第十一章　商務(wù)合同與協(xié)議的翻譯

第一節(jié)　 商務(wù)合同與協(xié)議的詞匯特點(diǎn)

中華人民共和國(guó)《合同法》第二條對(duì)contract定義為“an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”，即平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。協(xié)議和合同經(jīng)常用作同義詞，但協(xié)議這一術(shù)語(yǔ)含義更廣，例如協(xié)議可能缺乏合同的某些必備條款。本章中將合同和協(xié)議視為一體，因其二者語(yǔ)言上并無過多區(qū)別。從詞語(yǔ)角度講，商務(wù)合同和協(xié)議的特點(diǎn)如下：

1.選詞正式準(zhǔn)確

合同中的選詞要求極為嚴(yán)格，以顯得鄭重，嚴(yán)肅。

例1：Any event or circumstance beyond the control of the Parties shall be deemed an event of Force Majeure and shall include, but not be restricted to, fire, storm, food, earthquake, explosion, war, rebellion, insurrection, epidemic and quarantine restriction.

譯文：雙方遇有無法控制的事件或情況應(yīng)視為不可抗力事件，但不限于火災(zāi)、風(fēng)災(zāi)、水災(zāi)、地震、爆炸、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、叛亂、暴動(dòng)、傳染病及瘟疫。

由此可見和同中的語(yǔ)言多屬于比較正式的用語(yǔ)。又如，賠償 “indemnities”，出租“l(fā)ease”，終止“terminate”，有效“valid”，援引“invoke”，最高“peremptory”，違約“breach”等，這些選詞都屬于比較正式的書面語(yǔ)言。

2.多用術(shù)語(yǔ)

作為具有法律特點(diǎn)的商務(wù)文書，商務(wù)合同中兼具法律和商業(yè)用語(yǔ)。前者如當(dāng)事人信息處的“l(fā)egal representative”；“l(fā)egal address”，仲裁條款處的“dispute”，“arbitration”，“binding”，“the material law of P.R.C.”等。商業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)較法律用語(yǔ)更多，且很多是由普通名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來，用法靈活，對(duì)要求精準(zhǔn)的法律文書翻譯工作造成極大挑戰(zhàn)。例如：

3.贅言贅語(yǔ)

商務(wù)合同中為了嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)起見，并不像其他文體那樣排斥重復(fù)。相反，大量使用詞語(yǔ)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，用“and”或“or”把兩個(gè)或多個(gè)短語(yǔ)并列起來，形成贅言贅語(yǔ)是合同行文的主要特色。該結(jié)構(gòu)或是為了界定涵蓋的內(nèi)容，或是為了解釋澄清復(fù)雜概念。無論出于何種目的，很多這樣的連用結(jié)構(gòu)已成為合同中的固定用語(yǔ)。例如：“under or in accordance with”，“signed and delivered”，“in whole or in part”，“today and hereafter”，“l(fā)icenses and permits”等等。

例2：The Seller shall sell and the Buyer shall buy the following described property upon the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth within this contract.

譯文：按照本合同內(nèi)所提之條款條件，買方將出售而買方將購(gòu)進(jìn)如下商品。

例3：Party A acknowledges and agrees that the technology it will receive from Party B during the term of this Contract shall be kept secret and confidential.

譯文：甲方承認(rèn)并同意在合同期內(nèi)由乙方提供的技術(shù)應(yīng)屬秘密。

例4：This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.

譯文：該協(xié)議由甲方和乙方共同制訂。

例5：The Buyer reserves the right to investigate or inspect at any time whether the products, qualifications, or facilities meet the Contract requirements.

譯文：買方保留隨時(shí)對(duì)產(chǎn)品，質(zhì)量或設(shè)施是否符合合同要求進(jìn)行檢查的權(quán)利。

4.多用名詞

合同中名詞出現(xiàn)較多的原因有兩點(diǎn)。其一是因?yàn)槊~豐富是英文行文的特色，其二是由于代詞容易使指代不清，故而在合同中會(huì)使責(zé)任的歸屬產(chǎn)生歧義，故此應(yīng)該慎用。

例6：If the Seller determines the performance has not been completed satisfactorily and in conformance with this Contract, the performance bond may be retained by the Seller until the Seller can determine damages caused by the lack of performance.

