第七節(jié)　名詞性從句的約縮轉(zhuǎn)換

現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法形式和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)發(fā)展總趨勢(shì)是由繁到簡(jiǎn)。由較小的語(yǔ)言單位替代較大的語(yǔ)言單位，用短語(yǔ)替代從句。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，名詞性從句緊縮成短語(yǔ)形式比較常見(jiàn)。名詞性從句?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成以下幾種短語(yǔ)形式。

一、名詞性短語(yǔ)

名詞性從句轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞短語(yǔ)是將句子名詞短語(yǔ)化，含有這種名詞短語(yǔ)的句子具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊縮、表意概括等特點(diǎn)。例如：

That you will fail is certain．(Your failure is certain．)

你要失敗是肯定了的。

What he said is right．(His words are right．)

他說(shuō)的話(huà)是對(duì)的。

No one can tell when and where he was born．(No one can tell the time and place of his birth．)

沒(méi)有人能說(shuō)出他出生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。

I request that you will come at once．(I request your imme diate attendance．)

我要求你立即來(lái)。

He is proud that he is clever．(He is proud of his cleverness．)

他以聰明而自豪。

二、動(dòng)作名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)作名詞(action noun)是由動(dòng)詞派生的，或者說(shuō)與動(dòng)詞同詞根(有時(shí)同形)的表示動(dòng)作的名詞。動(dòng)作名詞可帶邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯賓語(yǔ)并與其邏輯主語(yǔ)或邏輯賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)作名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。動(dòng)作名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)幾句中要擔(dān)任一定的成分。例如：

It was cordial that Premier Zhou received his visitors．(Premier Zhou's reception of his visitors was cordial．)

周總理接待客人是熱誠(chéng)的。

It is well-known to the people of the world that Columbus discovered America．(The discovery of America by Columbus is“well-known to the people of the world．

哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲是世界人民所共知的。

“Itisperfectand minutethatparentslovechildren．(Parents'love to children is perfect and minute．)

父母愛(ài)子女是無(wú)微不至的。

That the earth attracts other bodies is called the force of gravity．(The attraction of the earth for other bodies is called the force of gravity．)

地球?qū)ζ渌矬w的吸引力稱(chēng)為地心引力。

三、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)(或動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))

1．主語(yǔ)從句

It worried her a great deal that she lacked experience．(Her lacking in experience worried her a great deal．)

缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)使她很著急。

That people sleep in the open air is very popular in Wuhan during the summer season．(People's sleeping in the open air is very popular in Wuhan during the summer season．)

夏天武漢人睡在露天是很普遍的。

2．表語(yǔ)從句

Our duty is that we should serve the people heart and soul．(Our duty is serving the people heart and soul．)

我們的責(zé)任是全心全意為人民服務(wù)。

What we felt uneasy about was that Mary had too much confidence in herself．(What we felt uneasy about was Mary's having too much confidence in herself．

我們感到不安的是瑪麗過(guò)于自信。

3．賓語(yǔ)從句

I find it odd that Tom should have married her．(I find it odd Tom's having married her．)

我覺(jué)得湯姆同她結(jié)婚是件怪事。

下列動(dòng)詞只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句通常要轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)名詞。如：mind，deny，anticipate，imagine，suggest，consider等。例如：

I denied that he had been there．(He denied having been there．)

他否認(rèn)曾去過(guò)那里。

He anticipated that he would get much pleasure from the reading of that book．(He anticipated getting much pleasure from the reading of that book．)

他預(yù)料讀那本書(shū)會(huì)獲得很多樂(lè)趣。

I can't imagine that anything will happen to him．(I can't imagine anything happening to him．)

我不能想像他發(fā)生了什么事。

下列“動(dòng)詞+介詞”或“be+形容詞+介詞”后的從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)名詞。當(dāng)它們接從句時(shí)，介詞要省略，當(dāng)從句轉(zhuǎn)換成短語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞應(yīng)保留：insist on，boast of，be sure of，be worry about，be proud of，be afraid of，be hopeful of，be certain of，be surprised at，feel ashamed of等，例如：

He insisted that I should stay there for supper．(He insisted on my staying there for supper．)

他堅(jiān)持要留我在那兒吃晚飯。

He boasts that he is the best man alive．(He boasts of being the best man alive．)

他狂妄地說(shuō)他是老子天下第一。

I am certain that I will give you satisfaction．(I am certain of giving you satisfaction．)

我肯定會(huì)使你滿(mǎn)意。

I'm surprised that there is not an index．(I'm surprised at there not being index．)

我感到奇怪的是沒(méi)有索引。

四、不定式短語(yǔ)(或不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))

1．主語(yǔ)從句

When and where we should hold the conference is still to be discussed．(When and where to hold the conference is still to be discussed．)

何時(shí)何地召開(kāi)會(huì)議還需要討論．

It is a great pleasure that I am here．(To be here is a great pleasure．)

我在這里很愉快。

在“It+不及物動(dòng)詞(或be+形容詞)+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成不定式短語(yǔ)。在含不定式的簡(jiǎn)單句中，半助動(dòng)詞與不定式一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的不及物動(dòng)詞或be+形容詞是seem，appear，happen，be(un)likely，be certain等。例如：

