經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中的隱喻機(jī)制
二、經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中的隱喻機(jī)制
要對商務(wù)用途英語中經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本里的隱喻有一個(gè)深入理解,首先有必要對商務(wù)用途英語的定義有一個(gè)清晰的概念。商務(wù)用途英語是指以服務(wù)于商務(wù)活動內(nèi)容為目標(biāo)、集實(shí)用性、專業(yè)性和明確的目的性于一身、為廣大從事國際商務(wù)活動的人們所認(rèn)同和接受,并具備較強(qiáng)社會功能的一種英語變體。在當(dāng)今經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷發(fā)展、國際商務(wù)活動日益頻繁的世界里,包括技術(shù)引進(jìn)、對外貿(mào)易、招商引資、對外勞務(wù)承包與合同、國際金融、涉外保險(xiǎn)、國際旅游、海外投資、國際運(yùn)輸、商業(yè)廣告等在內(nèi)的商務(wù)活動,無不涉及英語的使用,在所有這些活動中所使用的英語都統(tǒng)稱為商務(wù)用途英語(李明,2004a:32)。
商務(wù)用途英語發(fā)展成為一種新興的語言變體,主要是基于普通用途英語(English for General Purposes)。作為商務(wù)用途英語中重要部分的經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本,亦是基于普通用途英語。換言之,所有經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本都是普通用途英語應(yīng)用于新的領(lǐng)域的一種語言變體。這種將語言的使用從一個(gè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用或跨越到另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域本身就具有隱喻意義。更何況,經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中借用了大量日常用語討論、闡述、描寫與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動有關(guān)的概念或事件。
Henderson(1994:358)也認(rèn)為,是隱喻所具有的生成力使得日常詞匯可以用于討論、闡述、描寫與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動有關(guān)的概念。經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中所含有的大量簡單和復(fù)雜的隱喻,無不說明了這一點(diǎn),如:markets are bullish and bearish(各種市場行情看漲/行情下跌),profits soar,peak,dive and plummet(利潤飆升/達(dá)到巔峰/急劇下降/驟然下跌),banks employ a scorched-earth policy in the face of hostile take-over bids(各家銀行在盤進(jìn)出價(jià)的各個(gè)對手面前采取了焦土政策)。上述例子中,英語的斜體部分均是日常用詞,但在這里它們均用于描寫或闡述與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動有關(guān)的概念,它們在日常用語中的意義在此均已延伸,因而屬于隱喻用法。
還有一種情況,在經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中,有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的詞語原本屬于隱喻,但因長期使用而變成了約定俗成的表達(dá)法,因而現(xiàn)在人們往往將它們看作專門術(shù)語(technical terms)而不是“鮮活的隱喻”(live metaphors)了。這類術(shù)語有equilibrium,float,inflation,leakage,boom,liquidity,slump等,它們已經(jīng)成為從事商務(wù)活動或經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的人們經(jīng)常使用的行話,原先的隱喻詞源已不再明顯了。
Indurkhya(1992:1)將隱喻分為三種:約定俗成的隱喻(conventional metaphors),基于近似性的隱喻(similarity-based metaphors)和創(chuàng)造近似性的隱喻(similarity-creating metaphors)。
約定俗成的隱喻是指由于長期使用而成為日常用語中的一部分、因而看上去幾乎不再具有顯性隱喻性的那些隱喻。在經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中,我們通常將它們看作專門術(shù)語而非隱喻。如,在I need a decision fast.We'rerunning out of time兩句話中,“時(shí)間”(time)被看作有限的資源或?qū)氋F的商品,它曾經(jīng)是隱喻,但現(xiàn)在,由于人們長期使用,不再想到或認(rèn)為它具有隱喻性。再如,...the Fed has allowed the stock market bubble to develop...,to raise interest rates to deflate a bubble in its early stages...most central bankers are hostile to the idea to try to puncture bubbles...,central bankers offer three reasons why they should not attempt to prick bubbles...在英語中,人們講bubble(泡沫),在漢語中,人們也講“泡沫經(jīng)濟(jì)”,這些都已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常。由于它被廣泛接受,bubble一詞連帶漢語中的“泡沫經(jīng)濟(jì)”,已變成約定俗成的隱喻。
基于近似性的隱喻會讓讀者對于本體和喻體進(jìn)行比較,因?yàn)閷λ鼈円饬x的轉(zhuǎn)換是基于兩者之間所存在的某些相似點(diǎn)(Indurkhya,1992:2)。如:If private funding really dries up,we will be out of the market.讀到這個(gè)英文句子,讀者很自然地就會將資金的停止供給比作水源已經(jīng)枯竭的河流或者湖泊。
創(chuàng)造性近似性的隱喻是指,讀者在剛剛見到該隱喻時(shí),很難找到本體和喻體之間有任何近似點(diǎn),但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)斟酌和推敲才發(fā)現(xiàn)或找到本體和喻體之間的確存在相似點(diǎn)。這類隱喻在術(shù)語學(xué)中扮演著重要角色。比如,人們利用storm和enemy之間的關(guān)系來描述“通貨膨脹”這一概念。
以上三種類型的隱喻在經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中大量存在,這些隱喻往往基于以下隱喻機(jī)制:
