浙江大學的湯顯祖、莎士比亞研究

浙江大學人文學院　樓含松

湯顯祖和莎士比亞，這兩位偉大的劇作家，在同一時代，在世界的東方和西方，通過對社會的深刻探索，創(chuàng)作出了富于人性光輝的劇本，為人類文明增添了寶貴的財富。具有戲劇性的是，他們是在同一年（公元1616年）離開這個世界。這種巧合，讓后人很自然地將他們聯(lián)系在一起，進行比較和研究。這也是各位齊聚遂昌、共同研究探討的緣由。作為浙江大學的學者，回顧半個多世紀以來中國學術界有關湯顯祖、莎士比亞研究的歷程，我想選擇這樣一個角度，就是向各位簡要介紹浙江大學的學者在湯顯祖和莎士比亞研究中所做的成績，以及目前在推進的一些工作。

我首先要介紹的是戚叔含教授（1898—1979）。戚叔含早年就讀于南京的東南大學，攻讀中國文學，直接受到著名戲曲學家吳梅先生的教誨。后來，他赴美國斯坦福大學留學，專攻英國文學，以莎士比亞研究論文獲得碩士學位。1927年回國后，先后在上海、安徽等地大學任教，抗爭勝利后，他應浙大校長竺可楨邀請，到浙江大學任教，并代理外文系主任。1953年后，擔任復旦大學教授。

戚叔含是中國最早研究莎士比亞的學者之一，值得注意的是，他非常注重運用比較研究的方法。他對中國傳統(tǒng)戲曲非常關注，尤其對湯顯祖的《牡丹亭》有十分深入的研究，有數(shù)萬字的《牡丹亭》札記。據(jù)當年聽過他課的學生回憶，早在四十年代，他就曾經(jīng)把莎土比亞與湯顯祖作過比較。他指出，兩位大師，都以極大的熱情，歌頌純真的天性，贊美青年男女對自由愛戀的生死執(zhí)著和熱切渴求。《羅密歐與朱麗葉》與《牡丹亭》的主題是接近的。他對此概括地指出：一、16世紀是人性的覺醒，是從宗教、封建統(tǒng)治的桎梏下爭取解放的偉大時代，是人類歷史進入民主時代的黎明期。二、從文學發(fā)展史來看，沖破禁錮，追求理想，描繪絢麗遠景的浪漫主義，必將取代已經(jīng)僵化了的古典主義。

戚叔含教授說自己是“述而不作”，生前極少發(fā)表研究著作。但他的一位學生，深受他的影響，日后成為研究湯顯祖的權威學者，他就是浙江大學中文系的徐朔方教授（1923—2007）。徐先生1943年考入浙江大學中文系，一年后，轉學到英文系，他最喜歡的課，就是戚叔含的“英國文學史”和“英國詩歌選”。19世紀五十年代，徐朔方先生的《湯顯祖年譜》、《〈牡丹亭〉校注》等重要著作問世，將湯顯祖研究向前推進了一大步。1963年，徐先生就撰寫了《湯顯祖和莎士比亞》一文，但一直到1978年才正式發(fā)表。在這篇文章中，徐先生通過對兩位劇作家創(chuàng)作異同的比較，深刻揭示了他們各自的民族文學傳統(tǒng)和兩位大師的杰出成就。此后，徐先生還有《莎士比亞和中國戲曲》一文，進一步對中國戲曲傳統(tǒng)與莎士比亞戲劇進行了比較研究。徐先生關于湯顯祖和莎士比亞的研究，是1949年后中國大陸最早的比較文學研究成果，這與徐先生學貫中西的學術素養(yǎng)和敏銳的學術眼光分不開，同時也得益于其老師戚叔含的啟發(fā)，是薪火相傳的一段學術佳話。

中國莎士比亞研究的學者中，還有一位重要人物，就是浙江大學的張君川教授（1912—1996）。張君川教授1937年畢業(yè)于清華大學研究院，1940年到浙江大學任教。他是馳名中外的莎士比亞研究專家，是中國莎士比亞研究會的發(fā)起人之一并擔任常務副會長。1986年，首屆中國莎士比亞戲劇節(jié)在北京和上海同時舉行，十四天內上演二十九臺莎劇，規(guī)?？涨?，影響巨大。張君川先生擔任了上海方面的重要主持人，他參加了戲劇節(jié)的全過程，對戲劇節(jié)的劇目安排、學術研討和中外交流諸方面的工作都作了具體的指導，為戲劇節(jié)的成功舉行做出了重要的貢獻。張君川教授主編有《莎士比亞辭典》并撰寫有大量研究論文。尤其重要的是，張先生的學術活動包括了對莎士比亞戲劇在中國的舞臺演出的推廣和研究。

還需要指出的是，《莎士比亞全集》中譯本之一的譯者朱生豪先生（1912—1944），是浙江大學畢業(yè)生。朱生豪為翻譯莎士比亞而積勞成疾，英年早逝。他的譯本，是影響最大、也被公認為最能體現(xiàn)莎士比亞戲劇神韻、最富有文采的中譯本。

