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        ? 首頁(yè) ? 理論教育 ?假定及其英漢互譯

        假定及其英漢互譯

        時(shí)間:2023-04-01 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:第二節(jié) 假定及其英漢互譯一、假定的定義及其分類假定指適用規(guī)范的必要條件,也稱為前提條件,其作用在于限定行為模式的適用范圍,也就是當(dāng)事人行使權(quán)利或者履行義務(wù)必須滿足的事實(shí)狀態(tài),[7]常用條件句表示。停止條件指因其成就而使法律行為發(fā)生效力的條件,而解除條件指因其成就而使法律行為效力消滅的條件。

        第二節(jié) 假定及其英漢互譯

        一、假定的定義及其分類

        假定指適用規(guī)范的必要條件,也稱為前提條件,其作用在于限定行為模式的適用范圍,也就是當(dāng)事人行使權(quán)利或者履行義務(wù)必須滿足的事實(shí)狀態(tài),[7]常用條件句表示。每一個(gè)法律規(guī)范都是在一定條件出現(xiàn)的情況下才能適用,而適用這一法律規(guī)范的這種條件就稱為假定,其功能是對(duì)行為模式的適用范文加以限制。如我國(guó)《刑事訴訟法》第37條規(guī)定:“凡是知道案件情況的人,都有作證的義務(wù)”,其中的“凡是知道案件情況的人”就是假定。在許多情況下,假定部分并未列明,但可從條文中推論出來。如《婚姻法》第18條規(guī)定:“夫妻有相互繼承遺產(chǎn)的權(quán)利”,其中并未列明假定部分,但可以推論出來,即“夫妻一方先亡且有遺產(chǎn)”便是假定。

        在傳統(tǒng)民法中,法律行為所附的條件是“當(dāng)事人以將來不確定的事實(shí)作為決定法律行為效力的附款”。所謂“決定法律行為效力”,指決定法律行為的效力發(fā)生或消滅。相應(yīng)地,傳統(tǒng)民法中的條件就分為停止條件和解除條件。停止條件指因其成就而使法律行為發(fā)生效力的條件,而解除條件指因其成就而使法律行為效力消滅的條件。[8]西方學(xué)者也根據(jù)前提條件和行為模式正當(dāng)性發(fā)生與否的關(guān)系,將假定分為停止條件(condition precedent,也稱為先決條件)和解除條件(condition subsequent),前者指決定行為模式正當(dāng)性發(fā)生法律效力之條件,后者則指決定行為模式的正當(dāng)性喪失法律效力的條件。[9]此外,還可根據(jù)條件的成就與否事關(guān)當(dāng)事人的行為的正當(dāng)性與否的關(guān)系而將條件分為積極條件和消極條件。[10]本書將重點(diǎn)探討停止條件和解除條件的表現(xiàn)形式及其英漢轉(zhuǎn)換。

        二、法律英語(yǔ)中停止條件句的表達(dá)模式

        Coode認(rèn)為可將法律英語(yǔ)的條件句要素分為case(情況)、condition(條件)、legal subject(法律主體)和legal action(法律行為),并提出一個(gè)典型的模式:

        Case:      Where any Quaker refuses to pay any church rates

        Condition:    if any churchwarden complains thereof

        Legal Subject:  one of the next Justice of the peace

        Legal Action:  may summon such Quaker

        在該模式中,where和if引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)分句表示后面法律主體行使法律行為的事實(shí)情景(fact situation),即采用“If P1+P2,then Q”的模式。為了與代表性的“If P,then Q”法律規(guī)范的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)相吻合,可將上述模式修改如下:

        Where a churchwarden files a complaint against a Quaker for refusing to pay any church rates,one of the next Justices of the peace may summon such Quaker.

        該表述模式反映出Halliday所述的語(yǔ)言三大功能之一的邏輯和經(jīng)驗(yàn)功能。[11]邏輯功能的主要特征就是“遞歸性”,即事物內(nèi)部的抽象關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為或是并列關(guān)系,或是從屬關(guān)系,兩者都是可遞歸的。[12]法律英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇邏輯性極強(qiáng),具有鮮明的遞歸性,其中的一個(gè)表現(xiàn)形式是David Crystal歸納出來的基本句式:“If X,Y should be(or do)Z”這樣的條件從句。[13]Bhatia在論及法律條款的句法特征時(shí)也曾指出,“情形(case)常由where,if或when等狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)且非常冗長(zhǎng),并導(dǎo)致法律主體(legal subject)延后。”[14]上述結(jié)論都會(huì)說明狀語(yǔ)從句乃是法律文體的重要特征。例如,If X,Y should be(or do)Z句式包括事實(shí)情境和法律陳述兩個(gè)部分,前者由條件從句表示,后者為主句,兩者共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整語(yǔ)句,并體現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)密的法律邏輯。[15]

