(diào)整以符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣;3)對于帶有修辭手法的說明部分,可以在翻譯的時候進行較大調(diào)整,以保證功能對等。請看下面一個有關(guān)藥品的英文說明書及其譯文。

        Redoxon

        Redoxon high potency pure Vitamin C is indicated as follows:

        1)For prevention and treatment of various acute and chronic infectious diseases and other diseases by strengthening body immune defense system.

        2)For recovery from illness,post-operation wound healing and secondary treatment of allergic diseases.

        3)For prevention and treatment of scurvy.

        Redoxon Effervescent Tablets each contains 1g of Vitamin C(Ascorbic Acid)

        Instructions:Dissolve one effervescent tablet in a glass of hot or cold water.

        Dosage:Adults—One tablet daily;Children—half a tablet daily.

        Keep out of the reach of children.Keep tube tightly closed and store away from heat and moisture.

        譯文:

        力度伸含純維生素C

        療效:上佳

        用途:1.增強機體抵抗力,用于預(yù)防和治療各種急、慢性傳染性疾病或其他疾病。

        2.用于病后恢復(fù)、術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷愈合以及過敏性疾病的輔助治療。

        3.用于預(yù)防和治療壞血病。

        力度伸泡騰片每片含1克維生素C(抗壞血酸)

        用法用量:將一片泡騰片放入一杯冷水或熱水中。

        成人每日1片,兒童每日1/2片。

        請勿放置于兒童容易接觸的地方。請保持筒蓋緊閉,避免受熱或潮濕。

        藥品類商品說明書與其他商品說明書略有不同,尤其講究嚴謹簡明,因此在翻譯時要盡量忠實于原文,而且清晰、明了、易懂。如有涉及醫(yī)學(xué)藥學(xué)專門術(shù)語的還要參考相關(guān)字典謹慎處理。上述譯文基本保持了原文風(fēng)格,只是對個別字句進行了微調(diào)或改動,如將Redoxon high potency pure Vitamin C is indicated as follows譯為:力度伸含純維生素C。療效:上佳。用途:1.增強機體抵抗力,用于預(yù)防和治療各種急、慢性傳染性疾病或其他疾病。2.用于病后恢復(fù)、術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷愈合以及過敏性疾病的輔助治療。3.用于預(yù)防和治療壞血病,而不是將它譯為:力度伸強效維生素C片的作用如下,這樣的處理是恰當?shù)?,更符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。讀者一看就明白了。當然,考慮到藥品還是屬于商品,因此在說明書翻譯中略增添些字句以達到宣傳的效果是完全可以的,但前提是絕不能扭曲或漏掉原文的內(nèi)容。

        下面我們再來看一個有關(guān)更換燈泡注意事項的漢語說明書其譯文。

        更換燈泡注意事項

        在卸下螺絲之前,請先斷開交流電源線。

        在更換燈泡之前,需要有1小時的時間讓內(nèi)部灼熱的表面冷卻。必須使用同樣的BQC-PGA10X//1型燈泡單元進行更換。

        紫外線輻射會損傷眼睛。維修之前請先關(guān)閉燈泡。

        高壓燈泡有爆炸的危險。燈泡一旦破裂,有產(chǎn)生玻璃碎屑的危險。

        需要小心操作。

        譯文:

        LAMP REPLACEMENT CAUTION

        Before removing the screw,disconnect power cord.

        Hot surface inside.Allow 1hour to cool before replacing the lamp.Replace with same lamp unit type BQC-PGA10X//1only.

        UV radiation can cause eye damage.Turn off lamp before servicing.

        High pressure lamp:risk of explosion.Potential hazard of glass particles if lamp has ruptured.

        Handle with care.

        從以上譯文可以看出,將漢語說明書譯成英語時要把握簡潔明白的原則,特別是對于這種操作指示性說明書,多使用動詞和簡單句,避免復(fù)雜長句和詞組。

        4.3.6 商務(wù)法律文件的翻譯

        商務(wù)法律文件最大的特點是準確、規(guī)范、莊重和嚴謹。因此,我們在翻譯法律文件時,切不可隨意動手,而是首先要對法律英語的特點有全面的了解,然后再參照各類實例進行處理。下面我們首先從詞匯和文體兩方面來了解法律英語的一些基本特點。

        4.3.6.1 法律英語的詞匯特點

        法律文件大量使用書面語以及專業(yè)術(shù)語,有很多在法律英語中頻繁出現(xiàn)的詞匯所具有的意思與在普通語境中所具有的意思有很大區(qū)別,如:

        其次,法律文件中也使用大量古體詞,如下列表中列舉的一些常用詞:

        因此,翻譯法律文件時,譯者一定要多參考專業(yè)工具書,掌握專業(yè)術(shù)語,只有這樣才能做到翻譯準確無誤。

        4.3.6.2 法律英語的文體特點

        法律英語中最具特色的就是長句的使用。在法律文件當中,由于訂立條款時要考慮到可能發(fā)生的情況,每種情況都要準確說明并有條理地安排在同一個句子當中,以求嚴謹完整地表達某個信息。所以在翻譯時譯者一定要在深刻領(lǐng)會原文意思的情況下,首先從句子結(jié)構(gòu)入手,依照邏輯關(guān)系把句子的各個層次清楚地梳理出來,再按照漢語的表達習(xí)慣將其翻譯成多個句子。

        請看下面兩個長句及它們的譯文,這兩個長句均選自中國法律英語網(wǎng)(美國克萊頓法選段)。

        例一

        It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce,in the course of such commerce,to pay or grant,or to receive or accept,anything of value as a commission,brokerage,or other compensation,or any allowance or discount in lieu thereof,except for services rendered in connection with the sale or purchase of goods,wares,or merchandise,either to the other party to such transaction or to an agent,representative,or other intermediary therein where such intermediary is acting in fact for or in behalf,or is subject to the direct or indirect control,of any party to such transaction other than the person by whom such compensation is so granted or paid.

        譯文:商人在其商業(yè)過程中,支付、準許、收取、接受傭金、回扣或其他補償,或其他任何形式的補貼或折扣都是非法的。但對同商品購銷相關(guān)的,提供給另一方當事人或代理機構(gòu)或代表人或其他中間機構(gòu)的勞務(wù)除外。這里的其他中間機構(gòu)是事實上或代表或服從于該交易一方的直接、間接控制,而不是受準許支付回扣或支付回扣一方的直接、間接控制。

        原文整個段落就是一個句子,盡管句子比較長但結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜。譯文是基本按照原文語序來進行處理。而且譯者將原文長句處理成三個漢語句子,比較符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣,同原文的意群相符合。

        例二

        No person engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce shall acquire,directly or indirectly,the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital and no person subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission shall acquire the whole or any part of the assets of another person engaged also in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce,where in any line of commerce or in any activity affecting commerce in any section of the country,the effect of such acquisition may be substantially to lessen competition,or to tend to create a monopoly.

