第二節(jié)　推斷題閱讀公式

推斷題是閱讀理解所有題目中難度最大的，也是答錯(cuò)率最高的一種題型。究其原因，是這種題型很難從文章中直接找到答案。通常必須找準(zhǔn)推斷的依據(jù)，然后在此前提下，進(jìn)行合理的推斷。考生在掌握了本章第一節(jié)介紹的推斷的基本技巧后，可利用下面介紹的不同推斷題的做題公式來(lái)攻破這類難題。

一、歸納推斷題閱讀公式

歸納推斷題是推斷題中較為容易的一種題型，就是要通過對(duì)具體事例或具體描述的分析來(lái)概括出它們之間的共同之處。常見的此類題目的提問方式通常是：

What can be concluded from...？

What can be learned from...？

It can be learned from...that＿＿＿.

It can be inferred from...that＿＿＿.

例1：

Wolong is but one example of this difficulty.This 494，000-acre preserve was declared a protected area in 1975.Yet 1，800 people，mostly Tibetans，still live in the preserve，logging trucks still roll down the narrow mountain roads，and blasting work still goes on at the site of a new 160，000-kilowatt hydroelectric plant just six miles away.（1997年第三篇）

Question：

Which of the following threatens the pandas’survival in the Wolong preserve？

A.Local population.

B.Economic development.

C.Unfavorable environment.

D.All of the above.

正確答案是D選項(xiàng)。這是歸納推斷題的一種變換的問法。根據(jù)題干中非常有提示意義的地名Wolong可迅速在原文中找到其出處。仔細(xì)閱讀后可以發(fā)現(xiàn)該段第二句話給了三方面的信息：根據(jù)“Yet 1，800 people，mostly Tibetans，still live in the preserve”可以歸納出A選項(xiàng)所舉的當(dāng)?shù)厝丝诘膯栴}；根據(jù)“l(fā)ogging trucks still roll down the narrow mountain roads，and blasting work still goes on”可以歸納出B選項(xiàng)所舉的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方面的問題；根據(jù)“a new 160，000-kilowatt hydroelectric plant just six miles away”可以歸納出C選項(xiàng)所舉的環(huán)境不利的問題。因此，最完整的答案應(yīng)該是D選項(xiàng)。

例2：

In 1992，many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles，seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters.This event was triggered by the verdict（裁定）in the Rodney King beating.We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments，and most people，who had seen the video of this beating，could not understand how the jury（陪審團(tuán)）was able to acquit（宣布……無(wú)罪）the policemen involved.Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events.This can have harmful results，as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles.By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading，“Can we all get along？”By Saturday，television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace.The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools.Because of that，many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding（展開）on television.The real healing，of course，will take much longer，but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.（1999年第3篇）

Question：

It can be inferred from the passage that＿＿＿.

A.media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results

B.most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury

C.the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted awhole week

D.Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday

上述題目問的是：從文章中能夠推斷出。A項(xiàng)即媒體對(duì)事件的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)報(bào)道可以產(chǎn)生好的或不良的結(jié)果；B項(xiàng)大多數(shù)看過毆打Rodney King錄像的人同意陪審團(tuán)的判決；C項(xiàng)1992年洛杉磯騷亂事件持續(xù)了整整一周；D項(xiàng)Rodney King星期五在電視采訪中露面時(shí)顯得很氣憤。

正確答案是A項(xiàng)。典型的歸納推斷題，必須從文章的幾處細(xì)節(jié)入手才能得出答案。文章第五句指出“This（media coverage of events）can have harmful results...”（媒體對(duì)事件的報(bào)道產(chǎn)生了有害的結(jié)果），后面第七句又指出，“...provide positive feedback...a rally for peace”（隨著洛杉磯騷亂轉(zhuǎn)為一場(chǎng)和平集會(huì)，電視似乎產(chǎn)生了積極作用）。A項(xiàng)綜合表述了這兩句的內(nèi)容，原文中的positive及harmful換成了A項(xiàng)中的good和bad，所以A項(xiàng)是可以從文章推斷出來(lái)的正確內(nèi)容，為本題的正確選項(xiàng)。本段前半段指出，多數(shù)看過毆打錄像的人不明白，陪審團(tuán)怎么會(huì)判定參與毆打的警察無(wú)罪（...could not understand how the jury was able to acquit the policemen involved），這表明他們不同意審判團(tuán)的判決，所以B項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。本段第一句指出騷亂發(fā)生于星期三晚上，第七句指出到星期六騷亂轉(zhuǎn)變成了和平示威，整個(gè)事件何時(shí)結(jié)束沒有提到，所以C項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法不確切。本段第六句“星期五晚上，Rodney King在電視上露面，向公眾懇求說(shuō)，我們大家能否和平相處呢？”可見，此時(shí)他是以一種心平氣和的態(tài)度，所以D項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。

