髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的預防
1.髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的預防應該從患者住院開始就應該著手進行 了解既往的病史和手術(shù)情況,通過檢查,掌握患者目前存在的畸形和問題。通過X線片了解患者關(guān)節(jié)的位置及假體的狀況,必要時進行CT檢查或通過螺旋CT重建股骨的狀況。
2.根據(jù)患者的具體情況制定出預防和治療髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的具體方案 充分估計各種治療可能遇到的困難,制定出相應的解決辦法,在遇到問題時可采取有效的預防措施。
3.在手術(shù)時首先一定要將患者的體位固定確切(無論是采用側(cè)臥位還是平臥位) 這對術(shù)中判斷假體的位置非常重要。否則可因判斷錯誤導致假體位置不良,出現(xiàn)髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位。
在選擇手術(shù)入路時,大多采用醫(yī)師自己所熟悉的入路,在觀察假體位置時,不易發(fā)生錯誤,但在切開關(guān)節(jié)囊后應盡可能保留關(guān)節(jié)囊等軟組織。對關(guān)節(jié)周圍的軟組織和瘢痕組織根據(jù)置入關(guān)節(jié)的需要逐步松解,按照松松看、看看松的方法逐步進行,不要過度松解,否則易出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定。作者通常采用后外側(cè)入路,保留后外側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊,在關(guān)閉傷口時將關(guān)節(jié)囊縫合在大粗隆后緣,并同時修復外旋肌群。Osmani等認為將堅強的后外側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊的修復將大大降低術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的發(fā)生率。作者也發(fā)現(xiàn)采用后外側(cè)入路的患者,前脫位的發(fā)生率并不低。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)部分原因是由于切除了前關(guān)節(jié)囊,其次是髖臼前傾角過大造成。
為了正確地放置髖臼假體,術(shù)中可以采用分步確定髖臼的角度,首先將髖臼放置在外傾35°~45°,然后再向前轉(zhuǎn)動15°~25°,這樣就能保證髖臼的正確位置,而不出現(xiàn)后傾。由于體位的變動,有時髖臼位置確定有一定的難度。作者認為觀察髖臼骨性邊緣與假體的關(guān)系對判斷髖臼假體的位置更加可靠。一般認為在髖臼發(fā)育正常的情況下,髖臼假體放置在與髖臼前緣平行的位置較好。當假體前緣低于骨性邊緣時,則假體前傾角可能大了,易出現(xiàn)髖關(guān)節(jié)前方不穩(wěn)定。當假體突出在骨邊緣外時則前傾角很小或后傾,易出現(xiàn)髖關(guān)節(jié)后方不穩(wěn)定。利用假體與髖臼周邊骨質(zhì)的關(guān)系對確認假體的位置,是一種可靠的方法。要特別注意假體股骨頭與髖臼間匹配關(guān)系,不要被關(guān)節(jié)的角度困惑。必要時可采用導航技術(shù)以提高假體安放位置的準確性,從而減少術(shù)后脫位的發(fā)生率。在保證髖臼假體覆蓋的前提下,清除髖臼周圍增生的骨贅,防止它與股骨假體發(fā)生碰撞。由于杠桿作用,將股骨頭翹出髖臼窩,導致髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位。通過調(diào)整假體位置的高低,調(diào)整髖關(guān)節(jié)的張力。一般來說,無領(lǐng)關(guān)節(jié)對調(diào)整假體位置的高低相對較容易。如果僅僅采用增加股骨頸的長度調(diào)節(jié)髖關(guān)節(jié)股骨頭與髖臼間的張力,易出現(xiàn)肢體不等長,且調(diào)整的范圍也是有限的。而對于假體位置良好的髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定,僅由于關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織張力較低,可采用關(guān)節(jié)限制性假體,防止髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位。此外,在假體的選擇上可以采用帶帽檐或超半徑的髖臼增加穩(wěn)定,但要注意安放的位置,位置不當會出現(xiàn)碰撞。Shapire等認為限制性髖臼假體可以有效地降低術(shù)后脫位的發(fā)生率。術(shù)后3個月內(nèi)應注意不要過度屈髖盤腿(如坐低凳、洗盆塘等),以防止髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位。
(徐 輝 呂 明)
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