        譯文:從事商業(yè)或從事影響商業(yè)活動的任何人,不能直接或間接取得其他從事商業(yè)或影響商業(yè)活動的人的全部或部分股票或其他資本份額。聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會管轄權(quán)下的任何人,不能取得其他從事商業(yè)或影響商業(yè)活動的人的全部或一部分資產(chǎn),在本國任何商業(yè)領(lǐng)域或影響任何商業(yè)部門的活動中,該取得實質(zhì)上可能會減少競爭或形成壟斷。

        譯文較好地處理了句子的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),措辭準確,較完整地表達了原文的信息。

        此外,法律英語的另外一個特點就是特殊句型的使用非常頻繁,如it開頭作形式主語的句型在法律文本里比比皆是。因此在翻譯時要注意語序調(diào)整,以符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。請看下面的例子。

        It shall be unlawful for any person to discriminate in favor of one purchaser against another purchaser or purchasers of a commodity bought for resale,with or without processing,by contracting to furnish or furnishing,or by contributing to the furnishing of,any services or facilities connected with the processing,handling,sale,or offering for sale of such commodity so purchased upon terms not accorded to all purchasers on proportionally equal terms.

        譯文:任何人按并非給予所有購買者同等條件簽訂合同提供,或協(xié)助提供與所購商品有關(guān)的加工、處理、銷售的勞務(wù)、設(shè)施時,偏向一方購買者而不利于其他購買者(購買是為了轉(zhuǎn)售,進行或不進行加工)的歧視性做法,都是非法的。

        譯文較好地處理了句中的語序,首先將原文中的主語翻譯在前,而將表語置后,符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。

        4.3.6.3 合同翻譯

        法律文件在商務(wù)活動中運用得很廣,尤其是各類具有法律約束力的合同。一般來說英文的合同總體上分為四大部分:title(合同名稱),preamble(前文),body(正文)以及witness clause(結(jié)尾條款)。需要注意的是在英文合同的前文部分中,比較重要的部分是“訂立合同的緣由或說明”,即由幾個whereas引導(dǎo)的部分。在翻譯合同時,譯者一定要參照合同范本,注意格式規(guī)范正確。而且還要透徹理解合同原文,措辭要謹慎,還要注意漢語的表達習(xí)慣。請看下面兩個合同范例。第一份是簡易合同文本,第二份是保密合同文本。

        例一

        CONTRACT

        AGREEMENT made this the first day of July,2000,between Overseas Company,hereinafter called“the Company”,and Mr.Tom Jeffery,hereinafter called“the Executive”.

        WHEREAS,it is the desire of the Company to engage the Executive to perform such services under the terms hereof;and

        WHEREAS,the Executive desires to commit himself to serve the Company on the terms herein provided;

        NOW THEREFORE,in consideration of their mutual promises made herein,and for other good and valuable consideration,receipt of which is hereby acknowledged by each party,the parties,intending to be legally bound,hereby agree as follows:

        1.Recitals.The parties agree that the foregoing recitals are true and correct and incorporated herein by this reference.

        2.Miscellaneous.Time is of the essence of this agreement.This agreement is made in the State of Florida and shall be governed by Florida law.This is the entire agreement between the parties and may not be modified or amended except by a written document signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought.This agreement may be signed in more than one counterpart,in which case each counterpart shall constitute an original of this agreement.Paragraph headings are for convenience only and are not intended to expand or restrict the scope or substance of the provisions of this agreement.Wherever used herein,the singular shall include the plural,the plural shall include the singular,and pronouns shall be read as masculine,feminine or neuter as the context requires.The prevailing party in any litigation,arbitration or mediation relating to this agreement shall be entitled to recover its reasonable attorneys’fees from the other party for all matters,including but not limited to appeals.Pinellas County,F(xiàn)lorida,shall be proper venue for any litigation involving this agreement.This agreement may not be assigned or delegated by either party without the prior written consent of the other party.

        IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties have signed this agreement as of the day and year first above written.

        Overseas Company(Signature)

        Tom Jeffery(Signature)

        譯文:

        合 同

        本協(xié)議由海外公司(以下稱“公司”)與湯姆·杰弗里先生(以下稱“執(zhí)行官”)于2000年7月1日訂立。

        鑒于公司將保證按照以下條款讓執(zhí)行官履行自己的服務(wù),

        且鑒于執(zhí)行官將保證按照以下條款履行自己的服務(wù),

        因此,考慮到雙方的保證,以及為了其他在此承認已收到的有益且有價值的考慮,雙方同意如下條款,并受其法律約束:

        1.述語:雙方承認,以上所做陳述真實準確,構(gòu)成本協(xié)議的組成部分。

        2.其他條款

        雙方認為,時間因素至關(guān)重要。本協(xié)議的訂立地為佛羅里達州,應(yīng)受佛羅里達州法律的管轄。本協(xié)議作為雙方的完整協(xié)議,只能由受到強制執(zhí)行的一方通過書面簽署的文件加以變更。本協(xié)議應(yīng)有兩份(或以上)的正本,由協(xié)議雙方簽署。各段落標題詞的使用僅是為了方便,不能擴大或限制本協(xié)議條款的范圍與實質(zhì)內(nèi)容。本協(xié)議中任何一處使用的復(fù)數(shù)當然包括單數(shù),反之亦然;本協(xié)議中任何一處使用的代名詞應(yīng)當根據(jù)文本需要確定其性別,即男性、女性或者中性。在與本協(xié)議有關(guān)的訴訟、仲裁或者調(diào)解中,勝訴的一方有權(quán)要求對方為其支付一切相關(guān)而合理的律師費用,包括(但不限于)行使請求權(quán)的費用。涉及本協(xié)議的一切訴訟應(yīng)由佛羅里達州派尼拉思郡法院管轄。經(jīng)一方書面同意,另一方可將本協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)讓或委托給第三方。

        茲證明,本協(xié)議由雙方在上述訂約日期簽訂。

        甲方:海外公司(蓋章)

        乙方:湯姆·杰弗里(簽名)

        翻譯類似這樣的合同時,譯者可參照此模板進行翻譯。

        CONTRACT

        AGREEMENT made this_______day of_______,20_____,______ between______________________,hereinafter called“_______”,and ,hereinafter called“_______”.

        WHEREAS,_______;

        WHEREAS,_______;and

        WHEREAS,_______;

        NOW THEREFORE,in consideration of their mutual promises made herein,and for other good and valuable consideration,receipt of which is hereby acknowledged by each party,the parties,intending to be legally bound,hereby agree as follows:

        1....

        2....

        3....

        IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties have signed this agreement as of the day and year first above written.

        __________________________ __________________________(Seal)__________________________

        Witnesses

        __________________________ __________________________(Seal)

        __________________________

        Witnesses

        譯文:

        合 同

        本協(xié)議由_______(以下稱“_______”)與(以下稱“_______”)于20_______年_______月_______日訂立。

        鑒于_______;

        鑒于_______;

        且鑒于_______,

        因此,考慮到雙方的保證,以及為了其他在此承認已收到的有益且有價值的考慮,雙方同意如下條款,并受其法律約束:

        1.……

        2.……

        3.……

        茲證明,本協(xié)議由雙方在上述訂約日期簽訂。

        甲方:___________________ ________________(蓋章)

        甲方見證人:_______

        乙方:___________________ ________________(蓋章)乙

        方見證人:_______

        例二

        Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement

        ABC Company having its principal office at Sydney(hereinafter referred to as“ABC”)and XYZ Company having its principal office at Hong Kong (hereinafter referred to as“XYZ”)in consideration of the mutual covenants of this Agreement,hereby agree as follows:

        Article 1In connection with negotiations between both parties regarding a strategic alliance(hereinafter referred to as“Subject Matter”),each party to this Agreement may wish to disclose its proprietary information(hereinafter referred to as“Information”)to the other party on a confidential basis.The disclosing party may consider such Information proprietary under this Agreement either because it has developed the Information internally,or because it has received the Information subject to a continuing obligation to maintain the confidentiality of the Information,or because of other reasons.