二、演繹推斷題閱讀公式

典型的演繹推斷題在歷年閱讀真題中并不多見，其出題的特點(diǎn)是題干中涉及的往往是一個(gè)具體的事例或情況，有時(shí)這個(gè)事例或情況在原文中可能并未出現(xiàn)，在原文中能夠找到的是相對(duì)較為概括的定義或論述，考生需要據(jù)此對(duì)事例或情況作出合理的推斷。

例：

Actually，two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information.One，aimed at studying curiosity，is referred to as pure science.The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for instance，improving health，raising standards of living，or creating new consumer products.In this case knowledge is put to economic use.Such an approach is referred to as applied science.（1999年第五篇）

Question：

A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach_________.

A.pure science　　　 B.environmental science

C.applied science　　D.agricultural science

本題是本考試歷年閱讀真題中唯一一道典型的演繹推斷題。本題是由一般推斷到具體。做這一題目首先要根據(jù)四個(gè)答案選項(xiàng)回讀原文，找到相應(yīng)信息的位置，然后再根據(jù)文中給出的理論科學(xué)與應(yīng)用科學(xué)的定義來(lái)推斷題干中的例子符合哪個(gè)定義即可。而oxygen在文中并未出現(xiàn)。正確答案是A項(xiàng)。

三、事實(shí)推斷題公式

正確答案≈原文中含有題干關(guān)鍵詞的一句話

事實(shí)推斷題的做題方法和細(xì)節(jié)題的做題方法大致相同，只不過細(xì)節(jié)題的正確答案就是對(duì)含有題干關(guān)鍵詞的一句話的同義表述（paraphrase），而事實(shí)推斷題的正確答案要在原句的基礎(chǔ)上做進(jìn)一步的邏輯推理。這類題目的常見提問方式有：

1．It can be inferred from...that＿＿＿.

2．It is implied/indicate in...that＿＿＿.

3．The author implies that＿＿＿.

例1：

At the Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997，it became abundantly clear how com plex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country.It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances.The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states.During the late 1980s we were able，through international agreements，to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer.These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and，more important，because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states.（1999年第四篇）

Question：

In the passage the author implies that＿＿＿.

A.the world has recently become aware of the threat of global warming

B.the problem of global warming has largely been solved

C.it is always difficult to work out international agreements to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer

D.it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to the environment

正確答案是D項(xiàng)。將它與原文的第一句相比較，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的相似之處，原文中說(shuō)由于各國(guó)追求的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益不同，在1997年那次關(guān)于全球變暖問題的會(huì)議上，已經(jīng)看出各國(guó)很難就限制自己國(guó)家二氧化碳的排放量達(dá)成協(xié)議。再加上對(duì)本段倒數(shù)第二句的理解，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)以前這種協(xié)議還是能夠達(dá)成的，所以D項(xiàng)是最合適的推斷。

例2：

The other reasons to oppose the death penalty are largely a mater of individual conscience and belief.One is that murder is murder and the state has no more right to take a life than the individual.The other is Christianity advises forgiveness，not revenge.（1997年第一篇）

Question：

We can learn from the last paragraph that＿＿＿.

A.neither state nor the individual has the right to take a life

B.the state has the right to take a life but the individual does not

C.the death penalty has nothing to do with individual conscience and belief

D.the deterrence figures have added up and the execution rate has fallen

正確答案是A選項(xiàng)。本題主要是考查對(duì)該段第二句話的理解。其中有一較難的句型“A is no more X than B”，在第一篇語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)中介紹過的特殊句型，意思是：A和B都不X。本題的意思就是政府和個(gè)人都無(wú)權(quán)奪走一個(gè)人的生命。A選項(xiàng)是和原文完全相同的表述。

四、邏輯推斷題閱讀公式

正確答案=根據(jù)原文可以分析得出的原因、條件、結(jié)果、行為

例1：

Although the threat of global warming known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem，we also know that the effects of measures，especially harsh measures taken in some countries，would be mollified（抵消）if other countries do not control their emissions.Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO₂，in the atmosphere，this path is not feasible for several reasons.Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy.Important and populous low-or-medium income countries are not willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.In addition，the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.（1999年第四篇）

Question：

What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming？

A.They should hold another world conference on climate change.

