河北昌黎產(chǎn)區(qū)葡萄與葡萄酒質(zhì)量的研究

RESEARCH ON QUALITY OF WINE GRAPE AND WINE IN CHANG LI PRODUCTION AREA,HEBEI PROVINE

作者：張小轉(zhuǎn)　　導(dǎo)師：張振文

西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)　　葡萄與葡萄學(xué) 2011屆碩士

摘　要

本試驗于2010年在河北昌黎縣朗格斯酒莊和華夏長城葡萄酒有限公司進(jìn)行，以歐亞種葡萄赤霞珠（Cabernet Sauvignon）、品麗珠（Cabernet Franc）、美樂（Merlot）及西拉（Syrah）為試驗材料，在針對地形特點和整形方式特點基礎(chǔ)上，通過分析昌黎的氣候、土壤資料，研究了各葡萄品種的果實質(zhì)量及葡萄酒質(zhì)量。主要研究內(nèi)容如下：昌黎縣2010年小氣候條件分析；土壤質(zhì)地及養(yǎng)分的分析；漿果成熟過程中糖、酸及糖酸比的變化；成熟果實及所釀葡萄酒的基本理化指標(biāo)的對比研究；利用HPLC-MS檢測單體酚及花色素苷的種類和含量及利用GC/MS檢測香氣物質(zhì)的種類、含量及確定主要物質(zhì)。通過對該地區(qū)葡萄與葡萄酒質(zhì)量的研究，以達(dá)到為當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇適宜的釀酒品種及進(jìn)行有效的田間管理目的，從而為昌黎地區(qū)葡萄與葡萄酒產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展提供科學(xué)的理論依據(jù)。

本試驗獲得的主要研究結(jié)果如下：

1.　通過各個葡萄樣品的成熟度進(jìn)程的監(jiān)控，確定了昌黎產(chǎn)區(qū)主栽品種赤霞珠、品麗珠、美樂、西拉等的最佳采收期。美樂的最佳采收期在9月20日左右；品麗珠在9月24日；西拉為10月4日；赤霞珠在平地地形下的采收較坡地提前，為10月12日，坡地則在10月14日；傾斜雙蔓雙臂水平赤霞珠的最佳采收期在10月11日；傾斜式單蔓單臂立架和傾斜式雙蔓雙臂立架赤霞珠的最佳采收期在10月13日左右。

2.　不同地形和整形方式處理下，各品種成熟果實的基本理化指標(biāo)存在較大差異。平地赤霞珠果實的總酚、單寧、總花色素含量顯著高于平地品麗珠和平地美樂；坡地赤霞珠果實的單寧含量極顯著地高于西拉；傾斜雙蔓雙臂水平赤霞珠栽培的赤霞珠顯著或極顯著高于其他兩種整形方式。

3.　不同地形和整形方式處理下，各品種葡萄酒的基本理化指標(biāo)存在較大差異。平地西拉葡萄酒的總酚及總花色素含量顯著或極顯著地高于品麗珠和美樂葡萄酒，但與赤霞珠葡萄酒無顯著差異；赤霞珠葡萄酒的單寧含量最高，顯著地高于美樂葡萄酒。坡地西拉葡萄酒的總酚、單寧顯著地高于赤霞珠葡萄酒；傾斜雙蔓雙臂立架整形方式栽培下的赤霞珠葡萄酒中的總酚、總花色素顯著或極顯著高于其他兩種整形方式，而傾斜單蔓單臂立架下單寧含量最高，與傾斜雙蔓雙臂水平有顯著差異。

