第二節(jié)　細(xì)節(jié)題數(shù)學(xué)式閱讀公式及真題點(diǎn)評

一、普通細(xì)節(jié)題閱讀公式

題干關(guān)鍵詞+正確答案≈原文含有題干關(guān)鍵詞的一句話

原文含有題干關(guān)鍵詞的一句話——題干關(guān)鍵詞≈正確答案

閱讀中細(xì)節(jié)題部分的題目很有規(guī)律性，其出題原則就是考查考生對文章中支持主旨的細(xì)節(jié)部分某一句話或相鄰的某幾句話的理解，而出題者就根據(jù)原文中的這些句子先編出細(xì)節(jié)題的題干和正確答案選項，然后再添加適當(dāng)?shù)母蓴_項。因此對于一道細(xì)節(jié)題而言，就如第一個細(xì)節(jié)題閱讀公式所示，其題干和正確答案之和就是原文中直接含有題干關(guān)鍵詞的一句話或含有題干關(guān)鍵詞的原文上下文中的某一句話。在真正解題時，考生可以利用第二個細(xì)節(jié)題閱讀公式，并按照以下的具體做題步驟來解題即可。

具體做題步驟：①根據(jù)題干中具有提示作用的關(guān)鍵詞回到原文中迅速定位，找出原文中帶有該關(guān)鍵詞或該詞同義詞的語句。②去掉原句與題干重復(fù)的表述，所剩部分通常便是答案所在。③以剩余部分為依據(jù)，在答案選項中尋找與之相似的表達(dá)。

在運(yùn)用此種方法做題時，辨別題干中的哪一部分是具有提示作用的關(guān)鍵詞和尋找與原文表述相似的答案選項是做題的關(guān)鍵所在。題干中具有提示作用的關(guān)鍵詞通常是人名、地名、專有名詞、時間，以及與文章主題密切相關(guān)的核心詞語、帶有引號等特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的詞語。由于這些詞語在文章中出現(xiàn)時都較為醒目，因此以這些詞語為依據(jù)就可以迅速找到該題在原文中的出處，節(jié)省做題時間。在同等學(xué)力閱讀測試中作為正確答案的選項很少會和原文的表述完全相同，通常會對原文答案部分進(jìn)行同義詞、近義詞替換或做句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的調(diào)整，比如：原文用的是主動語態(tài)，答案選項可能變成被動語態(tài)；原文用的是肯定句，而答案選項改成雙重否定句等。這就要求考生能夠掌握本書在第一篇中所涉及的詞匯和句子。

例1：

On the other hand，don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs，unless those subjects directly involve the United States.Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations，some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.（2001年第一篇）

Question：

According to the passage，Americans are inclined to ignore the rest of the world because.

A.they are not interested in other countries

B.they are too proud of themselves

C.their country does not have many neighboring nations

D.They are too busy to learn about other countries

本題中的大寫字母單詞是很好的提示詞，可以幫助讀者很快回到原文中定位，特別要注意題干和答案選項中出現(xiàn)的同義詞替換。“tend to”和“are inclined to”是同義詞；正確答案C是原文中“the United States is not surrounded by many other nations”的另一種說法。

例2：

In the 1997 general-election campaign，“Education，Education”was Tony Blair’s pet phrase.Times change quickly.Education is going rapidly out of fashion.“Learning”（to be exact）is New Labour’s buzzword（時髦語）.The shift from“education”to“l(fā)earning”reflects more than a change.It stems from both educational research and left-ideas.During the 1980s，British educationalists got some new American ideas.One was the notion that traditional examinations do not test the full range of people’s abilities.Another was the belief that skills are not necessarily learned from teachers in an conventional classroom.People can pick them up in all sorts of ways.（2000年第六篇）

Question：

According to the writer，the shift from“education”to“l(fā)earning”＿＿＿.