B.They should provide advanced technology.

C.They should replace all the harmful substances.

D.They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.

本段第四句話明確指出全球變暖這一問題之所以難以解決主要是因?yàn)楹芏鄧?guó)家不愿意承擔(dān)控制本國(guó)能源使用的法律義務(wù)，由此可以依據(jù)邏輯推斷，解決這一問題的方法必然是各國(guó)自覺承擔(dān)控制本國(guó)能源使用的法律義務(wù)。因此，正確答案是D選項(xiàng)。

例2：

In the United States，most education dollars are spent in elementary schools.But the lessons are aimed at a too limited audience；just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.（1998年第二篇）

Question：

It can be inferred from the passage that＿＿＿.

A.fire safety lessons should be aimed at American adults

B.American children have not received enough education of fire safety lesson C.Japan is better equipped with fire facilities than the United States

D.America’s large population accounts for high fire frequency

根據(jù)原文本段最后一句話But the lessons are aimed at a too limited audience；just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches可以推斷出防火教育不應(yīng)僅針對(duì)孩子，也應(yīng)面向成人，因此A是正確答案。

五、作者態(tài)度推斷題閱讀公式

正確答案=原文主旨+表達(dá)主旨的用詞

這類題型要求考生對(duì)文章作者的態(tài)度和語(yǔ)調(diào)作出推斷。如作者對(duì)所陳述的事件、觀點(diǎn)是贊同還是反對(duì)，對(duì)所描寫的人或事物是表示贊頌、同情、冷淡還是厭惡。通常作者對(duì)所述事物的態(tài)度不直接表露出來(lái)，而是通過他所使用的語(yǔ)氣、語(yǔ)調(diào)來(lái)體現(xiàn)。為此在回答此類問題時(shí)必須仔細(xì)閱讀文章的開頭，了解短文的主旨大意，并特別注意作者使用的修飾語(yǔ)。常見的提問方式現(xiàn)總結(jié)如下：

1.Which of the following statements could fully express the author’s view towards...？

2.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude？

3.The author holds different opinions from other people in that＿＿＿.

4.What is the main purpose of the last paragraph？

5.What is the main purpose of the passage？

6.What is the author’s attitude towards...？

7.Why does the author mention...in the passage？

8.The author wrote the passage in order to.

9.The author’s main purpose in writing this article is to＿＿＿.

10.The author of the article quotes...’swords to＿＿＿.

11.Why does the author mainly emphasize about...？

12.What does the author seem to suggest about...？

13.Which of the following statements best describes the author’s view of...？

14.The tone of this article can be best described as＿＿＿.

15.The writer most likely thinks（holds，believes，insists）that.

16.Which of the following best describes the tone of the whole passage？

17.According to the passage，which of the following best characterizes the writer’s attitude towards...？

18.What is the author’s opinion（point of view）about...？

例1：

A new atomic clock being developed for navigation satellites will perform better than previous devices．The clock，which incorporates a hydrogen maser，will use a new microwave cavity design to provide a compact and light weight package，and new electronic techniques to maintain long-term stability．The clock can provide precise navigation information because it is stable to one second in three million years．The differences in the time When signals from four satellites arrive at one location can be used to calculate that position to within a few yards．

Question：

What is the primary purpose of the passage？

A.To teach a lesson.

B.To sell a product.

C.To support a theory.

D.To provide information.

這篇文章的體裁是說(shuō)明文，它介紹了用在導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星上的一種新的原子鐘所具有的種種特殊的功能，這些功能和以前的同類裝置相比具有很大的優(yōu)越性。由此不難看出這篇文章的主要目的是給讀者提供關(guān)于這種新的原子鐘的一些有用的信息。因此這道題的答案是D。

例2：

The over dependence of modern man on machines could have disastrous consequences on the future of mankind.Such a dependence leads to an excessive forfeiture of the basic reasoning faculties of thought to m ind less machines.This in turn could lead to a dehumanized society and mechanized approaches to problems and solutions.If we continue to surrender our natural intelligence to unnatural mechanical contrivances we may even ultimately lose our capacity for creative thought.

Questions：

1.What is the author’s attitude toward machines？

A.Immoral　　B.Indifferent　　C.Laudatory　　D.Deprecatory

2.The writer is of the opinion that＿＿＿.