4.　各試驗點葡萄與葡萄酒中花色苷類物質(zhì)主要以矮牽牛素類、芍藥素類、二甲花翠素類三大類為主，葡萄中還檢測到有少量的花翠素、花青素類花色苷物質(zhì)，酒中則未檢測到花青素類物質(zhì)；葡萄與酒中二甲花翠素類含量均最高，占花色苷總量的百分含量也最高；不同地形條件下西拉葡萄及酒中的花色苷含量均較高，同一地形的赤霞珠及酒中的花色苷表現(xiàn)為坡地優(yōu)于平地，而西拉及酒的花色苷表現(xiàn)正好相反；不同整形方式處理下，赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒中的花色苷表現(xiàn)為傾斜單蔓單臂立架優(yōu)于傾斜雙蔓雙臂水平和傾斜雙蔓雙臂立架。

5.　各試驗點葡萄與葡萄酒中單體酚類物質(zhì)主要以苯甲酸類、黃烷醇類、黃酮醇類三大類為主，葡萄中還檢測到有少量的肉桂酸類、芪類單體酚物質(zhì)，酒中則未檢測到芪類物質(zhì)；葡萄中黃酮醇類含量均最高，占花色苷總量的百分含量最高，酒中則以黃烷醇類含量最高，且所占百分比例也最高；同地形下西拉葡萄中的單體酚含量均較高，葡萄酒中以赤霞珠的單體酚含量較高；同地形下赤霞珠葡萄中的單體酚含量以平地高于坡地，西拉則正好相反，同地形下赤霞珠、西拉葡萄酒的單體酚均是平地高于坡地；不同整形處理下，赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒中的花色苷表現(xiàn)為傾斜雙蔓雙臂立架優(yōu)于傾斜雙蔓雙臂水平和傾斜單蔓單臂立架。

6.　成熟葡萄果實中可檢測到31種左右的揮發(fā)性香氣物質(zhì)，酯類化合物、醛類化合物，約占75%～90%，為主要香氣組成成分，葡萄酒中可檢測約43種香氣物質(zhì)，酯類化合物、醇類化合物幾乎占香氣物質(zhì)總量的99%左右，為酒中主要的組成成分；同地形下赤霞珠葡萄中的香氣物質(zhì)含量較高，葡萄酒中以西拉的香氣物質(zhì)含量較高；不同地形下赤霞珠和西拉葡萄中的香氣物質(zhì)總量均以坡地高于平地，葡萄酒中正好相反；不同整形方式處理下，赤霞珠葡萄香氣物質(zhì)總量表現(xiàn)為傾斜雙蔓雙臂水平高于傾斜雙蔓雙臂立架和傾斜單蔓單臂立架，葡萄酒中傾斜單蔓單臂立架的香氣物質(zhì)總量高于傾斜雙蔓雙臂水平和傾斜雙蔓雙臂立架。

關(guān)鍵詞　昌黎產(chǎn)區(qū)　葡萄　葡萄酒　質(zhì)量

Abstract

Based on the terrain features and training systems，To study the quality of grape berries and wine,this experiment were conducted with different vinifera varieties,such as Cabernet Sauvignon,Cabernet Franc,Merlot,Syrah,Analyzing climatic data and soil data of Changli County in Bodega Langes and huaxia great wall in 2010.

The main contents were: climatic data of Changli county analysis;soil texture and nutrient content analysis;changes of reducing sugar,total acid and sugar acid ratio during the ripping control;Comparative study of the quality of Grape and wine，analysis of individual phenols and anthocyanins using HPLC-MS,detection of the varieties and content of aroma substantial’s and the main compositions using GC/MS. By the study of the quality of grape and wine in this region,to choose appropriate grape varieties and effective vineyard management,thereby provide theoretical foundation for the grape and course of wine industry development.

The results of this main research were as follows:

1.　Through monitoring the ripping process of Cabernet Sauvignon,Cabernet Franc,Merlot,Syrah grape berries ,to determine their best harvest in Changli. The best harvest of merlot is on September 20;Cabernet Franc is on September 24;Syrah is on October 4;the best harvest of Cabernet Sauvignon in the flat terrain is in advance than the slope terrain ,flat terrain is on October 12,slope terrain is on October 14;For Tilted double cirsoid arms level of Cabernet Sauvignon,the best harvest is on October 11;Tilt single cirsoid single-arm made frame of Cabernet Sauvignon and tilt double cirsoid arms made frame of Cabernet Sauvignon are on October 13th or so.