A.is nothing but a change of language

B.reflects the traditional ideas in education

C.reflects the government’swish to restrict choices

D.is not just a change of language

細(xì)節(jié)題中帶有特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)的單詞也是很好的信號詞。正確答案選項將原文中的more than替換成了相似的說法not just。

上述這些例子是細(xì)節(jié)題最普遍、最基本的出題模式。從上述例子的分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)套用這套細(xì)節(jié)題閱讀公式做題時找出細(xì)節(jié)題的答案，在大多數(shù)情況下根本不需要仔細(xì)斟酌句子的含義，就像解代數(shù)題一樣，只不過代數(shù)題是用數(shù)字來替換代數(shù)式中的A、B、C或X、Y，而細(xì)節(jié)閱讀題是同義詞、同義結(jié)構(gòu)來替換原文中關(guān)鍵部分的表述。

但是，有些細(xì)節(jié)題不像上述這些例子這么簡單，考生往往不能直接從原文含有題干關(guān)鍵詞的句子中找到答案。在這類細(xì)節(jié)題中，原文包含題干關(guān)鍵詞的句子只是題干的重述，而正確答案在該句的相鄰語句中。這時必須找到答案在原文的正確位置，然后再套用細(xì)節(jié)題公式做題。

例3：

Although the threat of global warming known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem，we also know that the effects of measures，especially harsh measures taken in some countries，would be mollified（抵消）if other countries do not control their emissions.Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO₂，in the atmosphere，this path is not feasible for several reasons.Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy.Important and populous lowor-medium-income countries are not willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.In addition，the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.（1999年第四篇）

Question：

According to the author，it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally because＿＿＿＿.

A.some people are irresponsible

B.it would cause a collapse of the world economy

C.it is only a goal to be reached in the future

D.some people are lacking in imagination

最有提示作用的題干關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是“cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally”，特別是數(shù)字“60%”的提示作用。因此很容易找到問題的出處是在第二段第二句話。但這句話完全是題干的翻版，本身并不包含答案，要根據(jù)“this path is not feasible for several reasons”這句話的提示在下文中找答案。緊隨其后的這句話“Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy”才是答案。B選項中用代詞“it”代替了“Such deep cuts”；用“collapse”代替了“breakdown”，進(jìn)行了同義詞替換。

例4：

In 1992，many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles，seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters.This event was triggered by the verdict（裁定）in the Rodney King beating.We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments，and most people，who had seen the video of this beating，could not understand how the jury（陪審團(tuán)）was able to acquit（宣布無罪）the policemen involved.Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events.This can have harmful results，as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles.By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading，“Can we all get along？”by Saturday，television seemed to provide positive feedback as Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace.The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools.Because of that，many people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding（展開）on television.The real healing，of course，will take much longer，but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.（1999年第三篇）

Question：

The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because＿＿＿＿.

A.video coverage from helicopters had made people angry

B.video coverage had provided powerful feedback

C.the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King

D.people can make their own judgments

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out”回到原文第三段段首第二句話可知正確答案應(yīng)是C選項所表達(dá)的原因。在這里應(yīng)注意原文中表示起因的動詞“trigger”（引起）的提示作用和“This”的指代作用。

從上面兩個例子，可以看出做細(xì)節(jié)題的共同點(diǎn)是原文包含題干關(guān)鍵詞的句子和其后的句子聯(lián)系非常密切，而這種緊密關(guān)系都是通過運(yùn)用我們在第一章中講到的指代詞的連接作用來實現(xiàn)的。

閱讀文章細(xì)節(jié)題中的90%都可以套用本節(jié)的細(xì)節(jié)題公式來做題，在使用這一公式時要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：第一，要準(zhǔn)確判斷題干關(guān)鍵詞，這是做題速度的保障。因為很多時候整個題干很長，而且并非所有信息都重要，這時能準(zhǔn)確抓住最有提示意義的關(guān)鍵詞，就不必滿篇亂找，可以節(jié)省做題時間。第二，一定要回原文中定位，這是做題正確率的保障。一定要回原文中找出包含題干部分的句子，不能只根據(jù)自己的記憶或理解來做題。一般的讀者在速讀完一篇文章后，可能會對文章的大意有所了解，但不太可能記清文章的所有細(xì)節(jié)，因此僅靠記憶做細(xì)節(jié)題是很不準(zhǔn)確的。而細(xì)節(jié)題是各類閱讀題目中占比重最多的也是最容易得分的，因此，一定要保證細(xì)節(jié)題的正確率。第三，要注意比對正確答案選項和原文的異同之處，這是培養(yǎng)語感的關(guān)鍵。在每次做完細(xì)節(jié)題后，拿出一點(diǎn)時間來比對一下正確答案和原句的說法，注意總結(jié)什么樣的表達(dá)可以算做同義替換，這樣，久而久之，就會培養(yǎng)出對正確答案的一種特殊的“好感”，也就是我們所說的語感。