A.man’s capacity for creativity may be lost

B.machines will take over the world by force

C.man’s dependence on machine will enhance his lifestyle

D.our ability to think is dependenton machine

這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容是指出了人們過度依賴機(jī)器將給人類的將來(lái)帶來(lái)的嚴(yán)重后果。如果人們?nèi)匀蝗绱艘蕾嚈C(jī)器，將來(lái)人們解決問題的所有方法都將依賴于機(jī)器，而且我們的社會(huì)將變成非人類的社會(huì)，并最終導(dǎo)致人類失去創(chuàng)造性思維的能力。由此可以看出作者對(duì)待機(jī)器的態(tài)度是批評(píng)譴責(zé)的，因此，第一題的答案是D。第二題的答案應(yīng)是A。文中用黑體突出的都是具有貶義色彩的詞匯和否定的表述。

例3：

Icebergs（冰山）are among nature’s most spectacular creations，and yet most people have never seen one.A vague air of mystery envelops them.They come into being somewhere in faraway，line frigid waters，amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence，which in most eases no one hears or sees，they exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.

Objects of sheerest beauty，they have been called.Appearing in an endless variety of shapes，they may be dazzlingly white，or they may be glassy blue，green，or purple，tinted faintly or in darker hues.They are graceful，stately，inspiring—in calm，sunlit seas.

Question：

The attitude of the author toward icebergs is one of＿＿＿.

A.disappointment　　B.humor

C.disinterest　　　 D.wonder

作者對(duì)“icebergs”的看法完全體現(xiàn)在他的選詞上。作者先后用了spectacular（壯觀的）、mystery（神秘）、sheerest beauty（絕美）、graceful（高雅）、stately（雄偉）和inspiring（令人鼓舞）等感情色彩非常強(qiáng)烈的詞匯，故作者對(duì)冰山的看法應(yīng)該是驚嘆的（wonder），選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。

在做這類作者對(duì)某一問題的態(tài)度的題目時(shí)，應(yīng)注意積累一些有關(guān)的詞匯。例如：indifferent冷漠的、laudatory贊成的、agreeable同意的、deprecatory譴責(zé)的、ironical諷刺的、traditional傳統(tǒng)的、creative有創(chuàng)意的、objective客觀的、subjective主觀的、critical批判的、favorable贊同的、prejudiced有偏見的、positive肯定的、negative否定的、humorous幽默的、neutral中立的、optimistic樂觀的、pessimistic悲觀的、concerned關(guān)心的、sympathetic同情的，等等。

第三節(jié)　推斷題專項(xiàng)練習(xí)及答案詳解

（1）

Because the United States is a highly active society，full of movement and change，people always seem to be on the go.In this highly charged atmosphere，Americans can sometimes seem brusque or impatient.They want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else.Something，early on，they will ask you questions that you may feel are very personal.No insult is intended；the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity，and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter.And the same does for you.If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them，do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves.Americans are usually more eager to explain all about their country or anything“American”in which you may be interested.So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening.It doesn’t matter because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation.They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores，for example，than deal with silence.

On the other hand，don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs，unless those subjects directly involve the United States.Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations，some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.（2001年第一篇）

Question：

It can be inferred from the passage that＿＿＿.

A.Americans want to participate in all kinds of activities

B.Americans’character is affected by their social and geographical environment

C.Americans do not know how to deal with silence

D.curiosity is characteristic of Americans

（2）

With the possible exception of equal rights，perhaps the most controversial issue across the United States today is death penalty.Many argue that it is an effective deterrent（威懾）murder，while others maintain there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.

The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty，basically is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment，that it is the mark of a brutal society，and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.

In our opinion，the death penalty is a necessary evil.Throughout recorded history there have always been those extreme individuals in every society who were capable of terribly violent crimes such as murder.But some are more extreme than others.

For example，it is one thing to take the life of another is a fit of blind rage，but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher.Thus，murder，like all other crimes，is a matter of relative degree.While is could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be merely isolated from society，such should not be the fate of the latter type murder.

The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to debate.But the overwhelming majority of citizens believe that the death penalty protects them.Their belief is reinforced by evidence which shows that the death penalty deters murder.For example，from 1954 to 1963，when the death penalty was consistently imposed in California，the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100，000 population.Since 1964 the death penalty has been imposed only once，and the murder rate has arisen to 10.4murders for each 100，000 population.The sharp climb in the state’s murder rate，which began when executions stopped，is no coincidence.It is convincing evidence that the death penalty does deter many murderers.If the bill reestablishing the death penalty is vetoed（否決），innocent people will be murdered—some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect.This is literally a life or death matter.The lives of thousands of innocent people must be protected.（1999年第六篇）

Questions：

1.The principal purpose of the passage is to＿＿＿.