        盡管在普通文體中,條件句多以if引導(dǎo),但表示法律邏輯中的條件意義并不完全依賴連詞if。英語(yǔ)中有些連詞在普通文體中很少用以表示條件關(guān)系,但在法律文體中卻頻頻得到使用。例如連詞when在一般文體中常表示時(shí)間關(guān)系,但在法律語(yǔ)境中常表達(dá)條件意義,強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)情境與法律陳述之間的邏輯關(guān)系。[16]筆者隨機(jī)抽選了四部英文法律,對(duì)其中停止條件的使用情況進(jìn)行了梳理。其中使用頻率最高的是下列五個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞(見表8-1):

        表8-1 英文文本中停止條件句引導(dǎo)詞的使用情況概況

        img41

        筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),除了If X,Y should be(or do)Z這種基本句式外,還常用whenever;at any time when;where;provided that;in case of;in the event of;As used/when used(in this section);for the purpose of(this Ordinance)等介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)假定結(jié)構(gòu)。具體而言:

        (一)使用if引導(dǎo)

        如前所述,使用if引導(dǎo)停止條件句乃是英美法系國(guó)家最常見的句式。例如:

        If the Commission finds,after notice and opportunity for hearing,that any person is violating,has violated,or is about to violate any provision of this title,or anyrule or regulation thereunder,the Commission may publish its findings and enter an order requiring such person,and any other person that is,was,or would be a cause of the violation,due to an act or omission the person knew or should have known would contribute to such violation,to cease and desist from committing or causing such violation and any future violation of the same provision,rule,or regulation.

        (二)使用where引導(dǎo)

        Where在基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)中常引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,但在法律語(yǔ)言中常引導(dǎo)停止條件句。[17]例如:

        Where a judgment has been obtained in the Supreme Court against any person,the Supreme Court shall,on an application made by the judgment creditor and on proof that the judgment debtor is resident in the United Kingdom,issue to the judgment creditor a certified copy of the judgment.

        (三)使用in(the)case of引導(dǎo)

        該結(jié)構(gòu)常用于引導(dǎo)某個(gè)需要指涉的對(duì)象。例如:

        In the case of a product which is a veterinary biological product,the term means the period described in subparagraph(B)to which the limitation described in paragraph(6)applies.

        (四)使用when/whenever引導(dǎo)

        該句式常用于表示主句動(dòng)作以從句動(dòng)作為條件而發(fā)生。例如:

        Whenever a mistake has been made in a registration and a showing has been made that such mistake occurred in good faith through the fault of the applicant,the Director is authorized to issue a certificate of correction;

        (五)使用in the event of引導(dǎo)

        該結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示在某種情況下。例如:

        The Secretary of Commerce,upon nomination by the Director,shall appoint a Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Deputy Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office who shall be vested with the authority to act in the capacity of the Director in the event of the absence or incapacity of the Director.

        (六)使用as引導(dǎo)[18]

        as(used)意思是when(used)。As的這種用法在法律語(yǔ)言中頗為常見。例如:

        As used in this section,the term“NAFTA country”has the meaning given that term in section 2(4)of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act;

        As used in this subsection,the term“product”includes an approved product.

        (七)使用without prejudice to引導(dǎo)[19]

        該結(jié)構(gòu)后常接指代某項(xiàng)法律條款的名詞,與subject to..的句法結(jié)構(gòu)相同,表示對(duì)有關(guān)事項(xiàng)或者條款的規(guī)限程度,只是前者表示不得影響或損害其規(guī)限的事物,而后者表示必須“符合”或“依照”有關(guān)條款或規(guī)定。例如:

        Without prejudice to the general powers conferred by the preceding Article and the other powers conferred by these Articles,it is hereby expressly declared that the Directors shall have the following powers..

        (八)用notwithstanding引導(dǎo)

        在法律英語(yǔ)中,notwithstanding的意思是although,though和even if,常譯為“盡管;即使”,表示讓步。盡管該詞可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,但其與in spite of一樣,常接名詞性短語(yǔ),表示“本規(guī)定應(yīng)優(yōu)先適用”。Notwithstanding anything in this Act這個(gè)句式或其他類似結(jié)構(gòu)在新西蘭立法中頗為常見。例如:

        Version 6.0August 200931

        Chapter 3—Principles of clear drafting

        □Notwithstanding anything in any other enactment..

        □Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections(1)and(2)or section 60(2),but subject to subsection(2A)and section 60(3)..

        This Part of the Act shall apply notwithstanding anything in any other Part of this Act..

        (九)使用subject to引導(dǎo)

        subject to在法律英語(yǔ)中常表示“在不違反(本法)的規(guī)定的情況下”,可用于句首,也可用于句尾。例如:

        The Office may establish regulations,not inconsistent with law,which shall facilitate and expedite the processing of patent applications,particularly those which can be filed,stored,processed,searched,and retrieved electronically,subject to the provisions of section 122relating to the confidential status of applications;

        Subject to the limitations set forth in this Act,any person who uses a mark may file in the office of the Secretary,in a manner complying with the requirements of the Secretary,an application for registration of that mark setting forth,but not limited to,the following information:..