譯文：如果賣方確定履行情況不盡如人意或與合同不符，可以扣留履行保證金，直到其能夠確定履行不善所造成的損失費(fèi)用。

5.多用副詞

商務(wù)合同屬于法律性公文，所以英譯時(shí)，有些詞語(yǔ)要用公文語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)、特別是酌情使用英語(yǔ)舊用的一套公文語(yǔ)副詞，就會(huì)起到使譯文結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯嚴(yán)密、言簡(jiǎn)意賅的作用。常用的這類副詞是由here、there、where等副詞分別加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副詞，例如：

從此以后、今后：hereafter；

此后、以后：thereafter；

在其上：thereon\thereupon/whereupon；

在其下：thereunder；

迄今：hereto；

對(duì)于那個(gè)：whereto；

在上文：hereinabove\hereinbefore；

在下文：hereinafter\ hereinbelow；

由是；憑此：whereby

在那里；在那點(diǎn)上：wherein

6.“Shall”

“shall”一詞是正式公文中出現(xiàn)頻率很高的詞匯，此處的“shall”并非助動(dòng)詞，而是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示強(qiáng)烈的義務(wù)關(guān)系，比“should”語(yǔ)義更強(qiáng)，用來強(qiáng)調(diào)合同的法律強(qiáng)制效力。該詞并不局限在第一人稱后使用：

例7：The date of registration of the cooperative venture company shall be the date of the establishment of the board of directors of the cooperative venture company.

譯文：合資公司注冊(cè)登記之日，為董事會(huì)正式成立之日。

例8：The amendment of the contract or other appendices shall come into force only after a written agreement has been signed by Party A and Party B and approved by the original examination and approval authority.

譯文：只有在甲方和乙方共同簽署書面協(xié)議，并且經(jīng)原審批機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)，合同及其他附件的修訂才能生效。

例9：This Contract shall be written in English in four copies.Each party shall keep two copies.

譯文：本合同應(yīng)以英文寫成，一式四份，雙方各持兩份。

7.合同專項(xiàng)詞匯

最后，合同中有些詞匯出現(xiàn)頻繁，形成了合同專用詞匯。這些詞匯主要有：whereas, in witness whereof, prior to, in accordance with, in compliance with, provided that, subject to等。

第二節(jié)　 商務(wù)合同與協(xié)議的句法特點(diǎn)

商務(wù)合同與協(xié)議在句式上也有其特征，主要表現(xiàn)在：

1.多用陳述句

在合同中，需要準(zhǔn)確客觀地陳述事實(shí)，表明各方當(dāng)事人的責(zé)任、權(quán)利與義務(wù)，商務(wù)合同和協(xié)議中陳述句的使用頻率比較高，少見疑問句和感嘆句。陳述句用于闡述、解釋、說明、規(guī)定和判斷，語(yǔ)言顯得比較客觀、平實(shí)。

2.多用條件句

由于需要清晰界定在發(fā)生何種情況下當(dāng)事人應(yīng)如何反映，因此合同中涉及大量假設(shè)，即便有些假設(shè)條件發(fā)生的可能性不大，也不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

例1：In case a third party brings a charge of infringement, licensor shall be responsible for dealing with the third party and bear full legal and financial responsibilities which may arise.

譯文：若第三方起訴侵權(quán)，出讓方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)處理第三方事物，并承擔(dān)全部相應(yīng)的法律和財(cái)政責(zé)任。

3.多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)

合同涉及的內(nèi)容中，將來的事情遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于現(xiàn)在，但是對(duì)此類事物的講述一律用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而不用將來時(shí)。

例2：Licensor guarantees that licensor is legitimate owner of the know-how supplied by licensor to licensee in accordance with the stipulations of the contract, and that licensor is lawfully in a position to transfer the know-how to licensee.

譯文：出讓人保證受讓人合法擁有按合同規(guī)定轉(zhuǎn)讓的該項(xiàng)技術(shù)，且出讓方是該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的合法所有者。

4.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表責(zé)仸

在談及當(dāng)事人義務(wù)時(shí)，為了突出責(zé)任人，較其他英文文獻(xiàn)相對(duì)而言合同中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用頻率較低。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使動(dòng)詞詞語(yǔ)更有效，責(zé)任和權(quán)利的劃分更加明顯。

例3：Party A shall bear all expenses for advertising and publicity.