        Article 2When information deemed to be proprietary is furnished in a tangible form,the disclosing party shall mark the Information in a manner to indicate that it is considered proprietary or confidential or otherwise subject to limited distribution as provided herein.When Information is provided orally,the disclosing party shall,at the time of disclosure,clearly identify the information as being proprietary or confidential or otherwise subject to limited distribution as provided herein,and promptly thereafter provide written confirmation of the proprietary or confidential nature of such information.In addition,the existence and terms of this Agreement,and the fact and substance of discussions and correspondence between the parties concerning the Subject Matter,shall be deemed Proprietary Information.

        Article 3With respect to Information disclosed under this Agreement,the party to whom the Information is disclosed,its employees and employees of its affiliated companies shall:

        (1)Hold the Information in confidence,exercising a degree of care not less than the care used by disclosing party to protect its own proprietary of confidential information that it does not wish to disclose,and in any event,not less than a reasonable degree of care;

        (2)Restrict disclosure of the Information solely to those directors,officers,employees and/or agents/consultants with a need to know and not disclose it to any other person;

        (3)Advise those persons to whom the Information was disclosed of the obligations to keep in confidence with respect to the Information;and

        (4)Use the Information only in connection with continuing correspondence and discussions by the parties concerning the Subject Matter,except as may otherwise be mutually agreed upon in writing.

        Article 4If the party to whom information has been disclosed proposes to disclose that Information to any unaffiliated consultant or agent,it shall obtain the prior written consent of the party from whom the Information was originally received,and shall arrange for the execution of the consultant or agent of non-disclosure agreement in a form satisfactory to the party from whom the Information was originally received.

        Article 5The Information shall be deemed the property of the disclosing party and,upon request,the other party shall return all Information received in tangible form to the disclosing party or shall destroy all such information at the disclosing party’s direction.If either party loses or makes an unauthorized disclosure of the other party’s Information,it shall notify such other party immediately and use reasonable efforts to retrieve the lost or wrongfully disclosed Information.

        Article 6The party to whom Information is disclosed shall have no obligation to preserve the proprietary nature of any Information which:

        (1)Was previously known to such party free of any obligation to keep it confidential;or

        (2)Is or becomes generally available to the public by means other than unauthorized disclosure;or

        (3)Is developed by or on behalf of such party independent of any information furnished under this Agreement;or

        (4)Is received from a third party whose disclosure does not violate any confidentiality obligation;or

        (5)Is required to be disclosed by law or by any government agency having jurisdiction pursuant to an order to produce or in the course of a legal proceeding pursuant to a lawful request for discovery provided,however,that if a party is so required to disclose the Information such party shall promptly notify the other party of the order or request in discovery and cooperate with such other party in any reasonable manner requested in the event the other party elects(at its expense)to intervene in the proceeding in which the order was entered or the request for discovery made for the purpose of limiting or avoiding such disclosure by any lawful means including,but not limited to in camera review and protective order.

        Article 7Neither this Agreement,nor the disclosure of Information under this Agreement,nor the ongoing discussions and correspondence between the parties,shall constitute or imply a commitment or binding obligation between the parties or their respective affiliated companies,if any,regarding the Subject Matter.If,in the future,the parties elect to enter into binding commitments regarding the Subject Matter,such commitments shall be explicitly stated in a separate written agreement executed by both parties,and the parties hereby affirm that they do not intend their discussions,correspondence,and other activities to be construed as forming a contract regarding the Subject Matter or any other transaction between them without execution of such separate written agreement.

        Article 8Neither party is responsible or liable for other party’s actions taken pursuant to this Agreement,or for any business decisions made or inferences drawn by the other party in reliance on the Information provided according to this Agreement.Neither party solicits any changes in the business practices or services of the other,and no obligations are incurred with regard to the accuracy of the observations of either party.Neither party makes any warranty,express or implied,with respect to the Information.Neither party shall be liable to the other hereunder for amounts representing loss of profits,loss of business,or indirect,or punitive damages of the other party in connection with the provision or use of the Information hereunder.

        Article 9This Agreement shall be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and assignees.

        Article 10This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with Britain Law and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the English Courts.In the event of a dispute arising under this Agreement resulting in litigation,the loosing party shall pay the court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees of the prevailing party.

        Article 11Disclosures of Information under this Agreement may take place for a period(the“Information Disclosure Period”)of no more than one (1)year following the Effective Date set forth below.The obligations of the parties contained in Paragraphs 3and 4shall survive and continue beyond the expiration of the Information Disclosure Period for a term of three(3)years.

        Article 12The parties acknowledge that in the event of an unauthorized disclosure,damages to the disclosing(Information-owning)party as a result thereof may be difficult or impossible to ascertain,and in any event inadequate to compensate such disclosing party;and therefore such disclosing party may seek injunctive relief and/or specific performance as well as monetary damages against the party that breaches this Agreement.

        Article 13So long as this Agreement is not breached as a result thereof, this Agreement shall not be construed to prevent either party from pursuing any other business activity,whether or not related to the Proprietary Information exchanged.

        Article 14This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding between the parties with respect to the Information provided hereunder.No amendment or modification of this Agreement shall be valid or binding on the parties unless made in writing and executed on behalf of each party by its duly authorized representative.

        Each party represents that it has caused this Agreement to be executed on its behalf as of the date written below by a representative empowered to bind that party with respect to the undertakings and obligations contained herein.譯文:

        共同保密協(xié)議

        ABC公司(以下稱為ABC),其總部設(shè)于悉尼,與XYZ公司(以下稱為XYZ),其總部設(shè)于香港,鑒于本協(xié)議的共同契約條款,謹達成如下協(xié)議:

        1.雙方在磋商戰(zhàn)略性聯(lián)盟(此后稱為“主題事項”)的問題上,本協(xié)議任何一方可以在保密的基礎(chǔ)上向另一方披露其專有信息(此后稱為“信息”),披露方可以認為該信息具有專有性,因為披露方是在協(xié)議雙方內(nèi)部披露了該信息,或因為披露方在接受“信息”的同時已經(jīng)承擔了為“信息”繼續(xù)保密的義務(wù),或由于其他的原因。

        2.當被視為專有的“信息”以載體的形式提供出來時,披露方須以對“信息”進行標記的方式,指出該信息的專有性或機密性,或者把該信息的傳布局限在協(xié)議所規(guī)定的范圍里。當“信息”由口頭提供時,提供方在披露的同時,應(yīng)明確聲明其專有性或機密性,或者把該信息的傳布限制在協(xié)議規(guī)定范圍里,或者,事后立即書面確認該信息的專有性和機密性。此外,該協(xié)議之實體和條款,雙方就“主題事項”所進行磋商的事實和內(nèi)容以及相關(guān)“主題事項”的通信都被將認為具有專有性。