二、特殊細(xì)節(jié)題閱讀公式

1.例子說明題：正確答案≈例子之前或之后的一句概述

在閱讀中，除了普通的細(xì)節(jié)題之外，還有一類特殊的細(xì)節(jié)題，那就是例子說明題。這種例子說明題通常是通過運(yùn)用某個事例，提問作者要說明什么。這類題目雖特殊，但并不難做。文章中任何具體事例的作用都是要說明一個較為抽象、較為概括的實例、理論或觀點(diǎn)。做題的關(guān)鍵就是怎樣在文章中快速準(zhǔn)確地找到這些概括的實例、理論或觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)本書第一章所講的文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)可知：英文段落最常見的是先總述后分述的結(jié)構(gòu)，其次就是先分述后總述的結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說，表達(dá)段落中心意思的概括語句常出現(xiàn)在段首或段末，段落中間通常是用來闡述這些概括語句的分述部分。而分述部分最常見的闡述技巧之一就是列舉具體事例，因此，找到例子說明的內(nèi)容，不能緊緊盯著例子本身研究，而應(yīng)該繞過例子，找到它前面或后面的一句概括語。做題的具體步驟應(yīng)當(dāng)是：根據(jù)題干中有提示意義的關(guān)鍵詞，迅速回原文找到該例子的出處，然后再繞過例子看概述。

例1：

A status has been compared to ready-made clothes.Within certain limits the buyer can choose style and fabric.But an American is not free to choose the costume（服裝）of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince.We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society.Further more，our choice is limited to a size that will fit，as well as by our pocketbook（錢包）.Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made，but apart from minor adjustments，we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.Statuses too come ready made，and the range of choice among them is limited.

Question：

By saying that“an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince”（Lines 2-3，Para.3），the writer means＿＿＿＿.

A.different people have different styles of clothes

B.ready-made clothes may need alterations

C.statuses come ready made just like clothes

D.our choice of statuses is limited

根據(jù)本題題干中的三個大寫的單詞“American”、“Chinese”和“Hindu”，很容易找到題干在文章中的位置。這句話是作為該段分述部分的一個具體例子來說明該段段首和段末表達(dá)的段落主旨：人的身份、地位是既定的，就像成衣一樣，人們在做選擇時是受限的。段落是典型的總—分—總的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，正確答案應(yīng)當(dāng)是D選項。

例2：

While still in its early stages，welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states—at least in getting people off welfare.It’s estimated that more than 2 million people have left the rolls since 1994.

In the past four years，welfare rolls in Athens County have been out in half.But 70 percent of the people who left in the past two years took jobs that paid less than$6 an hour.The result：the Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent—twice the national average.

For advocates（代言人）for the poor，that’s an indication much more needs to be done.“More people are getting jobs，but it’s not making their lives any better.”Says Kathy Lairn，a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington.

Question：

What is worth noting from the example of Athens County is that＿＿＿＿.

A.greater efforts should be made to improve people’s living standards

B.70 percent of the people there have been employed for two years

C.50 percent of the population no longer relies on welfare

D.the living standards of most people are going down

根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞“Athens County”，可以很快找到原文第二段是這個例子的出處。這個例子給出了具體的數(shù)字，指出了在Athens County雖然接受救濟(jì)的人數(shù)減少了，但是該地區(qū)的貧困程度卻沒有改善。根據(jù)第三段第一句中“that”的指代作用，我們可以判斷該句就是這個例子所說明的問題：還要做更多的工作才能真正地提高人們的生活水平。正確答案A選項就是該句同義的表述。

例3：

Diego Chiapello，legally blind since birth，isn’t one of Italy’s famous“mama’s boys”who live with their parents into adulthood.The 27-year-old lives alone in Milan，works as a network administrator，loves diving and dreams of sailing across the Atlantic with a sightimpaired（有視力障礙的）crew.

Obviously，he’s not your average disabled person—but especially so in Italy.The country has more barriers to integration than almost anywhere else on the continent：among European countries，Italy ranks third from the bottom in accessibility for the disabled，ahead of only Greece and Portugal，People who use wheelchairs，especially，find it difficult to navigate the country’s cobblestone（鵝卵石）streets，ride buses or visit restaurants，shops and museums.Less than a quarter of Italy’s disabled hold jobs compared with 47 percent for Europe.（2004年第三篇）

Question：

In this passage，Chiapello is cited as an example of＿＿＿＿.