2.　These results strongly suggest that significantly differences exist among all the grape samplings,for basis physical properties of cultivars’ ripening fruits with the different terrains and training systems. Under flat land,there were much difference in total phenols,total tannin and total anthocyanidin content of Cabernet Sauvignon,Cabernet Franc,Merlot,and they are the highest for Cabernet Sauvignon. Under slope land,The content of tannin of Cabernet Sauvignon is significant higher than Syrah. With the different training systems,Tilted double cirsoid arms level of Cabernet Sauvignon is significant or very significant higher than other training systems.

3.　The results strongly suggest that significantly differences exist among all the wine samplings,for basis physical properties of wine with the different terrains and training systems. Total phenols and total anthocyanidin content of Syrah wine in flat land are the highest,better than Cabernet Franc and Merlot wine，but has no difference with Cabernet Sauvignon wine;The content of tannin in Cabernet Sauvignon wine is the highest,and is much higher than Merlot wine. Total phenols and total tannin of Syrah in slope land are much higher than Cabernet Sauvignon wine;Total phenols,total anthocyanidin with Tilt double cirsoid arms made frame for Cabernet Sauvignon wine are much higher than others,while the content of tannin with Tilt single cirsoid single-arm made frame is the highest,and has no difference with tilt double cirsoid arms level.

4.　The anthocyanin content of grape and wine in different test sites mainly is Petunidin,Petunidin and Malvidin,a few Dephinidin and Cyanidin content existed in grape,no Cyanidin content exist in wine. Malvidin content is highest both in grape and wine,and has the highest ratio in total anthocyanin. The anthocyanin content of Syrah grape and wine in different terrains is higher in the same terrains,the anthocyanin content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine in slope land is higher than in flat land,while the anthocyanin content of Syrah grape and wine in flat land is higher than in slope land;under the different training systems treatments,the anthocyanin content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine with cirsoid single-arm made frame is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms made frame and tilt double cirsoid arms level.

5.　The individual phenols of grape and wine in different environment filed mainly is Benzoic acids,flavanols and Flavonols,a few cinnamic acids and stilbenes free phenol exist in grape,no stilbenes exist in wine;Flavonols content is highest in grape and have the highest ratio in total anthocyanin,while flavanols content is highest in wine and have the highest ratio in total anthocyanin. The individual phenols content of Syrah grape in the same terrains is higher,and The individual phenols content of Cabernet Sauvignon wine is higher;the individual phenols content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape in flat land is higher than in slope land,the individual phenols content of Syrah grape in slope land is higher than in flat land,the individual phenols content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah wine in flat land is higher than in slope land;under the different training systems,the anthocyanin content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine with tilt double cirsoid arms made frame is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms level and cirsoid single arm made frame.

6.　Detecting around 31 species of volatile compound in ripening grape berries,esters and Aldehydes account for about 75-90%,is the main aroma compound,Detecting around 43 species of volatile compound in wine,esters and aldehydes account for about 99% aroma compound,is the major aroma compound in wine;the aroma compound of Cabernet Sauvignon grape is the highest in the same terrains,the aroma compound of Syrah wine is higher in the same terrains;the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grape in slope land is always higher than in flat land in the different terrains,the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grape in flat land is always higher than in slope land in the different terrains;under the different training systems,the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon grape with tilt double cirsoid arms level is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms made frame and cirsoid single-arm made frame,the aroma compound content of Cabernet Sauvignon wine with cirsoid single-arm made frame is higher than tilt double cirsoid arms made frame l and tilt double cirsoid arms level.

Key words　Changli region　Grape　Wine　Quality