8.4　意義的重復(fù)

除了詞語和句式的重復(fù)，漢語還常常運(yùn)用同義反復(fù)和近義復(fù)現(xiàn)等表達(dá)形式或相似、相對(duì)和不同的詞語來重復(fù)同一意義。漢語“意復(fù)”的現(xiàn)象常見于四字格中，但在其英譯中，多數(shù)情況下只譯出意義而不重復(fù)，我們簡稱為“單譯法”。

8.4.1　單譯法

例38.他們是中華民族的優(yōu)秀兒女。巍巍鐘山、滾滾長江養(yǎng)育了他們，為他們提供了施展抱負(fù)的舞臺(tái)，他們也以自己的雄才大略、聰明智慧為中華民族的燦爛文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。

The towering Purple Mountains and billowing Yangtze River nurtured them and provided them with arenas in which to realize their aspirations. By virtue of their genius, vision, and sagacity, these best and brightest sons and daughters of the nation made spectacular contributions to the resplendent Chinese civilization.

“聰明”與“智慧”，“流光”與“溢彩”意思相近，英譯時(shí)，分別只用一個(gè)詞“sagacity”和“spectacular”即可。類似的例子還有很多：

稱心如意　satisfactory

驚天動(dòng)地　earth-shaking

奇裝異服　outlandish clothes

日新月異　ever changing

深仇大恨　deep hatred

發(fā)號(hào)施令　issue orders

胡言亂語　talk nonsense

粗制濫造　crudely made

街談巷論　street gossip

無邊無際　boundless

南腔北調(diào)　a mixed accent

銷聲匿跡　become extinct

千真萬確　absolutely true

天經(jīng)地義　natural

當(dāng)然也有一些“意復(fù)”的成語英譯時(shí)，保留“意復(fù)”的特點(diǎn)，起到加強(qiáng)語氣和強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，如例35中“殫精竭慮”的譯文“strained their energy and intellect to the limit”。其實(shí)“殫精”和“竭慮”的意義也是很相近的，所以在有的譯文中也確實(shí)融合為一個(gè)詞或詞組：

A.人們很難相信，僅僅在兩年前, MBA就業(yè)主管們還殫精竭慮地為學(xué)生們找工作。

It is hard to believe that just two years ago MBAcareers directors were tearing their hair out trying to find jobs for their students.

B.赫斯渥一直在殫精竭慮地想怎樣向她求情才能恰到好處。

All the while Hurstwood was endeavoringto formulate his plea in such a way that it would strike home.

C.同時(shí)經(jīng)營好一個(gè)家庭和一份工作所帶來的壓力可能使人殫精竭慮。

The stresses of juggling a family and a job can be mind-numbing, driving us to exhaustion.

D.他在教學(xué)工作上殫精竭慮，是我們學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。

His unqualified dedicationto teaching is always an example to us all.

E.有時(shí)候，有些人，為了得到他喜歡的東西，殫精竭慮，費(fèi)盡心機(jī)，更甚者可能會(huì)不擇手段，以至走向極端。

There is sometimes, someone who racks his brainor even try any kind of means to get what he likes but ends up in extremeness.

8.4.2　諧音法

同時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，類似的保留意復(fù)特點(diǎn)的英譯，具有一定的諧音效果，也不乏妙譯者。如：

千方百計(jì)　by hook or crook

唉聲嘆氣　moan and groan

光明正大　fair and square

親朋好友　kith and kin

變化無?！hop and change

千辛萬苦　trials and tribulations

8.4.3　省略法

漢語的意復(fù)還常常產(chǎn)生一些贅言現(xiàn)象，即把包含在詞語里的意思用另外的詞語復(fù)說一遍。英譯時(shí)，注意避免無謂的意復(fù)。

例39.“不，”潘先生心想他們的話不對(duì)，牽著只有牽著的妙用；再一轉(zhuǎn)念，妙用豈是人人能夠了解的，向他們辯白，也不過徒費(fèi)唇舌，不如省些精神罷：就把以下的話咽了下去。（葉圣陶《潘先生在難中》 ）

“No,”Mr. Pan disagreed with them. There were good reasons for holding on together. He realized, however, on second thought that not everyone was intelligent enough to see these reasons and it was a waste of breath to argue with them.