A.speak for the majority B.initiate a veto of death penalty

C.criticize the government D.argue for the value of the death penalty

2.The passage attempts to establish a relationship between＿＿＿.

A.the murder rate and the imposition of the death penalty

B.the effects of execution and the effects of isolation

C.the importance of equal rights and that of the death penalty

D.executions and murders

3.The author’s response to those who urge the death penalty for all degrees of murder would most likely be＿＿＿.

A.negative　　B.friendly　　C.supportive　　D.hostile

4.In the passage the author is primarily concerned with＿＿＿.

A.analyzing a problem objectively　　B.settling a dispute

C.supporting a position　　　　　　D.describing an event

5.It can be inferred that the author thinks that＿＿＿.

A.the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States today

B.the second type murders（in Paragraph 4）should be sentenced to death

C.the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importance

D.the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated

（3）

In some ways，the United States has made spectacular progress.Fires no longer destroy 18 000 buildings as they did in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871，or kill half a town of 2 400 people，as they did the same night in Peshtigo，Wisconsin.Other than the Beverly Hill Supper Club fire in Kentucky in 1977，it has been four decades since more than 100 Americans died in a fire.

But even with such successes，the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world.Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology，but the indifference of a country that just will not take fires seriously enough.

American fire departments are some of the world’s fastest and best-equipped，and they have to be.The United States has twice Japan’s population，and 40 times as many fires.It spends far less on preventing fires than on fighting them.And American fire-safety lessons are aimed almost entirely at children，who die in disproportionately large numbers in fires but who，contrary to popular myth，start very few of them.

Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyone’s fault.That is not so in other countries，where both public education and the law treat fires as either a personal failing or a crime.Japan has many wood houses；of the estimated 48 fires in the world history，that burned more than 10，000 buildings，Japan has had 27.Penalties for causing a severe fire by negligence can be as high as life imprisonment.

In the United States，most education dollars are spent in elementary schools.But the lessons are aimed at a too limited audience；just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.

The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure.There are smoke detectors in 85 percent of all homes.Some local building codes now require home sprinklers.New heaters and irons shut themselves off if they are tipped.（1998年第二篇）

Questions：

1.It can be inferred from the passage that＿＿＿.

A.fire safety lessons should be aimed at American adults

B.American children have not received enough education of fire safety lesson

C.Japan is better equipped with fire facilities than the United States

D.America’s large population accounts for high fire frequency

2.In what aspects should the United States learn from Japan？

A.Architecture and building material.

B.Education and technology.

C.Laws and attitude.

D.All of the above.

3.To narrow the gap between the fire death rate in the United States and that in other countries，the author suggests＿＿＿.

A.developing new technology

B.counting more on laws and social pressure

C.placing a fire extinguisher in every family

D.reinforcing the safeness of household appliances

（4）

With the Switzerland-based World Wildlife Fund（WWF），China is making a concerted and dedicated efforts to save the endangered pandas.The results，officials here in Chengdu indicate，are mixed but encouraging.

A clear disappointment is the failure to breed pandas in captivity，necessary if their decreasing numbers are to be replaced.Another failure has been the incapability to find a natural，readily available food to replace the arrow bamboo.

Despite these failures，success has come on two fronts.One achievement has been the physical rescue effort.Some pandas have been kept alive by salting（空投）the mountains with tons of cooked meat，which pandas will eat as a substitute for bamboo，and by the planting of new bamboo in isolated areas.Animals in some Sichuan areas have been rescued by local peasants and given emergency treatment by animal doctors.

A second achievement is a massive fund-raising effort.Publicity about the pandas’plight has resulted in a new$100，000 emergency allocation by the WWF and independent fund drives both in a China and abroad.

In spite of this support，there have been conflicts in the panda relief program.One important problem is the difficulty Peking is having balancing the recommendations of environ mentalists with China’s ambitious goal of agricultural and industrial modernization.

Wolong is but one example of this difficulty.This 494，000-acre preserve was declared a protected area in 1975.Yet 1，800 people，mostly Tibetans，still live in the preserve，logging trucks still roll down the narrow mountain roads，and blasting work still goes on at the site of a new 160，000-kilowatt hydroelectric plant just six miles away.