譯文：甲方應(yīng)承擔(dān)所有廣告和發(fā)布支出。

而不是：All expenses for advertising and publicity should be born by Party A.

又如：

例4：The Employer may ask bidders individually for clarification of their tenders, including breakdowns of unit prices.

譯文：業(yè)主可要求投標(biāo)者就其標(biāo)書做出解釋，包括單位價(jià)格細(xì)目表。

例5：The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer four copies of all Drawings, Specification and other documents.

譯文：承包商應(yīng)向工程師提供所有的圖紙、規(guī)格和其他文件一式四份。

5.多用長(zhǎng)句

（1）冗長(zhǎng)

英語(yǔ)合同中充斥大量的定義，限定，修飾，重復(fù)，結(jié)構(gòu)上相互重疊，前后編插，避免省略或指代，因此其句子冗長(zhǎng)。

例6：In the event of a Subcontractor having undertaken towards the Contractor in respect of the work executed; or the goods, materials, Plant or services supplied by such Subcontractor, any continuing obligation extending for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability Period under the Contract, the Contractor shall at any time, after the expiration of such period, as sign to the Employer, at the Employer's request and cost, the benefit of such obligation for the unexpired duration thereof.

譯文：當(dāng)分包商在所進(jìn)行的工作，或其提供的貨物、材料、工程設(shè)備或服務(wù)等方面，為承包商承擔(dān)了合同規(guī)定的缺陷責(zé)任期限結(jié)束后的任何延長(zhǎng)期間須繼續(xù)承擔(dān)的任何連續(xù)義務(wù)時(shí)，承包商在根據(jù)雇主的要求和由雇主承擔(dān)費(fèi)用的情況下，在缺陷責(zé)任期滿之后的任何時(shí)間，將上述未終止的此類義務(wù)的權(quán)益轉(zhuǎn)讓給雇主。

例 7：During the validity of this Agreement, Party A refrains from offering the above-mentioned goods to other merchants with ports in Country X as ports of destination, while Party B undertakes to refrain from purchasing, pushing sales of or acting as agents for the commodity of other suppliers the same as or similar to that stated in Article 2 and guarantee not to transship in any way the said goods supplied by Party A to any area, where exclusivity or sales agency has been granted by Party A.

譯文：協(xié)議有效期內(nèi)，甲方不能將上述商品提供給以X國(guó)為目的港的商人，而乙方不能購(gòu)買，促銷，或代理與第二條所描述的產(chǎn)品相同或相似的其他供應(yīng)商產(chǎn)品，并且保證不將甲方提供的上述商品轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到甲方指派獨(dú)家代理人或銷售代理人的任何地方。

（2）復(fù)雜狀語(yǔ)的使用

為了使條款明確清晰，排除一切可能產(chǎn)生的歧義和誤解，嚴(yán)格界定條約各方的義務(wù)和權(quán)利，合同的句式中常常使用大量結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，重疊的狀語(yǔ)來修飾條款中的動(dòng)詞。多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，或者一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)包含另一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象也跟常見。

例8：If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Clause 53.1.1, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

譯文：在承包商負(fù)責(zé)照管期間，倘工程或其任何部分，或待用的材料或設(shè)備出現(xiàn)任何損失或損壞，除第53.1.1條限定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)情況外，不論出于何種原因，承包商均應(yīng)出資彌補(bǔ)此類損失或損壞，以使永久工程在各方面符合合同的規(guī)定，達(dá)到工程師滿意的程度。

例9：If, before the Time for Completion of the whole of the Works or, if applicable, any Section, a Taking-Over Certificate has been issued for any part of the Works or of a Section, the liquidated damages for delay in completion of the remainder of the Works or of that Section shall, for any period of delay after the date stated in such Taking-Over Certificate, and in the absence of alternative provisions in the Contract, be reduced in the Proportion which the value of the Part so certified bears to the value for the whole of the Works or Section, as applicable.