根據(jù)上下文，我們可以明白句中的“省些精神”是指“把以下的話咽了下去”，也就是不與他們辯白。這里反反復(fù)復(fù)說的都是一個(gè)意思，這種無謂的意復(fù)，英譯時(shí)注意省略。再如：

例40.當(dāng)毓芳上課去后，把我一人撂在房里時(shí)，我便會(huì)想起這所謂男女間的怪事；其實(shí)，在這上面，不是我愛自夸，我所受的訓(xùn)練，至少也有我?guī)讉€(gè)朋友們的相加或相乘，但近來我卻非常不能了解了。（丁玲《莎菲女士的日記》 ）

Yufang has gone off to her classes, and I’m alone here thinking about the strange relations between man and woman. I’m not boasting, but I think I’ve had more experience along this line than most of my friends put together. Still, I don’t understand these relationships, especially now.

例41.上海公安機(jī)關(guān)最近在鐵路上海站嚴(yán)打倒賣火車票的“黃牛”。

Shanghai Public Security Authorities are carrying on an anti-scalper campaign at Shanghai Railway Station these days.

8.4.4　避免贅言

瓊·平卡姆（Joan Pinkham）在《中式英語之鑒》（The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish）一書（平卡姆2000）中坦言，“Unnecessary words are the hallmark of Chinglish”，“They are plainly redundant because their sense is already included or implied in some other element of the sentence”。可見，在我們的譯文中還普遍存在贅言現(xiàn)象：例如：

例42. Our basic ideas, ranging from the development strategy to the principles and policies, including the policies of reform and opening to the outside world, are correct. If there is any inadequacy, it lies in the fact that the efforts we have made along the line of reform and opening are inadequate.

其中的“the fact”屬于無謂的重復(fù)，宜刪除；“along the line of reform and opening”更是會(huì)使譯文冗長，宜使用替代法；“inadequacy”和“inadequate”的同義重復(fù)，使譯文顯得單調(diào)，宜用變換法改寫。

Our basic ideas, from the development strategy to the principles and policies, including the policies of reform and opening to the outside, are correct. If our efforts have fallen short in any respect, it is that we have not done enough to implement those policies.

我們?cè)倏纯碕oan Pinkham是如何修改以下譯文的：

例43. A. We uphold the Party’s leadership, but the problem is whether the Party is doing a good job of leading. It should give effective leadership and not intervene in too many matters. The Central Committee should take the lead in this regard. This is not meant to weaken the Party’s leadership. Too much intervention and mishandling of things will actually weaken the Party’s leadership.

很明顯譯文A最后兩句詞語、句式和意義的重復(fù)非常不符合英語的行文習(xí)慣，這并不屬于為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或明確或加強(qiáng)語氣而使用的重復(fù)，也就是說不屬于修辭性重復(fù)，所以這些重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)都應(yīng)該修改。同時(shí)“this”的指代不清，容易導(dǎo)致譯文的邏輯混亂。其實(shí)根據(jù)上下文，我們知道這段話是一名高官在談?wù)擖h政職能分離的問題，他的觀點(diǎn)是黨政職能分離并不會(huì)削弱黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。

B. We uphold Party leadership, but the problem is whether the Party is doing a good job of leading. It should give effective leadership and not intervene in too many matters. The Central Committee should take the lead in this regard. What I am proposing will not weaken leadership by the Party. On the contrary, its leadership will be weakened if it tries to take responsibility for too many areas.

斜體部分通過變換句式和詞語，讓譯文更符合英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣：比較忌諱重復(fù)，常用替代、省略和變換的表達(dá)方法。再如：

A. The better you do your work and the more achievements you have to your credit, the better the people throughout the country will understand the value of knowledge and the more encouraging the people to respect and acquire knowledge.

B. The better you work and the more you achieve, the better the people throughout the country will understand the value of knowledge and the more they will be encouraged to respect and acquire it.