This all means that the pandas’fight for survival will not be an easy one，even with the concerted effort of man.For in the end，even if they can survive the dangers of the wild，they must still contend with man himself.（1997年第三篇）

Questions：

1.It can be inferred from the passage that＿＿＿.

A.Switzerland is the only country that contributes in the panda relief program

B.the survival of pandas is an international concern

C.it is too late to rescue the endangered pandas

D.the lovely pandas will soon die out

2.The tone of the author’s conclusion concerning pandas’survival is＿＿＿.

A.worried　　B.optimistic　　C.angry　　D.impersonal

答案及解析

（1）

B.歸納性推斷題。從第一段前兩句話可以看出，美國(guó)人看似無(wú)理、不耐煩的個(gè)性主要是受美國(guó)社會(huì)極富變化、十分活躍的社會(huì)特性的影響。從第二段可以看出美國(guó)人缺乏對(duì)國(guó)際事務(wù)的了解主要是由于美國(guó)在地理位置上沒有很多鄰國(guó)的影響。正確答案B就是對(duì)這兩段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)。

（2）

1.D.主觀態(tài)度推斷題。本文主要探討是否應(yīng)該執(zhí)行死刑（the death penalty）這一問題，作為關(guān)鍵詞the death penalty在文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，因此可首先排除A、C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。然后，再判斷作者在這一問題上的立場(chǎng)態(tài)度。第一段是引入段，引出對(duì)死刑的探討；第二段簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)明人們反對(duì)死刑的理由；第三段提出自己的觀點(diǎn)：死刑是必需的；第四段舉例說(shuō)明對(duì)有些罪犯應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行死刑；第五段列數(shù)字說(shuō)明死刑的實(shí)施可以有效地降低犯罪率。由此可見，作者對(duì)死刑持贊成態(tài)度。因此，正確答案應(yīng)是D選項(xiàng)。

2.A.歸納推斷題。本題是從具體事例中歸納出較為抽象的關(guān)系。從最后一段具體的事例，特別是列舉的數(shù)字可以推斷出死刑的實(shí)施和謀殺犯罪率的上升是成反比的，因此A選項(xiàng)是正確答案。

3.A.態(tài)度推斷題。從原文第三段可知，作者認(rèn)為謀殺有兩類，其輕重程度不同，不能適用同樣的刑罰，應(yīng)區(qū)別對(duì)待。由此，正確答案應(yīng)是A。

4.C.主觀態(tài)度推斷題。排除法做題。本文帶有明確的主觀態(tài)度，因此應(yīng)首先排除不含任何主觀態(tài)度的A、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。本文旨在說(shuō)服讀者接受作者在死刑問題上的態(tài)度，并非為解決爭(zhēng)端，因此C是正確答案。

5.B.推斷題。從文章第四段最后一句such should not be the fate of the latter type murder可以看出作者認(rèn)為僅用監(jiān)禁不足以懲罰第二類殺人犯，據(jù)此可以推斷作者認(rèn)為對(duì)這類殺人犯應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行死刑。因此，B是正確答案。A與文章首句表達(dá)不符；C與全文倒數(shù)第三句表達(dá)不符；D與最后一段首句表達(dá)不符。

（3）

1.A.推斷題。根據(jù)原文第五段最后一句話But the lessons are aimed at a too limited audience；just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches可以推出防火教育不應(yīng)僅針對(duì)孩子，也應(yīng)面向成人，因此A是正確答案。

2.C.推斷題。從第四段第一、二句話可以推出美國(guó)在對(duì)待火災(zāi)的態(tài)度、教育和立法方面都有所欠缺，緊接著該段以日本為例來(lái)說(shuō)明問題。據(jù)此可判斷C是正確答案。

3.B.推斷題。文章第六段首句進(jìn)一步指出了美國(guó)目前在防火方面的不足之處，因此不難找到正確答案B。

（4）

1.B.推斷題。從文章第四段第二句話可知：大熊貓不僅得到了中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的捐款，而且還得到了國(guó)外的捐款。由此可以推斷出正確答案B選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容：大熊貓的生存問題已引起了國(guó)際的廣泛關(guān)注。

2.A.推斷題。作者在文章最后一段的結(jié)論中指出：大熊貓為生存而進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的工作，因?yàn)樗鼈儾粌H要和自然界的危險(xiǎn)相抗?fàn)庍€要和來(lái)自人類的威脅斗爭(zhēng)。由此可以看出作者在結(jié)論中表達(dá)了對(duì)大熊貓能否生存下去的焦慮，因此正確答案應(yīng)當(dāng)是A選項(xiàng)。