妊娠誘發(fā)高血壓
約10%的婦女在妊娠過程中會發(fā)生血壓升高。高血壓是導(dǎo)致孕婦及嬰兒患病及死亡的重要原因。目前尚無明確的指南規(guī)定在妊娠血壓升高的婦女中何時開始以及如何治療,但高?;颊邞?yīng)在嚴(yán)密監(jiān)護下盡早開始治療。
由于既往繁多的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),使妊娠時期的高血壓治療變得很困難。有分類方法根據(jù)先兆子癇和子癇中的多器官損害將妊娠期高血壓分為:先兆子癇、妊娠高血壓和慢性高血壓三類。不同分類之間的病理、結(jié)果以及處理均各不相同,但臨床表現(xiàn)有重疊之處。妊娠及產(chǎn)后早期有不同的代謝、內(nèi)分泌及循環(huán)的變化,但妊娠期高血壓的具體病理改變尚不明了,也是目前研究重點。妊娠誘發(fā)高血壓的影響有可能在妊娠結(jié)束后持續(xù)存在,有研究表明妊娠誘發(fā)高血壓患者之后發(fā)展成為惡性高血壓的可能性較口服避孕藥的患者大。
先兆子癇是妊娠相關(guān)疾病,多發(fā)生在妊娠的后3個月,臨床表現(xiàn)為高血壓、全身水腫水鈉潴留以及蛋白尿,但并非所有患者均有3項表現(xiàn)。先兆子癇有可能意外進展為各種危及生命的狀態(tài)如癲大發(fā)作、腎衰竭,從而導(dǎo)致母體及嬰兒圍生期的患病及死亡。
雖然目前公認在妊娠合并嚴(yán)重高血壓的患者當(dāng)中應(yīng)用降壓治療是有益的,但在妊娠合并輕度高血壓的患者中是否應(yīng)該進行降壓藥物治療還存在爭議。目前尚無任何可信的證據(jù)表明在妊娠合并輕度高血壓患者中進行降壓治療是有益的。降壓治療對胎兒的益處有限,但相關(guān)的研究規(guī)模較小,或許不能足以說明問題。但先兆子癇治療降低患病率和病死率的益處是確定的。因此,應(yīng)嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測所有妊娠合并高血壓的患者,警惕并發(fā)先兆子癇/子癇的可能性。醫(yī)療機構(gòu)應(yīng)針對合并嚴(yán)重高血壓的孕婦制定一套跨學(xué)科的診治策略,包括患者的隨診場所、應(yīng)使用何種降壓藥物等。妊娠合并嚴(yán)重高血壓最有效治療是胎兒娩出。生產(chǎn)后患者血壓將下降,但高血壓本身可能在產(chǎn)后的短期內(nèi)持續(xù)存在并需要短期治療。
(冷秀玉)
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