小結(jié)

漢語有講究均衡美的特點(diǎn)，其重復(fù)的特征無論在疊詞、同義反復(fù)還是排比句方面都很明顯。在英譯時(shí)，一方面，盡可能地保留一些疊音效果和平行結(jié)構(gòu)，保留原文的修辭效果和行文風(fēng)格；另一方面我們時(shí)常要運(yùn)用替代、省略、變換和融合等方法，讓譯文更符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

練習(xí)

一、比較下面兩個(gè)譯文，分析一下哪個(gè)譯文更好地再現(xiàn)漢語疊詞所體現(xiàn)的意美、音美和形美？

尋尋覓覓，

冷冷清清，

凄凄慘慘戚戚。（李清照： 《聲聲慢》 ）

I look for what I miss，

I know not what it is，

I feel so sad, so drear，

So lonely, without cheer.（許淵沖譯）

So dim, so dark，

So dense, so dull

So damp, so dank, so dead.（林語堂譯）

二、翻譯下面的句子，注意劃線的疊詞的翻譯。

1.一天一天、一年一年，他們頑強(qiáng)地生活和戰(zhàn)斗在荒山野林里。

2.洪水慢慢地退了

3.假日里，青年人雙雙對(duì)對(duì)漫步在公園內(nèi)。

4.山林炊煙縷縷上升。

5.我們的事情太多了，做都做不完。

6.他思緒滾滾，早已忘卻約會(huì)一事。

7.我們不得不零零星星地嘗付。

8.我們要求把事情完全擺在桌面上，而不是鬼鬼祟祟。

9.對(duì)待同志要滿腔熱忱，不能冷冷清清，漠不關(guān)心。

10.家鄉(xiāng)的景物處處使人想起了往事，許多往事可以追溯到幼年時(shí)代。

11.綠化祖國，人人有責(zé)。

12.不要斤斤計(jì)較。

三、翻譯下面的段落，注意其中重疊或重復(fù)部分的翻譯。

1.一抹紺色，兼以青紫色霞光，返映著湖堤上的雨后的碧柳，某某祠廟的東邊，有個(gè)小小的荷蕩。這處的荷葉最大不過，高得幾乎比人還高。葉下的白潔如玉雕成的荷花，到過午之后，又是將花萼閉起。偶然一兩只蜜蜂飛來飛去，還似留戀著花香的氣味，不肯即行歸去。紅霞照在湛綠的水上，散為金光，而紅霞中的欲下沉的日光，也幻成異樣的色彩。一層層的光與色，相蕩相薄，閃閃爍爍的都映現(xiàn)在我眼底。（王統(tǒng)照： 《湖畔兒語》 ）

2.春桃進(jìn)屋里，向高已提著一桶水在她后面跟著走。他用快活的聲調(diào)說：“媳婦，快洗罷，我等餓了。今晚咱們吃點(diǎn)好的，烙蔥花餅，贊成不贊成？若贊成，我就買蔥醬去?！?/p>

“媳婦，媳婦，別這樣叫，成不成？”春桃不耐煩地說。

“你答應(yīng)我一聲，明兒到天橋給你買一頂好帽子去。你不說帽子該換了么？”向高再要求。

“我不愛聽。”

他知道婦人有點(diǎn)不高興了，便轉(zhuǎn)口問：“到底吃什么？說呀！”

“你愛吃什么，做什么給你吃。買去罷?！?/p>

向高買了幾根蔥和一碗麻醬回來，放在明間的桌上。（許地山： 《春桃》 ）

四、改寫下列贅言的譯文。

1. We should enthusiastically explore both the international and domestic markets, opening up new international markets and further exploring the rural market.

2. On the whole, however, financial and economic work was still decentralized, because we had not adopted measures to bring financial revenue under unified management; only expenditure was unified, not revenue.

3. Foreign experience has shown that some countries have experienced development periods or undergone a number of high-growth stages, as demonstrated in Japan, Republic of Korea and parts of Southeast Asia.

4. The offices of the Military Control Commission were located in an area where board and lodging, and public transport and communication facilities were easily available and where telephone contacts could be made with much convenience.

5. Moreover, they are in the habit of taking more than their due and do not make compensation for or return the things which they are not entitled to but which they have taken into their own possession.