女性高血壓
(一)根據(jù)性別選擇藥物
很少有研究設(shè)計來考察是否男女對藥物降壓有不同的反應(yīng),一般的說法是反應(yīng)沒有性別差異。一些試驗未能證實對女性預(yù)后有重大改善,但卻證實對男性有顯著改善,可能是因為在女性尤其是年輕女性不良結(jié)局的發(fā)生率很低,因此試驗無有力的證據(jù)證明藥物作用優(yōu)于安慰劑。在最近的ANBP2研究中,以ACEI為基礎(chǔ)的治療對試驗終點(diǎn)的改善作用優(yōu)于利尿藥,然而將男、女對比,所有的改善都發(fā)生在男性,在女性中則沒有差異。此研究只針對老年患者,并不一定適用于年輕患者。
我們也許不能根據(jù)發(fā)病率和病死率來直接選擇藥物種類,但卻可根據(jù)藥物不同的不良反應(yīng)來選擇用藥。在一項輕度高血壓治療的研究中,女性應(yīng)用利尿藥比男性更多發(fā)生低血鉀等不良反應(yīng)。女性應(yīng)用ACEI比男性更多發(fā)生咳嗽,用CCB更多發(fā)生踝關(guān)節(jié)腫脹。而男性使用利尿藥多發(fā)生痛風(fēng)和陽痿,雖然低劑量使用很少發(fā)生這些不良反應(yīng)。
(二)女性高血壓
絕經(jīng)前婦女降壓藥物的選擇是個難題。如果一個女性已生育,并采用了適當(dāng)?shù)谋茉写胧?,那么哪一類降壓藥都可以使用。然而,如果計劃妊娠或已妊娠,?yīng)禁用對胎兒有致畸作用的藥物,如ACEI、ARB或醛固酮受體拮抗藥,可導(dǎo)致胎兒腎衰竭、肺發(fā)育不全、生長受限及顱骨發(fā)育不全。長期使用β受體阻斷藥亦對胎兒的發(fā)育生長有一定的影響。因此,對打算懷孕或處于懷孕期的女性,可供選擇的藥物相對很少。懷孕12周之后,當(dāng)致畸作用減少,選擇面稍寬一點(diǎn)。
無論是計劃妊娠或處于妊娠早期的女性推薦的降壓藥物是甲基多巴或拉貝洛爾(柳胺芐心定),前者作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),激動中樞突觸后膜α2受體而降壓,后者為水楊酸氨衍生物,競爭性拮抗α、β腎上腺素能受體,除可降壓,亦可改善腎血流。但有報道兩藥長期應(yīng)用亦可對胎兒發(fā)育產(chǎn)生不利影響。利尿藥經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是禁忌,但一項大的研究分析顯示,母親使用利尿藥后并沒有對胎兒產(chǎn)生不利的影響。因此,對伴有全身性水腫、有潛在或已存在肺水腫、急性心力衰竭時可考慮使用。
值得注意的是,輕度高血壓經(jīng)治療后血壓的降低和出生嬰兒較小的比例呈線性關(guān)系。但母親血壓顯著升高,則必須降壓才能改善胎兒的存活。因此對于收縮壓在140~150mmHg,舒張壓在90~100mmHg時,最好的方法是采用非藥物治療,并密切監(jiān)測血壓的變化。如收縮壓≥150mmHg或舒張壓≥100mmHg時,應(yīng)抗高血壓治療。為避免血壓降低過度和大幅波動而影響胎兒血供,血壓控制在130~140/80~85mmHg為宜,當(dāng)血壓升高并先兆子癇、子癇時首選硫酸鎂處理。
(荊小莉 夏金明)
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