譯文：在整個(gè)工程或任何區(qū)段的竣工期限之前，如果工程任何部分或任何區(qū)段已簽發(fā)移交證書，則在合同中無替代條款的情況下，對(duì)于在該移交證書注明的日期之后的任何拖延期間該工程或區(qū)段剩余部分的延期損害賠償費(fèi)，應(yīng)按已簽發(fā)部分的價(jià)值對(duì)整個(gè)工程或區(qū)段的價(jià)值比例相應(yīng)地減少。

第三節(jié)　 商務(wù)合同與協(xié)議的翻譯

由于商務(wù)合同與協(xié)議是兼具法律和商務(wù)性質(zhì)的文書，故此對(duì)翻譯工作來講難度較大。一般要求其翻譯者應(yīng)該既是語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，又是法律學(xué)者，同時(shí)還具備商貿(mào)知識(shí)。

此外，如前文所講，合同是要求精準(zhǔn)的法律性質(zhì)文書，因此在翻譯過程中應(yīng)尤其注意對(duì)原文的忠實(shí)性。舊有觀點(diǎn)是翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該盡可能直譯，然而這樣譯出的文字死板呆滯，不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此，在翻譯過程中還應(yīng)合理使用翻譯手段，適當(dāng)靈活表達(dá)?？傊龊蒙虅?wù)合同與協(xié)議的翻譯是有一定挑戰(zhàn)的。

1.選詞

與翻譯其他文獻(xiàn)相同，在合同翻譯過程中，譯者的首要工作是解碼，揭開源語(yǔ)表達(dá)的含義，然后在目的語(yǔ)中努力搜尋與之相同功能的詞或短語(yǔ)，或者是與之等同的釋義，將他們排列或重組來構(gòu)建出文章。然而，翻譯合同時(shí)，我們?cè)谒褜み^程中，則需要運(yùn)用相關(guān)商務(wù)和法律背景知識(shí)，才能準(zhǔn)確無誤。

2.轉(zhuǎn)換

（1）詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

翻譯英文合同時(shí)，其中一些詞的詞性可以按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣改譯，以使譯文更為流暢。常見的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換有名詞改譯為動(dòng)詞或形容詞，名詞改譯為代詞等。

例1：If the Seller determines the performance has not been completed satisfactorily and in conformance with this Contract, the performance bond may be retained by the Seller until the Seller can determine damages caused by the lack of performance.

譯文：如果賣方確定履行情況不盡如人意或與合同不符，可以扣留履行保證金，直到其能夠確定履行不善所造成的損失費(fèi)用。

例2：Prior to commencement of any work under this Contract and during the period of the Contract, the Purchaser shall provide proof of insurance coverage required by this Contract.

譯文：在合同任務(wù)開始之前，或者在合同期間，買方應(yīng)按合同要求出具保險(xiǎn)證明。

（2）語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換

合同中談及商品，單據(jù)等的時(shí)候，也不免出現(xiàn)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如果照直翻譯，很多時(shí)候會(huì)顯得極為生硬，也影響漢語(yǔ)的行文，故此在翻譯過程中將其改成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，能使譯文含義更為清晰，表達(dá)順暢。

例3：The measurement, gross weight, net weight and the cautions such as “Do not stack up side down”，“Keep away from moisture”， “Handle with care” shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment.

譯文1：尺寸，毛重，凈重以及“請(qǐng)勿倒臵”，“保持干燥”，“小心輕放”等警示語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用不褪色顏料被印于每件包裝的表面。

譯文2：應(yīng)用不褪色顏料在每件包裝表面印上尺寸，毛重，凈重以及“請(qǐng)勿倒臵”，“保持干燥”，“小心輕放”等警示語(yǔ)。

無疑譯文2表達(dá)更符合中國(guó)人的習(xí)慣。

3.省略

（1）省略同義詞

合同用語(yǔ)的特色之一是用詞重復(fù)。但是在翻譯過程中，如果將這種重復(fù)用詞譯成漢語(yǔ)，反而使譯文顯得累贅、生澀，違背表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此翻譯時(shí)可以省略。

例4：The Sellers shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing.

譯文：由于不完善或不適當(dāng)包裝造成的貨物損壞或損失由買方負(fù)責(zé)。

解析：不完善與不適當(dāng)，損壞和損失意思接近，若都列舉出來則如此啰嗦不清。改為：由于包裝不當(dāng)造成的貨物缺損由買方負(fù)責(zé)。

例5：Licensee agrees that licensee shall keep the know-how supplied by licensor under secret and confidential conditions within the validity period of the contract.