A.unusual disabled Italians

B.courageous blind sailors

C.typical handicapped people

D.vulnerable disabled Europeans

根據(jù)“Chiapello”可以回到原文中定位，但僅從第一段的例子中很難概括出正確答案，這時應(yīng)當(dāng)注意到第二段的第一句話“Obviously，he is not your average disabled person”，這是承上啟下的過渡句，根據(jù)“he”的指代作用不難判斷A是正確答案。選項中的“unusual”是“not average”的同義詞。

在運(yùn)用例子說明題的公式做題時，要記住兩個關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：一是要明確例子所出現(xiàn)的原文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)和段落主旨；二是要能區(qū)分什么是概括的表述，什么是具體的細(xì)節(jié)。還要糾正一個錯誤習(xí)慣，那就是不能糾纏在例子本身的敘述中，不能一葉障目。這類題目在同等學(xué)力人員考研英語閱讀考試中并不多見，因此更重要的是考生能夠掌握此類題目的做題思路，特別是概述和例子之間在語義上有互為說明的關(guān)系。

2.NOT TRUE或EXCEPT題：正確答案≠原文中某一句話的表達(dá)

在本章的第一節(jié)中我們已經(jīng)詳細(xì)介紹過此類題目的出題特征和答題的主要思路，在這我們將主要的答題思路歸納為上面的公式，以此可以應(yīng)對絕大部分在歷年閱讀真題中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的此類題目。

例4：

Americans usually consider themselves a friendly people.Their friendships，however，tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures.It is not uncommon for Americans to have only one close friend during their life-time，and consider other“friends”to be just social acquaintances.This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people.They tend to“compartmentalize”（劃分）friendships，having“friends at work”，“friends on the softball team”，“family friends”，etc.

Because the United States is a highly active society，full of movement and change，people always seem to be on the go.In this highly charged atmosphere，Americans can sometimes seem brusque or impatient.They want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else.Something，early on，they will ask you questions that you may feel are very personal.No insult is intended；the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity，and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter.And the same does for you.If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them，do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves.Americans are usually more eager to explain all about their country or anything“American”in which you may be interested.So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening.It doesn’t matter because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation.They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores，for example，than deal with silence.

On the other hand，don’t expect Americans to be know ledge able about international geography or world affairs，unless those subjects directly involve the United States.Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations，some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.（2001年第一篇）

Question：

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage？

A.American do not like to depend on other people.

B.Friendships among Americans are prone to be casual.

C.Americans know a lot about international affairs.

D.Americans always seem to be busy.

正確答案為C選項。它與原文中最后一段第一句話“don’t expect American to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs”的意思正好相反。在這里關(guān)鍵詞的替換是答案中的“know a lot about”替換了原文中的“be knowledgeable about”。而其他三個選項均與原文的表達(dá)一致。

例5：

In the 1997 general-election campaign，“Education，Education”was Tony Blair’s pet phrase.Times change quickly.Education is going rapidly out of fashion.“Learning”（to be exact）is New Labour’s buzzword（時髦語）.The shift from“education”to“l(fā)earning”reflects more than a change.It stems from both educational research and left-ideas.During the 1980s，British educationalists got some new American ideas.One was the notion that traditional examinations do not test the full range of people’s abilities.Another was the belief that skills are not necessarily learned from teachers in an conventional classroom.People can pick them up in all sorts of ways.

All this echoed left-wing ideas that traditional teaching methods were not sufficiently adaptable to the needs of individual learners.Advocates of lifelong learning argue that it merely describes what has changed in education in the past decade.And there are now hundreds of schemes in which pupils learn outside of the classroom.

Until now，education has been changing from below.In the next few weeks，the government will help from above.One of its main projects for lifelong learning is about to begin its first pilot programmers.With funding of$44 million in its first year，it will coordinate a new network of“l(fā)earning centers”throughout the country.Traditional institutions，such as schools and colleges，will provide training at some non-traditional places of learning，such as supermarkets，pubs，and churches.The theory is that in such p laces students w ill feel more at ease，and therefore w ill be better motivated，than in a classroom.

The new schemes allow consumers of education to exercise complete choice over where，what and when they learn.In the rest of the state-run education sectors（部門），the government still seem to be committed to restricting choices as much as possible.If these programs succeed，they could improve the skills of Britain’s workforce.（2000年第六篇）

Question：

All the following statements are true EXCEPT that＿＿＿＿.