        3.在該協(xié)議條款下所披露的“信息”方面,獲披露“信息”的一方,其職員及其附屬公司的職員應(yīng)該做到:

        a.對該信息保密,所采取的謹慎程度不少于披露方為保護其不愿披露的專有機密信息所采取的謹慎程度,并且,在任何情況下,以合理的謹慎程度進行保密。

        b.把信息的披露范圍僅僅局限于董事會、公司高級職員、職員和/或有必要知道的代理/顧問,不得將信息披露給其他任何人。

        c.建議獲披露該“信息”之人士履行對該信息的保密義務(wù)。

        d.僅僅將該信息用于有關(guān)“主題事項”的通信和磋商上,除此以外使用該信息必須經(jīng)雙方書面同意。

        4.獲披露“信息”一方想要將“信息”披露給非附屬的顧問和代理,必須首先經(jīng)由“信息”原本披露方的書面認可,并且與該顧問和代理簽署有關(guān)保密協(xié)議,其形式必須為“信息”原本披露方所滿意。

        5.“信息”應(yīng)被視為信息披露方的財產(chǎn),一旦該方要求,另一方應(yīng)以載體的形式把所有“信息”歸還給披露方,或者按照信息披露方的指示銷毀該信息。如另一方丟失了“信息”或者在未經(jīng)授權(quán)的情況下披露了“信息”,應(yīng)立即通知對方并作合理的努力來追回丟失或錯誤地泄露了的信息。

        6.在下述情況下,獲披露“信息”的一方?jīng)]有任何義務(wù)來保持該信息的專有性:

        a.此前已為不受保密性義務(wù)約束的一方獲知,或

        b.即便不存在未經(jīng)授權(quán)披露的該信息也可以或者將可以逐漸為公眾所悉,或

        c.披露或代表該信息的一方與該協(xié)議項下的任何信息無關(guān),或

        d.該信息從第三方獲得,其披露不違反任何保密義務(wù),或

        e.“信息”被依法提供或應(yīng)有司法權(quán)的政府部門的要求根據(jù)某項法令被提供,或者在訴訟的過程中按照法律的要求被提供,被要求提供“信息”的一方應(yīng)立即通知另一方該命令或要求。如果對方為了要用合法的手段,包括但不限于照相和保護性措施以達到限制和避免信息被披露的目的而要求(自行承擔費用)介入有關(guān)信息披露的命令或要求事務(wù),該方應(yīng)按照另一方所要求的任何合理的方式與另一方合作。

        7.該協(xié)議、該協(xié)議項下信息的提供以及正在進行的磋商和雙方信函往來都不構(gòu)成或意指對“主題事項”的承諾或關(guān)于“主題事項”的約束雙方極其相關(guān)的下屬公司的義務(wù)。如果將來雙方選擇對“主題事項”達成約束性的承諾,必須以書面形式單獨訂立由雙方簽署的協(xié)議以明確說明該義務(wù)。雙方據(jù)此認定無意將他們的磋商、往來信函和其他活動被視為形成有關(guān)主題事項的合約。在沒有另行書面協(xié)議的情況下,也不視為其他任何的彼此間的交易。

        8.任何一方都不必對另一方依據(jù)該協(xié)議所采取的行動以及依據(jù)該協(xié)議所提供的信息而作出的商業(yè)決策和推斷負任何責(zé)任。任何一方都不可據(jù)此要求另一方改變其經(jīng)商手法服務(wù)方式,任何一方都不承擔其評析的準確度的義務(wù)。任何一方對“信息”不作明確的或暗示的擔保。任何一方對另一方因“信息”的提供和使用所遭受的利潤損失,業(yè)務(wù)損失或者間接性、懲罰性的損害之款項不承擔責(zé)任。

        9.本協(xié)議對在此所提的雙方極其繼承人或受讓人均有約束。

        10.本協(xié)議將受英國法律的制約并以英國法律為解釋依據(jù),并受到英國法庭的司法管轄。一旦該協(xié)議項下事項引起爭議并提起訴訟,敗訴方將承擔法庭費用和勝訴方合理的律師費。

        11.該協(xié)議項下的信息的披露時期(信息披露期)可以在以下指定的生效日后的一年內(nèi)。信息披露期期滿時,本協(xié)議條款3和條款4所包含的雙方的責(zé)任義務(wù)在信息披露期屆滿后須繼續(xù)生效三年。

        12.協(xié)議各方認同,如果出現(xiàn)未經(jīng)授權(quán)的“信息”披露的情況,其結(jié)果是該信息原始提供方(權(quán)利人)遭受的損害可能難于或者不可能確定。如果賠償不足,信息權(quán)利人可以向違反本協(xié)議的一方尋求強制性的救濟/或履行本協(xié)議以及追索賠償金。

        13.只要該項協(xié)議沒有被違反,對于本協(xié)議的解釋不應(yīng)妨礙各方從事其他商務(wù)活動,無論這些商務(wù)活動是否與雙方所交換的專有信息相關(guān)。

        14.本協(xié)議構(gòu)成各方對本協(xié)議下提供的“信息”的完整理解。本協(xié)議的任何修改或變動應(yīng)以書面形式由協(xié)議雙方各自正式指定的代表簽署,否則均為無效或?qū)﹄p方不產(chǎn)生約束力。

        協(xié)議各方表示指派各自授權(quán)的代表在以下簽明日期代表本方簽署本協(xié)議,就本文所述的承諾和責(zé)任約束對方。

        練 習(xí)

        將下列法律文件譯成英語:

        1.

        企業(yè)法人資格公證書

        (滬)字第199號

        茲證明上海頂點書店于2000年7月1日經(jīng)楊浦區(qū)工商行政管理局核準登記,取得工商第199號《企業(yè)法人營業(yè)執(zhí)照》,具有法人資格。上海頂點書店系民營經(jīng)濟性質(zhì)的企業(yè),注冊資金10萬元,法人住所在上海市松林街8號,法定代表人是經(jīng)理,王松林,其經(jīng)營范圍是書刊雜志報紙等。

        中華人民共和國上海市公證處(公章)

        公證員:李正(簽名)

        2.

        馳名商標認定和保護規(guī)定

        第二條 本規(guī)定中的馳名商標是指在中國為相關(guān)公眾廣為知曉并享有較高聲譽的商標。相關(guān)公眾包括與使用商標所標示的某類商品或者服務(wù)有關(guān)的消費者,生產(chǎn)前述商品或者提供服務(wù)的其他經(jīng)營者以及經(jīng)銷渠道中所涉及的銷售者和相關(guān)人員等。

        第三條 以下材料可以作為證明商標馳名的證據(jù)材料:

        (一)證明相關(guān)公眾對該商標知曉程度的有關(guān)材料;

        (二)證明該商標使用持續(xù)時間的有關(guān)材料,包括該商標使用、注冊的歷史和范圍的有關(guān)材料;

        (三)證明該商標的任何宣傳工作的持續(xù)時間、程度和地理范圍的有關(guān)材料,包括廣告宣傳和促銷活動的方式、地域范圍、宣傳媒體的種類以及廣告投放量等有關(guān)材料;

        (四)證明該商標作為馳名商標受保護記錄的有關(guān)材料,包括該商標曾在中國或者其他國家和地區(qū)作為馳名商標受保護的有關(guān)材料;