譯文：受讓方同意在合同有效期內(nèi)對(duì)出讓商提供技術(shù)保密（不用說保持秘密和絕密狀態(tài)）。

（2）省略名詞

英文合同中為避免指代不清，盡量用名詞重復(fù)，而不用代詞。而講求“意和”的漢語(yǔ)中有時(shí)名詞不需要如此多反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。

例6：In the course of arbitration, the contract shall be continuously executed by both parties except the part of the contract which is under arbitration.

譯文：在仲裁過程中，除仲裁中的那部分合同以外，其他部分應(yīng)由雙方繼續(xù)執(zhí)行。

（3）省略副詞

法律英語(yǔ)中，為使表達(dá)更加精確，或?yàn)榱俗裱呀?jīng)形成的習(xí)慣, thereof和hereof一類的詞用得很多，但在漢語(yǔ)譯文中，有不少是可以省略的。

例7：All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.

譯文：由此合同履行而引致的所有爭(zhēng)議都應(yīng)雙方友好協(xié)商解決。

4.重復(fù)

英文中的很多結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是在并列句中，在出現(xiàn)重復(fù)時(shí)，其后半部分是可以省略的。而由于中華文化中追求對(duì)稱美的影響，在漢語(yǔ)中很多時(shí)候需要將已知事物予以重現(xiàn)。

例8：The Seller may terminate this Contract by oral or written notice to the Purchaser upon its breach as determined by the Seller or at other times when deemed necessary by the Seller.Upon such notice, the Purchaser shall cease all operations on and immediately leave, and not return to, the Seller's property unless otherwise provided by the Seller.

譯文：賣方確定買方違約或認(rèn)為有必要終止合同時(shí)，可以用口頭或者書面通知買方的方式終止此合同。一經(jīng)通知，買方應(yīng)停止一切操作并立即離開，而且沒有賣方許可不再回到買方的房產(chǎn)。

例9：Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Sales Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation.

譯文：凡因本銷售合同引起的，或與本銷售合同有關(guān)的任何爭(zhēng)議，均應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決。

第四節(jié)　 翻譯技巧——長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

合同和協(xié)議中可見很多篇幅較長(zhǎng)的句子。長(zhǎng)句翻譯是常常令譯者感覺困難的一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，因?yàn)橹杏煞N語(yǔ)言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)差異較大：漢語(yǔ)是分析型語(yǔ)言，其語(yǔ)法關(guān)系主要通過虛詞，詞序來反應(yīng)，而英語(yǔ)是發(fā)展型語(yǔ)言，其語(yǔ)法關(guān)系主要通過詞語(yǔ)變形反應(yīng)；漢語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)，英語(yǔ)中名詞和介詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)；漢語(yǔ)重心在后，英語(yǔ)中心在前，等等。這些對(duì)比在短句中相對(duì)容易處理和安排，而應(yīng)用在長(zhǎng)句中，則需要譯者同時(shí)處理眾多矛盾，因而有必要運(yùn)用多種手段。

1.包孕法

包孕法是使用很多的一種句子翻譯法。其主要處理方式是指將源語(yǔ)后置的定語(yǔ)移置先行詞之前。在漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)行文與邏輯比較近似的情況下，盡量不改動(dòng)其他部分的原有順序，按順譯法譯出即可。

例1：Party A and Party B agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company to introduce the Patent and engage in production cooperation in accordance with the technical Know-how specified in the Patent.

譯文：甲乙雙方同意雙方共同成立一家合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)來引進(jìn)專利，并按專利提供技術(shù)進(jìn)行合作生產(chǎn)。

例2：Failure or delay of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this contract shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude any further exercise thereof.

譯文：任何一方未能或延遲行使本合同規(guī)定的任何權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)，不得視為該方放棄該權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)，單項(xiàng)或部分行使任何權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)，亦不得排除其對(duì)該權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)的進(jìn)一步行使。

2.逆譯法

針對(duì)英語(yǔ)中將重要的信息放前面，次要的放后面的情況，可以采取逆譯法，將原文順序顛倒翻譯。

例3：We are regretful for not being able to pay the 50% fund as specified in the contract as a result of being unfamiliar with the regulations of the Department of Foreign Exchange Management.