時至今日，浙大老一輩學者的學術傳統(tǒng)沒有中斷，浙江大學有不少學者持續(xù)進行有關湯顯祖和莎士比亞的研究。

我們意識到，優(yōu)秀的文化需要得到有效的傳播，這樣才能發(fā)揮更大的作用。為此，我們積極推動遂昌和斯特拉夫德市（Stratford-upon-Avon）的交流。這一倡議得到了遂昌和斯特拉夫德市政府的積極響應。2010年6月19日，以遂昌縣縣委書記葛學斌為團長，遂昌縣文化局局長張水源、遂昌縣湯顯祖研究會會長朱旭明、浙江大學人文學院廖可斌教授、徐永明副教授為成員組成的文化交流考察團一行五人，赴英國開展文化交流訪問活動，取得了圓滿成功。浙江大學人文學院與倫敦大學亞非學院語言與文化學院就會同遂昌和莎士比亞故里斯特拉夫德市共同舉辦莎翁和湯翁的戲劇文化合作交流活動、兩院師生的學術合作和交流互訪、碩士博士的聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)等問題達成共識，雙方會后簽署了合作框架協(xié)議和備忘錄?？疾靾F一行與莎士比亞故里斯特拉夫德市就加強文化交流合作形成共識。在市長Shelagh Sandle的建議和牽線下，考察團與斯特拉夫德艾文學院簽署了建立友好合作關系并推動雙方文化、教育交流和合作的備忘錄。

今天的會議，就是兩地文化交流的一項成果。接著，遂昌縣人民政府代表團將應邀參加2011年4月在英國舉行的莎士比亞誕辰紀念活動。

在此，我代表浙江大學人文學院，感謝為促進這一文化交流活動而付出巨大努力的遂昌和斯特拉夫德的領導，還有倫敦大學亞非學院、斯特拉夫德市艾文學院、莎士比亞出生地基金會、莎士比亞出生地研究會等機構的各位專家學者。

我們有理由相信，在大家共同努力下，湯顯祖和莎士比亞研究將會取得更加豐碩的成果，遂昌和斯特拉夫德兩地的交流將會更加頻繁，中英兩國的優(yōu)秀文化將會在更大范圍內得到傳播！

Research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare in Zhejiang University

Lou Hansong

College of Humanities, Zhejiang University

Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare, two great playwrights, both created play scripts filled with the glory of humanity by their deep exploration to their own societies in the eastern and western world, and contributed precious wealth to human civilizations. Something dramatic is that they passed away from the world at the same year (in 1616). The coincidence makes it natural for researchers to compare and study them. That’s why we get together in Suichang today and do our collective researches on them. As a scholar in Zhejiang University, to review the research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare in Chinese academic circle in the past fifty years, I would like to choose my own angle. That is a brief introduction about the research achievements on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare done by scholars in Zhejiang University and its recent work.

I would like to start with Professor Qi Shuhan (1898—1979). Qi Shuhan was educated at the Southeast University in Nanjing at his early age. He majored in Chinese literature and was under the direct guidance of Mr. Wu Mei, a famous scholar in opera. Later on, he went to Stanford University in America for further education and majored in English literature. He won his Master degree with a dissertation on Shakespeare. He returned to China in 1927, and once held teaching positions in universities in Shanghai and Anhui province. After the anti-Japanese war, he was invited to teach in Zhejiang university by its president—Zu Kezhen and was appointed as the acting dean of the department of foreign languages. After 1953, he was a professor in Fudan University.

Qi Shuhan was one of the earliest researchers on Shakespeare in China. It should be noted that he laid much emphasis on comparative research method. He paid close attention to Chinese traditional operas and committed a special and deep research on The Peony Pavilion. He once wrote the reading note on The Peony Pavilion in tens of thousands of characters. According to the memory of his former students who ever attended his classes, he made a comparison between Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare as early as in the 1940s. He pointed out that two great playwrights enthusiastically eulogized pure human nature and praised the eagerness and obsession for free love of the youngsters. Romeo and Juliet is very similar in theme with The Peony Pavilion. He pointed out in his conclusion: 1. The 16^th century is the period of awakening humanity. It’s a great period for people to fight for their liberation from the shackles of religion and feudal regime. It’s the dawning period that mankind entered the age of democracy. 2. From the perspective of the history of literature development, romanticism which emphasizes breaking of shackles, great dreams and bright future will surely take the place of the fossilized classicism.