        (五)證明該商標馳名的其他證據(jù)材料,包括使用該商標的主要商品近三年的產(chǎn)量、銷售量、銷售收入、利稅、銷售區(qū)域等有關(guān)材料。

        文學(xué)翻譯與新聞和科技翻譯完全不同,后者要求準確而洗煉的語言,而文學(xué)翻譯則很難一言以蔽。著名翻譯家嚴復(fù)先生所提出的“信、達、雅”三個標準,應(yīng)當是為文學(xué)翻譯所訂立的不二準則。而在文學(xué)翻譯實踐當中,要充分貫徹這三字方針,難度相當大。美國翻譯理論家尤金·奈達指出“翻譯是兩種文化之間的交流。對于真正成功的翻譯而言,熟悉兩種文化甚至比掌握兩種語言更重要。因為詞語只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意義。”

        因此對于文學(xué)翻譯者來說,熟諳文學(xué)作品背后的文化背景無疑是首要任務(wù),但熟悉并了解文化背景還只是文學(xué)翻譯中的第一步,如何將異域的文化介紹給我國讀者,一直是文學(xué)翻譯界爭論不休的問題。面對迥異于我國的外國文化概念,翻譯界主要有兩種觀點:一是歸化法,二是異化法。在轟轟烈烈的五四新文化運動期間,后者一直占據(jù)上風(fēng)。魯迅先生在文學(xué)翻譯中提倡“直譯”,有時候甚至贊成“硬譯”,堅持要將外國的語言文化中不同于我們的新概念新思維直接介紹過來,給陳腐的舊文化注入新鮮的活力。當然,在那段時間里,異化法所造就的不少食洋不化的譯文在我們現(xiàn)在看來十分可笑,最著名的例子莫過于將milky way譯作“牛奶路”了。此后,隨著撥亂反正,歸化法大行其道,也造就了某些著名的例子,如英美文學(xué)譯本里的人物隨口說出“說到曹操,曹操就到”這一類地道的中文俗語。數(shù)十年前那場有關(guān)“信”和“達”的爭論其實到現(xiàn)在還沒有結(jié)束,我們在翻譯文學(xué)作品中需要處理的典型文化背景實在太多了,因此如何充分領(lǐng)會并把握“信、達、雅”這三個標準的確值得我們深思和探索。

        綜上所述,在文學(xué)翻譯中我們應(yīng)遵循下面三大原則:

        1.靈活運用歸化法和異化法,避免走極端,既要忠實于原文傳達原作的思想內(nèi)容,也要把握好語言分寸;

        2.工具書必不可少,不僅要備有普通詞典,而且還要備有有關(guān)典故、引語、歷史、文化方面的參考工具書;

        3.譯文質(zhì)量要高,不僅要求通順,而且還要符合中文表達習(xí)慣,對于原文使用的各類修辭手法也要視情況在譯文中予以充分體現(xiàn)。

        文學(xué)作品的形式多種多樣,下面我們就從詩歌、散文、小說和戲劇這幾個方面并通過一些實例來探討文學(xué)翻譯中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題。

        4.4.1 詩歌的翻譯

        詩歌翻譯是文學(xué)翻譯中難度最大的,翻譯界有句老話叫“翻譯難,譯詩更難”。詩歌是人類文學(xué)中最早出現(xiàn)的形式,幾乎所有的民族都有著自己最原始而古老的史詩。詩歌和其他幾種文學(xué)形式有所不同,它的最大差別就在于它是用來誦唱的,因而強調(diào)瑯瑯上口。詩歌最重要的特征就是其韻律格式,英語詩歌也不例外。

        英語詩歌有三個最重要的特征:meter(格律),foot(音步)和rhyme(押韻)。格律指的是重讀(揚)及弱讀(抑)音節(jié),主要有抑揚格、揚抑格、揚抑抑格、抑抑揚格等;音步指的是一行詩中一對重讀和弱讀音節(jié),而押韻則是兩個單詞或兩行詩的末尾重讀元音及其后隨的輔音必須相同而其前的輔音則必須相異。下面我們通過兩個簡單的例子來認識一下詩歌中的這三個特征。

        一、詩歌的格律與音步

        The Road Not Taken

        二、詩歌的押韻

        Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

        Robert Frost(1874-1963)

        Whose woods these are I think I know.a

        His house is in the village though;a

        He will not see me stopping here b

        To watch his woods fill up with snow.a

        My little horse must think it queer b

        To stop without a farmhouse near b

        Between the woods and frozen lake c

        The darkest evening of the year.b

        He gives his harness bells a shake c

        To ask if there is some mistake.c

        The only other sound’s the sweep d

        Of easy wind and downy flake.c

        The woods are lovely,dark and deep,d

        But I have promises to keep,d

        And miles to go before I sleep,d

        And miles to go before I sleep.d

        這首詩的押韻格式是:aaba bbcb ccdc dddd。美國著名詩人羅伯特·弗洛斯特曾經(jīng)說過:“詩就是在翻譯中失掉的東西。”(Poetry is what gets lost in translation.)由于中英兩種語言在發(fā)音特點和規(guī)律上完全不同,因此在翻譯英詩的過程中損失最大的恐怕就是其格律了,幾乎無法在譯文中表達出來;押韻相對容易些,但即使是最高明的譯者也得要絞盡腦汁。

        請欣賞下面三種不同的譯文:

        雪夜林邊小立

        我想我認識樹林的主人

        他家住在林邊的農(nóng)村;

        他不會看見我暫停此地,

        欣賞他披上雪裝的樹林。

        我的小馬準抱著個疑團:

        干嘛停在這兒,不見人煙,

        在一年中最黑的晚上,

        停在樹林和冰湖之間。

        它搖了搖頸上的鈴鐸,

        想問問主人有沒有弄錯。

        除此之外唯一的聲音

        是風(fēng)飄絨雪輕輕拂過。

        樹林真可愛,既深又黑,

        但我有許多諾言不能違背,

        還要趕多少路才能安睡,

        還要趕多少路才能安睡。

        (飛白 譯)

        注:這個譯本中的押韻與原詩完全不同,第二節(jié)、第三節(jié)和第四節(jié)的二四行最后一個字押韻。

        停馬在雪夜的林邊

        這是誰家的林子,我想我知道,

        雖說他的農(nóng)舍卻在村子那一頭;

        他不會看到我停留在這兒

        望著他的林子積雪有多厚。

        我那小馬一定會感到奇怪:

        停留在這兒?又沒村舍在鄰近——

        夾在一座森林和一片冰湖之間,

        在這一年中最昏暗的黃昏。

        他搖了搖胸前的掛鈴,

        想問問到底有沒有弄錯。

        此外只聽得一陣微風(fēng)吹過,

        和一陣鵝毛似的雪片卷過。

        樹林真可愛,幽暗而深遠。

        可是我還得趕赴一個約會,

        還得趕好多里路才能安睡,

        還得趕好多里路才能安睡。

        (方平 譯)

        注:這個譯本以無韻詩體翻譯。

        雪夜遇林地

        (佚 名)