譯文：由于不熟悉外匯管理部門有一些規(guī)定，我們未能依照合同規(guī)定支付50%款項(xiàng)，對(duì)此深表遺憾。

說明：先議后敘的句式多適用逆譯法翻譯。

例4：The Sellers shall not be held responsible if they fail, owing to Force Majeure cause or causes, to make delivery within the time stipulated in this Sales Contract or cannot deliver the goods.

譯文：如因不可抗力原因使賣方不能在本銷售合同規(guī)定期限內(nèi)交貨或不能交貨，賣方概不責(zé)任。

例5：Distributors are called exclusive if they are under contract to sell only the exporter's products.

譯文：經(jīng)銷商如按合同只銷售該出口商的產(chǎn)品，他們就稱為獨(dú)家經(jīng)銷商。

3.分譯法

分譯法又名拆譯法，也是應(yīng)用較多的翻譯長(zhǎng)句的手段。有些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句，其主句和從句的修飾限定關(guān)系相對(duì)較弱，翻譯時(shí)則可以將原文的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句拆開，從而使其漢語(yǔ)譯文的邏輯感和層次感更強(qiáng)，語(yǔ)意更加明白清楚。

例6：The Tenderer and any of his representatives will be granted permission by the Employer or his agent SU company to enter upon its premises and lands for the purpose of such inspection by prior arrangement, but only upon the express condition that the Tenderer and his representatives, will release and indemnify the Employer or his agent SU Company and its personnel from and against all liability in respect thereof and will be responsible for personal injury（whether fatal or otherwise）, loss of or damage to property and any other loss, damage, costs and expenses however caused, which, but for the exercise of such permission, would not have arisen.

譯文：業(yè)主或其代理人SU公司可以事先安排，為投標(biāo)者及其代表提供通行證，允許其到工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查。但條件是如果業(yè)主或其代理人因發(fā)放這樣的通行證，造成投標(biāo)者或其代理人、人員遭受人身侵害（致命或非致命）傷害，財(cái)產(chǎn)遺失或其他損害、開支時(shí)，業(yè)主或代理人不負(fù)責(zé)。

例7：The four volumes of the tender documents have been collated and bound by mechanical means and Tenderers should check to ensure that they contain all pages（which are numbered consecutively）and that all supplements referred to are also included.

譯文：投標(biāo)文件四卷裝訂在一起。投標(biāo)者應(yīng)仔細(xì)檢查是否缺頁(yè)（頁(yè)碼連續(xù)），及附件是否完整。

例8：In the event of any loss occurrence the Company shall also pay the Insured for the expenses reasonably incurred for taking necessary measures to minimize loss or damage to the least extent, but in no case shall such expenses referred hereto exceed the sum insured of the insured property.

譯文：發(fā)生損失后，被保險(xiǎn)人為減少損失而采取必要措施所產(chǎn)生的合理費(fèi)用，本公司可予以賠償，但本項(xiàng)費(fèi)用以保險(xiǎn)財(cái)產(chǎn)的保險(xiǎn)金額為限。

練習(xí)

一、將下列合同中常見的單詞或短語(yǔ)的英文及其中文連接起來。

二、用適當(dāng)形式將下表中單詞填入合同適當(dāng)處。

The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions set forth as below:

1.Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity: Aluminum Ingots of 99.5% purity

2.Quantity: 8000 metric tons

3.Unit Price and Terms of Delivery:$280/MT, CIF

The terms FOB, CFR, or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms（INCOTERMS 2000）provided by International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）unless otherwise ________ herein.）

4.Total Amount: $ 2,240,000

5.More or Less: 5%

6.Time of Shipment: Within 45 days after receipt of L/C allowing transshipment and partial shipment.

7.Terms of Payment: By ________, Irrevocable, Transferable and Divisible L/C to be available by sight draft to reach the Seller before Oct 16, 2005 and to remain valid for negotiation in China until 30 days after the Time of Shipment.The L/C must specify that transshipment and partial shipments are allowed.