Professor Qi Shuhan described himself as one who “l(fā)ectures but never writes” . He published few research works in his lifetime. But one of his students, who were deeply influenced by him, became an authoritative scholar on the research of Tang Xianzu. He is Professor Xu Suofang (1923—2007) in the Department of Chinese in　Zhejiang University. Mr. Xu was admitted to the Department of Chinese in Zhejiang University in 1943. One year later, he transferred himself to the Department of English. And his favorite courses were History of English Literature and Anthology of English Poems offered by Qi Shuhan. In the 1950s, Chronicle of Tang Xianzu and Annotation of The Peony Pavilion written by Mr. Xu Shuofang were in print which pushed a big step forward on the research of Tang Xianzu. In 1963, Mr. Xu finished his article entitled Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare but didn’t get it published until 1978. In the article, Mr. Xu revealed the traditional folk literature customs in two countries and the outstanding achievements done by the two great playwrights through his comparison on the similarities and differences of their works. In addition, Mr. Xu furthered his comparison research between Chinese traditional operas and Shakespeare’s plays in his article: Shakespeare and Chinese Plays. The research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare committed by Mr. Xu was the earliest academic achievement on literature comparison in mainland China after 1949. It is indispensable from Mr Xu’s knowledgeable academic background and his sharp academic insights. Meanwhile, he also benefited from his teacher Qi Shuhan’s instruction. It is an academic anecdote of passing the torch of knowledge from one generation to another.

Among all the Shakespeare researchers in China, we have another important man. That is Professor Zhang Junchuan (1912—1999) in Zhejiang University. Professor Zhang Junchuan graduated from the Graduate College of Tsinghua University in 1937 and became a teacher in Zhejiang University in 1940. He was an　expert on the research of Shakespeare known at home and abroad. He was the initiator of the Research Association of Shakespeare in China and was elected as the executive vice-chairman of the association. In 1986, the first China Shakespeare Drama Festival was held in Beijing and Shanghai simultaneously. 29 Shakespeare dramas were performed on the stage within 14 days. Such an unprecedented scale produced great influence. Mr. Zhang Junchuan was an important organizer in Shanghai. He took part in the whole course of the drama festival and gave detailed instructions on the choice of plays, academic symposium and communication activities between home and abroad in the drama festival. He made an important contribution to the success of the drama festival. Professor Zhang Junchuan was the chief editor of Shakespeare Dictionary and published plenty of research papers. What’s more, Mr. Zhang’s academic activities included the promotion and research on stage performance in China of Shakespeare’s plays.

What must be pointed out is Mr. Zhu Shenghao (1912—1944), one of the translators of the Chinese version of The Complete Works of Shakespeare, was a graduate from Zhejiang University. Zhu Shenghao fell ill from overwork because of　translating Shakespeare’s works. He died young. But his version was the most influential and was publicly acknowledged as the best to convey the verve and glamour of Shakespeare’s plays.

Up to this day, the academic tradition of the older generation of scholars in Zhejiang University have never broken off. Many scholars in Zhejiang University continue their research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare.

We all understand that excellent culture needs to be effectively disseminated so as that it will play a more important role. That’s why we are very active in promoting the communication between Suichang county and Stratford-upon-Avon City. And the proposal received positive responses both from Suichang county and Stratford-upon-Avon government. On June 19^th, 2010, headed by Ge Xuebin, general secretary of Suichang Communist Party Committee, a five-people culture inspection delegation went to Britain to commit visiting and cultural communication activities and achieved a great success. The other four members of the visiting group　were Zhang Shuiyuan, director of Suichang Culture Bureau; Zhu Xuming, chairman of Suichang Tang Xianzu Research Association; Liao Kebin, professor in the School of Humanity in Zhejiang University and Xu Yongming, associate professor in the School of Humanity in Zhejiang University. The Humanity School of Zhejiang University reached a consensus with the Department of Language and culture　of the Asian and African School in London University about jointly holding drama culture communication activities of Shakespeare’s and Tang Xianzu’s plays in their hometowns, academic cooperation and visits between the teachers and students of the two universities and jointly training graduates and Ph.Ds. The two sides also signed cooperative framework agreement and memos. The inspection group came up with the consensus that the cultural communication and cooperation with Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeare’s hometown, should be strengthened. Under the proposal and coordination of Shelagh Sandle mayor, the group signed a memo with Stratford-upon-Avon College of Letters on establishing friendly cooperation relationship and promoting the communication and cooperation in culture and education between the two sides.

Today’s conference is one of the achievements of cultural communication between the two sides. After that, a delegation of Suichang People’s government will be invited to attend the memorial activities in honor of Shakespeare to be held in England.

Now on behalf of the Humanity School of Zhejiang University, I would like to extend our sincere thanks to the leaders in Suichang County and Stratford-upon-Avon government for their great efforts in making the cultural communication activities possible. We still give our heartfelt thanks to the experts from Asian and African School in London University, Stratfordupon-Avon College of Letters, Fund of Shakespeare Birthplace and Research Association of Shakespeare Birthplace.

We have good reasons to believe that with our collective efforts, the research achievement on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare will be more fruitful; the communication activities between Suichang and Stratford-upon-Avon will be more frequent, and the excellent cultures of China and Great Britain will be spread more successfully.

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