        注:此譯本的格律押韻都非常工整,類似中國的五言古詩。

        如果不考慮格律和押韻的話,上述三種譯文的表達以及對意境的把握在筆者看來各有千秋。就詩歌的頭尾來講,方譯要勝飛譯一籌。特別是第一節(jié)中飛譯用“農(nóng)村”、“暫停”和“披著雪裝”似乎并不太順口。但要知道弗洛斯特是美國最著名的平民詩人,普通美國人都熟悉他的詩歌,不為別的,就是措辭平實,瑯瑯上口卻又別有意境。因此,方譯本拋開了韻律的束縛,更加放得開,開頭第一段語言平實通順。但方譯在該講究辭藻的時候也能靈活處理,如最后一節(jié)第一句,飛譯作“既深又黑”,而方譯為“幽暗而深遠”,不僅朗誦起來更上口,考慮到了和前面的“可愛”一詞的并列關(guān)系,原詩意境也油然而現(xiàn)。但方譯本第二節(jié)最后兩句的處理似乎不及飛譯。按照中文的說話習(xí)慣,時間狀語在前地點狀語在后要更自然點,這里方譯明顯是遵循“信”的原則,沒有對原詩作順序上的改動。第三個譯本雖然有其可取之處,但正是由于過多的照顧到了韻律,而忽視了其他方面的對應(yīng)。第一節(jié)是該譯本中比較出色的一段,但第二段最后的“幽光更白影,憑吊對群樹”則完全是譯者的發(fā)揮想象,沒有把“黃昏”這個原詩中的重要概念譯出來。還有最后一節(jié)中原詩句The woods are lovely在譯本中完全沒有體現(xiàn),可能是譯者考慮到中文講究含蓄,詩作中很少有大白話,所以用“忘返”來暗示喜愛之情,但忽略了嚴復(fù)先生放在第一位的“信”原則,過于“雅”而不顧“信”顯然是不可取的。特別是考慮到弗洛斯特的文風(fēng)一向平民化,讀起中譯來卻像是士大夫的感慨,的確是過了。就詩歌標題的翻譯來看,飛白譯本是最好的,既忠于原文又按照漢語習(xí)慣通順而比較雅致地表達了出來,而方平譯本的標題則略嫌太過于忠實原文。

        綜上所述,在詩歌翻譯中我們要注意把握“信”、“達”、“雅”之間的關(guān)系。在詩歌的韻律和意境這兩大特色方面應(yīng)略偏重后者,但也要盡量照顧到前者。著名翻譯家袁可嘉先生曾經(jīng)提出譯詩時用“頓”的方法來處理英文中的格律。

        4.4.2 散文的翻譯

        從廣義的范疇來定義散文那就是除開詩歌體的一切文體都叫做散文,英文中prose這個詞的拉丁詞源的意義就是“簡單易懂,直截了當”。這里我們所談的散文是除開小說文體以外的抒情、敘事作品,包括評論性文章和傳記作品。

        散文的文體特點是:沒有格律押韻的講究、用詞平實而準確,使用各種修辭手法來強化觀點但不濫用。因此我們在翻譯散文的時候要注意以下三個原則:

        1.充分理解文章,把握作者的核心觀點;

        2.譯文的遣詞造句宜準確明晰,忌過分華麗;

        3.修辭手法如排比句、反問句等句式的處理要盡量尊重原文。

        下面就讓我們來賞析一下培根的散文名篇《談讀書》中的兩個選段及其譯文:

        Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight,is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots,and marshalling of affairs,come best from those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies,is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectation;to make judgment wholly by their rules,is the humor of a scholar....

        Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little,he had need have a present wit:and if he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know,that he doth not.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtitle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend....

        譯文:

        讀書足以怡情,足以博彩,足以長才。其怡情也,最見于獨處幽居之時;其博彩也,最見于高談闊論之中;其長才也,最見于處世判事之際。練達之士雖能分別處理細事或一一判別枝節(jié),然縱觀統(tǒng)籌、全局策劃,則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。讀書費時過多易惰,文采藻飾太盛則驕,全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)……。

        讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,筆記使人準確。因此不常作筆記者須記憶特強,不常討論者須天生聰穎,不常讀書者須欺世有術(shù),始能無知而顯有知。讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,倫理學(xué)使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯……。

        (王佐良 譯)

        王佐良先生的譯文與培根的這篇原文同樣成為傳世經(jīng)典。首先,譯文用淺顯的文言將17世紀杰出散文家的語言翻譯過來是非常明智的選擇,使文章有了古雅而洗煉的味道。在句式的處理方面,譯文將原文用的排比修辭手法淋漓盡致地表現(xiàn)出來,特別是譯文的開頭兩句,與原文對應(yīng)極其工整,從某種意義上來講,這兩句譯文甚至好過原文。

        現(xiàn)代散文作品鮮有如培根名篇那樣的雅致,但現(xiàn)代散文平實的文字中蘊涵的力量和哲理仍然引人入勝。如美國著名作家威廉·??思{在接受諾貝爾文學(xué)獎時的致辭就是一例。

        Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it.There are no longer problems of the spirit.There is only the question:When will I be blown up?Because of this,the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about,worth the agony and the sweat.

        He must learn them again.He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid;and,teaching himself that,forget it forever,leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart,the old universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.Until he does so,he labors under a curse.He writes not of love but of lust,of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value,of victories without hope and,worst of all,without pity or compassion.His griefs grieve on no universal bones,leaving no scars.He writes not of the heart but of the glands.

        譯文:

        我們今天的悲劇是一種普遍而實在的恐懼,它曠日持久,我們也逆來順受。對靈魂問題的探索現(xiàn)已消逝無蹤,人們只關(guān)注一個問題:末日何時來臨?正因為如此,現(xiàn)在從事寫作的青年男女們忘記了人類內(nèi)心深處的矛盾沖突問題,單憑這個問題就能造就非凡的作品,因為只有這個才是值得我們書寫的,值得我們?nèi)淌芡纯嗯c揮灑汗水。

        作家必須得重新認識這些問題。他必須讓自己明白最可鄙視的乃是畏懼;而且要教會自己永遠拋開畏懼,在他的作坊里只給古老的真理和心靈的真相留下空間。缺少了愛情、榮譽、憐憫、自豪、同情與犧牲這些亙古不變的真理,任何故事都注定是曇花一現(xiàn)。在作家領(lǐng)悟到這一道理之前,他必定勞而無功:他描寫的不是愛情而是欲望,而是無關(guān)痛癢的瑣碎失敗,而是毫無希望的蒼白勝利,最糟糕的是,缺乏憐憫或同情。他所悲痛的只不過是自己的細微創(chuàng)傷,連疤痕都沒有留下。他所書寫的只是人的軀體而非人的心靈。

        這篇演講辭看似簡單,但理解并翻譯卻并不容易。比如第一段第一句中的so...that句型筆者就沒有生硬的譯為“如此……以至于”,而是用了一個“也”,簡單自然的過渡,行文更加流暢。還有第二段最后一句的幾個排比成分,譯文中也對應(yīng)使用了“不是,而是”,體現(xiàn)出了原文的氣勢。當然在句型的處理上,譯文也沒有顯得過于僵硬,比如第二段第二句是個長句,在處理后半部分的時候譯者將句子給倒了過來,譯為“缺少了有關(guān)愛情、榮譽、憐憫、自豪、同情與犧牲這些亙古不變的真理,任何故事都注定是曇花一現(xiàn)?!边@樣是為了符合中文的表達習(xí)慣。其實這個部分的處理還可以將原文的雙重否定變?yōu)橹形淖盍?xí)慣的肯定句,也就是將上面這個句子譯為“只有……的故事才能流芳百世?!弊g者沒有譯成肯定句主要考慮到該段落中否定句占多數(shù)而且雙重否定句的力量更加強大。除此之外,譯者對原文的某些部分的處理更多考慮到了“雅”而非“信”,如第一段中原文When will I be blown up?譯文中沒有用“炸死”來直譯。還有第二段最后一個詞glands,也沒有直譯為“腺”,而是用“軀體”來代替。