1.將經(jīng)濟(jì)視為有機(jī)體,如economic growth,in today's infant electronic commerce market,the infant car industries,healthy economy,economic disease,economic cure,economic decay,ailing industrial companies,an overrich diet of cheap capital,the recovery of the economy,a depressed economy,the economy will wake up in a sweat,businesses have been limping along,the Japanese economy's painful progress from boom to bust,interest rates are set according to the economy's temperature today,poor countries are hobbled by a lack of know-how等。就像有機(jī)體,經(jīng)濟(jì)也有生老病死,也有情緒波動,并會呈現(xiàn)出有機(jī)體所呈現(xiàn)的各種活動方式,如recovery,healthy,limping along/hobble,sweat,depressed等。另外,很多時(shí)候經(jīng)濟(jì)被看作被動的實(shí)體,其狀態(tài)往往受決定的正確與否所影響。這一觀念使得經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們把自己看作醫(yī)生或者外科醫(yī)生,他們影響著經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的動向。
2.將經(jīng)濟(jì)視為船只,如...Mr.Grasso needed further warning that he is steering a potential Titanic,but the fattest rats have been preparing to jump ship......in this increasingly foggy world,the chances of navigational errors are high,and new hazards are looming which the navigators,still euphoric about their defeat of inflation,have been slow to spot...the seas ahead could get much rougher...在此情況下,中央銀行的行長就是船長(captain),其助手就是其船員(crew),大海就是一個(gè)國家所處的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境(socio-economic environment),大海中的暗礁(reefs)和風(fēng)暴(storms)就是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的危急關(guān)頭,航海的用具如錨(anchor)、指南針(compasses)和地圖(maps)則是指導(dǎo)方針或指令。
3.將各類經(jīng)濟(jì)組織類比為家庭成員之間的關(guān)系、類比為各種類型的人員或者傳說中人們根深蒂固的形象(legendary stereotypes),如the parent/mother company,the sister company,the daughter company,the holding company,the leading market player in Europe,the stakeholder,the company doctor,giant或the White Knight(指“援助某個(gè)公司使之不被其他公司接管的公司”)等。這類表達(dá)隱喻各種組織之間所呈現(xiàn)的關(guān)系以及所實(shí)施的人的行為。
4.將市場視為流體或者球體,如the currency float,a huge float of change,buoyant demand,buoyant consumer spending,the market bounces around and rebounds...這樣表達(dá)可以隱喻經(jīng)濟(jì)市場上的瞬息萬變。
5.將下滑的市場運(yùn)動視為自然災(zāi)害,如Rita's commissions began to dry up as her clients quit her for a better deal,the river of gold will soon run dry,to channel state subsidies to millions of farmers,the outlook for the stock market will remain cloudy,the outlook for the coal industry is bleak,the banks'worst days were behind them...同自然災(zāi)害一樣,市場下滑給受災(zāi)的人們帶來災(zāi)難。
6.將市場視為游樂園(fun fair),如to halt a slide in sales,to continue their slide against the dollar,to have a rollercoaster ride,to profit from swings...這類說法通過游樂園中娛樂設(shè)施的方向運(yùn)動來隱喻經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)行狀況。
7.將股票市場視為劇院,如:that the stock market players operate according to a predictable and predetermined scenario...這里,股票市場被隱喻為同戲劇一樣,具有極大的可變性和不可預(yù)測性。
8.將各種類型的商人視為各種類型的動物,如bear,bear run,bearish,bear trap,bear total,bull,bullish,bull total,runaway,gallop,horse total,lame duck,cat and mouse,stag,prey,predator,hunter total,headhunter,head-hunting...通過各種動物的狀態(tài)、性情、運(yùn)動方式等來描述經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、運(yùn)動方式等。
9.將經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭視為戰(zhàn)爭,如trade wars,the war between Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola has been raging for years,Carrefour could still be vulnerable to a hostile bid,local banks are fighting back,local cigarette makers are up in arms,to fend off hedge funds,it could torpedo the merger itself,Rába was shielded from foreign takeover...,隱喻經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中你死我活的爭斗。
10.用有靈的實(shí)體(animate entities)來描述無生命的實(shí)體,如Hungary's Rába and Icarus court foreign investors...,no foreign suitors have stepped forward as yet...,Netia needs a mobile partner...there is one boy on the dance floor and two lovely girls...the question is who will go to bed with whom...,the odd couple(two Poland's leading banks)damaged bride(Poland's)...,the Polish partners received the wink from the new lot and started selling their stakes...此外,在經(jīng)濟(jì)類文本中還使用了許多有靈動詞(animate verbs),如grow,recover,need,pick up,continue,slow,move,suffer,think,reckon...,以及無生命的動詞(inanimate verbs),如boom,collapse,expand,overheat,open,fall,rise,remain,become,crash,close,slump,increase...,它們均具有隱喻意義。
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