It seems that some members of the committee have been bribed．(Some members of the committee seem to have been bribed．)

委員會(huì)的一些成員看來(lái)是受了賄賂。

It happens that I have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him．(I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him．)

我恰好有過(guò)一些和他打交道的不愉快經(jīng)歷。

It is likely that he will let you down．(He is likely to let you down．)

他可能會(huì)使你失望。

在“It+被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be+－ed)+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句常可轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式。在含不定式的簡(jiǎn)單句中，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)與不定式一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。能用于這種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：say，know，report，think，believe，expect，feel，fear，understand等。例如：

It is reported that he was driving carelessly．(He is reported to have been driving carelessly．)

據(jù)說(shuō)他當(dāng)時(shí)開(kāi)車(chē)很不小心。

It is thought that he made a mistake．(He is thought to have made a mistake．)

大家認(rèn)為他犯了錯(cuò)誤。

It is known that many people are homeless after the earthquake．(Many people are known to be homeless after the earthquake．)

據(jù)悉，地震后很多人無(wú)家可歸。

2．表語(yǔ)從句

My opinion is that we take the initiative into our own hands．(My opinion is to take the initiative into our own hands．)

我的意見(jiàn)是把主動(dòng)權(quán)抓在我們自己手中。

The most urgent thing is that we should get the preparations done．(The most argent thing is for us to get the preparations done．)

最要緊的事情是我們要把準(zhǔn)備工作做好。

3．賓語(yǔ)從句

I don't think it advisable that he studies medicine．(I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine．)

我想他學(xué)醫(yī)是不合適的。

The commander ordered that we should cut off the enemy's retreat．(The commander ordered us to cut off the enemy's retreat．)

司令命令我們切斷敵人的退路。

I showed them how they should do it．(I showed them how to do it．)

我告訴他們?cè)撛鯓幼觥?/p>

The knowledge of how it should be done was not common．(The knowledge of how to do it was not common．)

怎樣做這件事的知識(shí)不是普通的。

下列動(dòng)詞是只帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：hope，expect，agree，propose，arrange，choose，decide，guarantee，pledge，pretend，resolve，swear，vow等。其后的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)緊縮為不定式。例如：

I have reso lved that I will take up golf to help me slim．(I have resolved to take up golf to help me slim．)

我已下決心打高爾夫球以使身材變得苗條。

Hamlet swore that he would take revenge on his father's usurper．(Hamlet swore to take revenge on his father's usurper．)

哈姆雷特發(fā)誓要報(bào)篡奪父位者之仇。

I hope that that I will have read this book by next Friday．(I hope to have read this book by next Friday．)

我希望下星期五讀完這本書(shū)。

形容詞anxious，sure，confident，afraid等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句也可轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

His parents are anxious that he should go to college．(His parents are anxious for him to go to college．)

他的父母都渴望他上大學(xué)。

動(dòng)詞say，know，report，think，believe，expect，feel，fear，understand等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，從句的主語(yǔ)可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)同其前的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。如：

People say that he has written a new book about workers．(He is said to have written a new book about worker．)

據(jù)說(shuō)他又寫(xiě)了一本關(guān)于工人的書(shū)。

People expect that the president will make an announcement．(The president is expected to make an announcement．)

估計(jì)總統(tǒng)即將發(fā)表通告。

We understand that this is the result of recent negotiations．(This is understood to be the result of recent negotiations．)

不言而喻，這是最近談判的結(jié)果。

［注］在forget，remember，regret等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句如果表示一個(gè)已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，可變?yōu)閯?dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。若表示一個(gè)尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，可變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z(yǔ)。試比較：

I don't remember that you have ever been given a chance to try this method．(I don't remember your being ever been given a chance to try this method．)

我不記得你曾有過(guò)試驗(yàn)這種方法的機(jī)會(huì)。

I remember where I will turn off the main road．(I remember where to turn off the main road．)

我記住轉(zhuǎn)入主街道的地點(diǎn)。

4．同位語(yǔ)從句

She plan that she should go herself doesn't please her parents．(She plan to go herself doesn't please her parents．)

她一個(gè)人去的計(jì)劃并未討得她父母的歡心。

五、介詞短語(yǔ)(或介詞的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ))

The news that our team had won gladdened our hearts．(The news of our team's victory gladdened our hearts．)

我們隊(duì)勝利的消息使我們歡欣鼓舞。

The thought that he might fail in the examination worried him．(The thought of failing in the examination worried him．)

考試會(huì)不及格的想法使他憂(yōu)心忡忡。

That was a case that a weak state resisted a strong state．(That was a case of a weak state resisting a strong state．)

這是弱國(guó)抗擊強(qiáng)國(guó)的一個(gè)例子。

The process that one substance mixes with another is called diffusion．(The process that one substance mixing with another is called diffusion．)

一種物質(zhì)同另一種物質(zhì)混合的過(guò)程叫做擴(kuò)散。

六、分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)

It seems that he is frightened．(He looks frightened．)

他看起來(lái)受了驚嚇。

I didn't notice that he was waiting at the station．(I didn't notice him waiting at the station)

我沒(méi)注意到他在車(chē)站等候。

They found that the guests had gone．(They found the guests gone．)

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)客人已走。