        4.4.3 小說的翻譯

        小說屬于描寫文體,它不像詩歌講究韻律,充滿象征和比喻;也不像散文,有時候太過于平實而生動不足;更不同于戲劇,偏重場景與對話。小說的特色在于其敘事結(jié)構(gòu)和人物刻畫。小說塑造人物的主要手段就是人物語言對話、心理活動和動作形象的描述。因此小說的語言相對比詩歌散文都要靈活,特別是某些動詞和形容詞的運用細致入微,翻譯時譯者應(yīng)當仔細推敲斟酌。此外關(guān)于小說中出現(xiàn)的具有文化特色的修辭手法在翻譯時要靈活運用歸化法或異化法。總之,在翻譯小說時,譯者一定要深刻領(lǐng)悟原作的真諦,把握好語言分寸,只有這樣,才能真實地再現(xiàn)原作的藝術(shù)意境,將小說中的人物、環(huán)境、情節(jié)清晰地展現(xiàn)在讀者面前,從而達到傳達原作的思想內(nèi)涵。

        現(xiàn)在讓我們來賞析一下亨利·詹姆斯的小說《戴茜·米勒》中的一段及其

        譯文:

        She had been walking some quarter of an hour,attended by her two cavaliers,and responding in a tone of very childish gaiety,as it seemed to Winterbourne,to the pretty speeches of Mr.Giovanelli,when a carriage that had detached itself from the revolving train drew up beside the path.At the same moment Winterbourne perceived that his friend Mrs.Walker—the lady whose house he had lately left—was seated in the vehicle and was beckoning to him.Leaving Miss Miller’s side,he hastened to obey her summons.Mrs.Walker was flushed;she wore an excited air.“It is really too dreadful,”she said.“That girl must not do this sort of thing.She must not walk here with you two men.Fifty people have noticed her.”

        Winterbourne raised his eyebrows.“I think it’s a pity to make too much fuss about it.”

        “It’s a pity to let the girl ruin herself!”

        “She is very innocent,”said Winterbourne.

        “She’s very crazy!”cried Mrs.Walker.“Did you ever see anything so imbecile as her mother?After you had all left me just now,I could not sit still for thinking of it.It seemed too pitiful,not even to attempt to save her.I ordered the carriage and put on my bonnet,and came here as quickly as possible.Thank Heaven I have found you!”譯文:

        戴茜在兩位護花使者的陪同下走了大約幾十分鐘。她不時地應(yīng)答著喬瓦利的甜言蜜語,那種講話的語調(diào)在溫特伯恩聽來似乎顯得很歡快,但又很幼稚。突然,一輛馬車駛出川流不息的車流,在路邊停了下來。就在此時,溫特伯恩發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的朋友沃克夫人——他剛剛才離開她的寓所——正坐在那輛車上在向他招手。溫特伯恩把米勒小姐撇在一旁,順著沃克夫人的手勢疾步迎上前去。沃克夫人滿面通紅,表情激動?!斑@太不像話了”,她說道,“決不能讓那姑娘干出這種傷風(fēng)敗俗的事了,決不能讓她和你們兩個男人在這里游逛。不知有多少人注意她啦?!?/p>

        溫特伯恩愣了一下,說道:“為此大驚小怪,我覺得很遺憾?!?/p>

        “讓那姑娘作踐自己,才遺憾呢!”

        “她很清白,”溫特伯恩說道。

        “她簡直是瘋了!”沃克夫人叫道,“你見過像她母親那么傻的嗎?剛才你們大家離開我之后,一想到此事,我就按捺不住了。不想法去拯救她似乎有點太不近人情了。我便叫了輛馬車戴好帽子,急忙趕來了。謝天謝地!總算找到你們啦!”

        譯文生動準確,惟妙惟肖地再現(xiàn)了人物的性格。如保守思想極濃的沃克夫人與為戴茜打抱不平的溫特伯恩之間的對話讀來有一種言如其人之感。此外,譯文對原作中的詞語的調(diào)用,語序的調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)以及語句的分合都處理得十分到位,非常符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣,如在翻譯responding in a tone of very childish gaiety,as it seemed to Winterbourne,to the pretty speeches of Mr.Giovanelli時,譯者將最后的介詞短語并到上一句中,然后再處理余下的部分;而且譯者還將tone of very childish gaiety分拆譯成“語調(diào)里顯得很歡快,但又很幼稚”,而不是將它譯成“用天真而快樂地語調(diào)”,在節(jié)奏上與原文更接近,也更符合中文的表達方法。

        4.4.4 戲劇的翻譯

        戲劇不同于小說與散文,它同詩歌一樣,講究“唱誦”出來的效果,更強調(diào)感染力。因此,在翻譯的時候,譯者要盡可能考慮到劇本的“誦讀”效果,也就是如翻譯家、表演家英若誠先生所言,戲劇翻譯要“口語化”。下面我們來欣賞一下英若誠翻譯蕭伯納名劇《芭巴拉上?!分械囊粋€選段:

        CUSINS:Barbara won’t stand that.You will have to choose between your religion and Barbara.

        庫森斯:芭巴拉絕不容忍這一套,您必須在芭巴拉和您的宗教之間做出選擇。

        UNDERSHAFT:So will you,my friend.She will find out that that drum of yours is hollow.

        安德謝夫:你也一樣,朋友。她早晚要發(fā)現(xiàn)你這面大鼓里頭空空如也。

        CUSINS:Father Undershaft:you are mistaken:I am a sincere Salvationist.You do not understand the Salvation Army.It is the army of joy,of love,of courage;it has banished the fear and remorse and despair of the old hell-ridden evangelical sects;it marches to fight the devil with trumpet and drum,with music and dancing,with banner and palm,as becomes a sally from heaven by its happy garrison.It picks the waster out of the public house and makes a man of him;it finds a worm wriggling in a back kitchen,and lo!a woman!Men and women of rank too,sons and daughters of the Highest.It takes the poor professor of Greek,the most artificial and self-suppressed of human creatures,from his meal of roots,and lets loose the rhapsodist in him,reveals the true worship of Dionysus to him,sends him down the public street drumming dithyrambs[he plays a thundering flourish on the drum].