The Buyer shall ________ a Letter of Credit before the above-stipulated time, failing which, the Seller shall have the right to rescind this Contract upon the ________ of the notice at Buyer or to accept whole or part of this Contract non fulfilled by the Buyer, or to ________ a claim for the direct losses sustained, if any.

8.Packing: Container

9.Insurance: The seller shall be responsible to ________ All Risks for 110% of Invoice Value.

10.Quality/Quantity discrepancy: In case of quality discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination, while for quantity discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination.It is understood that the Seller shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, Shipping Company, other Transportation Organization /or Post Office are liable.

11.The Seller shall not be held responsible for failure or ________ in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents which might occur.Force Majeure as ________ to in this contract means unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable objective conditions.

12.Arbitration: Any dispute ________ from or in connection with the Sales Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached, the dispute shall then be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission （CIETAC）for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.

13.Notices: All notice shall be written in English and served to both parties by fax/e-mail /courier according to the following addresses.If any changes of the addresses occur, one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within 15 days after the change.

14.This Contract is executed in two ________ each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic.This Contract is in two copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.

三、把下列句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)。

1.本合同有效期從合同生效之日算起共10年，有效期滿后，本合同自動(dòng)失效。

2.買賣雙方經(jīng)協(xié)商同意按下列條款成交：

3.若買方提出索賠，凡屬品質(zhì)異議須于貨到目的口岸之日起30天內(nèi)提出，凡屬數(shù)量異議須于貨到目的口岸之日起15天內(nèi)提出。

4.買方應(yīng)用不可撤銷信用證支付給賣方運(yùn)費(fèi)。

5.本合同為中英文兩種文本，兩種文本具有同等效力。

6.因乙方違反本合同的規(guī)定而產(chǎn)生的違約金、損壞賠償金和其他相關(guān)費(fèi)用，甲方可在保證金中抵扣。

7.本合同附件是本合同的有效組成部分，與本合同具有同等法律效力。

8.由于一般公認(rèn)的人力不可抗拒原因而不能交貨或裝船遲延，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任。

9.一切因執(zhí)行本合同所發(fā)生與本合同有關(guān)之爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決。

10.本合同采用一次性支付使用費(fèi)的方式，計(jì)價(jià)的貨幣為美元。

四、把下列各句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。

1.The royalties shall be calculated on the basis of the Net Selling Price of such products.

2.Owner shall have no obligation to grant extensions if delays were not excusable delays, or otherwise resulted, directly or indirectly, from the Contractor's breach of this Contract.

3.It is the responsibility of the Owner to take reasonable steps to provide a work area free of household obstructions, and to remove or protect household items in areas where it may be reasonably anticipated by the Owner that they may be subject to dust, damage or vibrations.

4.Seller shall deliver each Shipment to the applicable Place of Delivery on or before the applicable Delivery Date set forth in the Project Schedule.

5.This Contract shall terminate and expire automatically upon the full performance or discharge of all the obligations of the Parties hereunder.

6.Immediately after completion of loading of goods on board the vessel the Sellers shall advise the Buyers by cable of the contract number, name of goods, quantity or weight loaded, invoice value, name of vessel, port of shipment, sailing date and port of destination.

7.In case the quality, quantity or Weight of the goods be found not in conformity with those stipulated in this Contract after re-inspection by the china Commodity Inspection Bureau within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyers shall return the goods to or lodge claims against the Sellers for compensation of losses upon the strength of Inspection Certificate issued by the said Bureau, with the exception of those claims for which the insurers or owners of the carrying vessel are liable.

8.It is mutually agreed that for the quality of the contracted goods in this category, the Inspection Certificate issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau after inspection the goods within 90 days from the date of arrival at the port of destination shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties.

9.If insurance for additional amount and /or for other insurance terms is required by the Buyers, prior notice to this effect must reach the Sellers before shipment and is subject to the Sellers? agreement, and the extra insurance premium shall be for the Buyers? account.

10.The Parties, adhering to the principle of e-quality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, desire to exert all their efforts in co-operating with each other and agree to jointly invest to set up a joint venture enterprise TEDA, Tianjin, P.R.China for the purpose of expanding international economic cooperation and technological exchange on a mutually beneficial and profitable basis.