A.pupils can learn skills outside the classroom

B.students will be better motivated in a classroom

C.the new schemes are intended to improve the skills of Britain’s workforce

D.traditional teaching methods cannot satisfy the needs of individual learners

正確答案為B選項。它與原文中第三段最后一句話的意思正好相反。原文在此處指出學(xué)生在超市、酒吧或教堂這些場所學(xué)習(xí)比在教室里學(xué)習(xí)更有動力。

我們在本章的第一節(jié)中已提到過此類題目經(jīng)常會針對文章中的列舉部分提問。這時，首先根據(jù)答案選項的提示，在文章中找到列舉部分出現(xiàn)的位置，然后進(jìn)行比照。

例6：

In the USA，85% of the population over the age of 21 approve of the death penalty.In the many states which still have the death penalty，some use the electrical chair，which can take up to 20minutes to kill，while other susegas or lethal injection.（1997年第一篇）

Question：

All of the following death penalty methods are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT________.

A.the electrical chair B.the lethal injection

C.the poisonous gas D.the shooting

這道題目就出現(xiàn)在原文有集中列舉的地方，做起來比較容易，可根據(jù)原句列舉的三項方式對照答案選項，便可得知正確答案是D選項?？忌欢ㄒ煜み@種集中列舉在文章中的體現(xiàn)方式通常是跟在以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)后：①并列關(guān)系，如：both...and...；not only...but also...；for one thing，...for another...；one...，the other...等。②舉例，如：such...as；including...等。

例7：

For more than 10 years there has been a bigger rise in car crime than inmost other types of crime.An average of mote than two cars a minute are broken into，vandalized（破壞）or stolen in the UK.Car crime accounts for almost a third of all reported of fences with no signs that the trend is slowing down.

Although there are highly professional criminals involved in car theft，almost 90 percent of car crime is committed by the opportunist.Amateur thieves are aided by our carelessness.When the Automobile Associationx（AA）engineers surveyed one town centre car park last year，10 percent of cars checked were unlocked，a figure backed up by a Home Office national survey that found 12 percent of drivers sometimes left their cars unlocked.

The vehicles are sitting in petrol stations while drivers pay for their fuel.The AA has discovered that cars are left unattended for an average of three minutes—and sometimes much longer—as drivers buy drinks，cigarettes and other consumer items—and then pay at the counter With payment by credit card more and more common，it is not unusual for a driver to be out of his car for as long as six minutes providing the car thief with a golden opportunity.

In an exclusive AA survey，carried out at a busy garage on amain road out of London，300motorists were questioned over three days of the holiday period.24 percent admitted that they“always”or“sometimes”leave the keys in the car.This means that nationwide，a million cars daily become easy targets for the opportunist thief.

The AA recommends locking up whenever you leave the car—and for however short a period.A partially open sun roof or window is a further come-on to thieves.

Leaving valuables in view is an invitation to the criminal.A Manchester probationary（假釋期）service research project，which interviewed almost 100 car thieves last year，found many would investigate a coat thrown on a seat.Never leave any documents showing your home address in the car.If you have a garage，use it and lock it—a garaged car is at substantially less risk.（2002年第四篇）

Question：

The researches mentioned in the passage on car theft include all the following EXCEPT＿＿＿＿.

A.checking private garages

B.interviewing motorists

C.questioning car thieves

D.examining parking lots

本題屬于分散列舉，可按照答案選項逐一回原文中定位，只有A是文中沒有提到過的方式。分散列舉做起來相對困難一些，可借助文中一些連接手段加以辨別，例如：first，...second...，third...；to begin with，...in addition，...moreover，...等。

在做細(xì)節(jié)題時，除了可以套用上面的各種公式外，考生還應(yīng)該對選項有一定的辨別能力，了解干擾項和正確答案通常具備的一些特點(diǎn)，結(jié)合排除法做題，以確保準(zhǔn)確率和閱讀速度。

干擾項通常具有以下特征：

（1）照抄原文部分信息，有意給予一些遺漏；

（2）含有原文中沒有涉及的內(nèi)容；

（3）含有與原文相矛盾的內(nèi)容；

（4）含有張冠李戴的內(nèi)容（把A的特征加到B上）；

（5）偷梁換柱：與原文內(nèi)容一半相同一半不同，即選項仍用文章中的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分內(nèi)容，但更換關(guān)鍵詞，造成實際意思上的改變；

（6）與原句內(nèi)容相似，但過于絕對化，常含有only，everything，all，none，never，always，no，entirely，absolute等詞。

正確答案選項通常具有以下特征：

（1）同義詞替換；

（2）常含有一些不肯定的詞，例如：some，sometimes，more...than...，not as...as，less等；

（3）正確答案選項常常在兩個意思相近或相反的選項中。