        庫森斯:安德謝夫老爺子,您完全錯了。我是個真心實意的救世軍。您不理解救世軍。這是一支由歡樂、博愛、勇敢組成的軍隊,它把那些老拿地獄嚇唬人,動不動就是恐懼、懺悔、絕望的老一套的基督教教派的地盤都搶過來了。救世軍是吹著喇叭、敲著大鼓,邁著正步朝魔鬼進攻的,它唱著歌,跳著舞,高舉旗幟,揮舞著棕櫚葉,這才配得上它這樣一支來自天堂的幸福的神圣的近衛(wèi)軍。救世軍能從小酒館里找出個落魄的廢物,把他變成男子漢,救世軍也能把圍著鍋臺轉(zhuǎn)的可憐蟲變成真正的女性。不但如此,也包括上流社會的男男女女,最后都成了天上父親的子女。像我這樣一個希臘文教授,本來是人類社會最虛假,最不敢表露自己的一種人,救世軍讓我也甩開了我原來清苦、規(guī)規(guī)矩矩的生活,讓我也敢于狂想,讓我明白了什么叫做對希臘酒神的崇拜,讓我也能在大街上敲鼓,而且敲出個花樣了。(他敲了一個花哨的鼓點,打得山響)

        UNDERSHAFT:You will alarm the shelter.

        安德謝夫:你這樣要嚇著大棚里的人。

        CUSINS:Oh,they are accustomed to these sudden ecstasies of piety.However,if the drum worries you—[he pockets the drumsticks,unhooks the drum,and stands it on the ground opposite the gateway].

        庫森斯:沒事,這兒的人對這樣突如其來的宗教狂熱都習(xí)慣了,不過,如果這個鼓叫您不安——(他把鼓槌裝在衣袋里,摘下鼓鉤,將鼓對著門道擱下)

        UNDERSHAFT:Thank you.

        安德謝夫:謝謝你。

        從此譯文中可以看出,戲劇翻譯要照顧到表演需要,文字上不需要過多修飾,措辭上盡量避免生僻的書面語,句式上也務(wù)求簡潔,可以使用排比等富有節(jié)奏感的結(jié)構(gòu)。如原文:lets loose the rhapsodist in him,reveals the true worship of Dionysus to him,sends him down the public street drumming dithyrambs,英若誠先生的處理是重復(fù)三個“讓”字,成為排比句型以加強戲劇效果;此外,他還增添了一些詞語讓譯文更順暢,如“讓我明白了什么叫做對希臘酒神的崇拜”這一句譯文并沒有拘泥于原文翻成“向他展示真正的狄奧尼索斯崇拜”。在原文中這一小段自白中,說話者將自己用“他”第三人稱來表示,但英若誠的譯文中則一律還原成第一人稱。這樣的處理如何看待,恐怕要見仁見智了。

        練 習(xí)

        一、將下列選段譯成漢語:

        1.We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,that among these are life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness.That,to secure these rights,governments are instituted among men,deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That,whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends,it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,and to institute new government,laying its foundation on such principles,and organizing its powers in such form,as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

        (Thomas Jefferson,Declaration of Independence)

        2.I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted,every hill and mountain shall be made low,the rough places will be made plain,and the crooked places will be made straight,and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed,and all flesh shall see it together.This is our hope.This is the faith with which I return to the South.With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.With this faith we will be able to work together,to pray together,to struggle together,to go to jail together,to stand up for

        freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day.

        (Martin Luther King Jr.,I have a Dream)

        3.All that day from morning until past sunset,the cannon never ceased to roar.It was dark when the cannonading stopped all of a sudden.

        All of us have read of what occurred during that interval.The tale is in every Englishman’s mouth;and you and I,who were children when the great battle was won and lost,are never tired of hearing the recounting the history of that famous action.Its remembrance rankles still in the bosoms of millions of the countrymen of those brave men who lost the day.They pant for an opportunity of revenging that humiliation;and if a contest,ending in a victory on their part,should ensue,elating them in their turn,and leaving its cursed legacy of hatred and rage behind to us,there is no end to the socalled glory and shame,and to the alterations of successful and unsuccessful murder,in which two high-spirited nations might engage.Centuries hence,we Frenchmen and Englishmen might be boasting and killing each other still,carrying out bravely the Devil’s code of honor.

        (William Makepeace Thackeray,Vanity Fair)

        二、將下列選段譯成英語:

        1.歷史的道路,不全是平坦的,有時走到艱難險阻的境界,這是全靠雄健的精神才能夠沖過去的。

        一條浩浩蕩蕩的長江大河,有時流到很寬闊的境界,平原無際,一瀉萬里。有時流到很逼狹的境界,兩岸叢山疊嶺,絕壁斷崖,江河流于其間,回環(huán)曲折,極其險峻。民族生命的進程,其經(jīng)歷亦復(fù)如是。

        人類在歷史上的生活正如旅行一樣。旅途上的征人所經(jīng)過的地方,有時是坦蕩平原,有時是崎嶇險路。老于旅途的人,走到平坦的地方,固是高高興興地向前走,走到崎嶇的境界,愈是奇趣橫生,覺得在此奇絕壯絕的境界,愈能感到一種冒險的美趣。

        中華民族現(xiàn)在所逢的史路,是一段崎嶇險阻的道路。在這一段道路上,實在亦有一種奇絕壯絕的景致,使我們經(jīng)過這段道路的人,感到一種壯美的趣味。但這種壯美的趣味,沒有雄健的精神是不能夠感覺到的。

        我們的揚子江、黃河,可以代表我們的民族精神,揚子江及黃河遇見沙漠、遇見山峽都是浩浩蕩蕩地往前流過去,以成其濁流滾滾、一瀉萬里的魄勢。目前的艱難境界,哪能阻抑我們民族生命的前進?我們應(yīng)該拿出雄健的精神,高唱著進行的曲調(diào),在這悲壯歌聲中,走過這崎嶇險阻的道路。要知在艱難的國運中建造國家,亦是人生最有趣味的事……

        (李大釗《艱難的國運與雄健的國民》)

        2.秋天,無論在什么地方的秋天,總是好的;可是啊,北國的秋,卻特別地來得清,來得靜,來得悲涼。我的不遠千里,要從杭州趕上青島,更要從青島趕上北平來的理由,也不過想飽嘗一嘗這“秋”,這故都的秋味。

        江南,秋當然也是有的;但草木凋得慢,空氣來得潤,天的顏色顯得淡,并且又時常多雨而少風(fēng);一個人夾在蘇州上海杭州,或廈門香港廣州的市民中間,渾渾沌沌地過去,只能感到一點點清涼,秋的味,秋的色,秋的意境與姿態(tài),總看不飽,嘗不透,賞玩不到十足。秋并不是名花,也并不是美酒,那一種半開,半醉的狀態(tài),在領(lǐng)略秋的過程上,是不合適的。

        (郁達夫《故都的秋》)

        3.我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到京城里,一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。其間耳聞目睹的所謂國家大事,算起來也很不少;但在我心里,都不留什么痕跡,倘要我尋出這些事的影響來說,便只是增長了我的壞脾氣,——老實說,便是教我一天比一天的看不起人。

        但有一件小事,卻于我有意義,將我從壞脾氣里拖開,使我至今忘記不得。

        這是民國六年的冬天,大北風(fēng)刮得正猛,我因為生計關(guān)系,不得不一早在路上走。一路幾乎遇不見人,好容易才雇定了一輛人力車,教他拉到S門去。不一會,北風(fēng)小了,路上浮塵早已刮凈,剩下一條潔白的大道來,車夫也跑得更快。剛近S門,忽而車把上帶著一個人,慢慢地倒了。

        (魯迅《一件小事》)

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