        Subject to與notwithstanding一樣,常用于表示某部立法或不同立法中的規(guī)定不一致時(shí),應(yīng)優(yōu)先適用哪項(xiàng)規(guī)定。根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的立法理念,這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都應(yīng)予以避免,而應(yīng)采用“某個(gè)規(guī)定優(yōu)于或應(yīng)讓位于另一項(xiàng)規(guī)定”之類的直接性表述。例如:“This section applies despite anything in section 100”或“This section prevails over section 100”.(即本條優(yōu)于第100條);反之可表述為“Section 100overrides this section”(即第100條優(yōu)于本條)。在英美法系的立法中,當(dāng)意圖表達(dá)“根據(jù)、按照”(in accordance with)之意時(shí),應(yīng)避免使用subject to,因in accordance with與subject to的意思并不一樣:前者的意思是“符合、遵守、與……一致”,但后者表達(dá)的是一個(gè)條件關(guān)系。有學(xué)者就建議立法中的句子不要以Subject to或Except as provided這類結(jié)構(gòu)開頭,相反,應(yīng)在另外一個(gè)條款中列明將限定語(yǔ)。例如:

        □Subsection(1)is subject to subsection(3).Or,

        □Subsection(1)is subject to section 14of the Supreme Court Act 2003(which provides that..

        故在漢譯英時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。

        (十)用for the purpose(s)of引導(dǎo)

        for the purpose of在基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)和法律語(yǔ)境下都可表示“為了……目的”。除此之外,在立法文件中大量使用該表述結(jié)構(gòu),表示“為了實(shí)現(xiàn)立法宗旨而做出……規(guī)定”。例如:

        For the purposes of paragraph(2)(B),the term“due diligence”means that degree of attention,continuous directed effort,and timeliness as may reasonably be expected from,and are ordinarily exercised by,aperson during a regulatory review period.

        此外,使用其他介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)停止條件句的情況也不乏少數(shù)(參見后面的有關(guān)內(nèi)容)。了解英文中的有關(guān)表述可為后文的法律法規(guī)的英語(yǔ)提供有利的借鑒作用。

        三、法律漢語(yǔ)中的停止條件句的表達(dá)模式

        如前所述,“假定”結(jié)構(gòu)常表現(xiàn)為條件句,但該“條件”與漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的“條件復(fù)句”(其代表句式為“只要P,就Q”[20])中的“條件”有別,即法律語(yǔ)言中的條件句其實(shí)是漢語(yǔ)中的假設(shè)復(fù)句(其代表格式為“如果P,就Q”),因“‘如果’可形成兩面假設(shè)、正反配合的用法,正反兩面一般輕重平衡,顯得客觀、冷靜”,[21]符合法律句式的語(yǔ)義特征,即“主要表現(xiàn)為虛擬性和條件性”。[22]表示“如果”類的詞語(yǔ)還有“如、若、如若、若是、要不然、假若、假使、假定、倘若、設(shè)若、萬(wàn)一、倘、倘使、要不然”等,“就”也可以用“(那么)便、(那么)則”等表示。但除了代表句式外,法律語(yǔ)言中尚使用其他形式表示條件。筆者曾對(duì)我國(guó)的《民法通則》《合同法》《刑法》和《勞動(dòng)法》中擔(dān)任停止條件句的情況進(jìn)行了粗略統(tǒng)計(jì),得出下列數(shù)據(jù)(見表8-2):

        表8-2 停止條件句的類型

        img42

        從表8-2可以看出,表示條件的“如果……”在法律的使用頻率并不高,相反,倒是“的”字句,“對(duì)”字句,以及表示時(shí)間的“當(dāng)/在…,時(shí)/時(shí)候/前提下/前/內(nèi)/下/期間”結(jié)構(gòu)更為突出,也有一定數(shù)量的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任假定。具體而言:

        (一)“的”字句

        如表8-2所示,“的”字句是法律漢語(yǔ)中最為常見的假定結(jié)構(gòu)。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)上乃是省略了作為邏輯主語(yǔ)的行為者的一種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。[23]對(duì)此,有學(xué)者持肯定觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)(即“名詞短語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞短語(yǔ)+的”結(jié)構(gòu))就是“名詞短語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞短語(yǔ)+的+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)省略了中心名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的;但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為兩者并非一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,如在“操作這臺(tái)機(jī)器的(~)不是人,而是一架計(jì)算機(jī)”中,中心名詞并不能補(bǔ)出,因此不存在省略現(xiàn)象。[24]從這個(gè)意義上說,“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)有其自身的結(jié)構(gòu)原則,是一種獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)。[25]還有學(xué)者從認(rèn)知語(yǔ)法的角度出發(fā),認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)“的”結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)典型參照點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)。作為該結(jié)構(gòu)中唯一不變的成分,“的”字的模式義是凸顯參照點(diǎn)關(guān)系,尤其認(rèn)為“的”在動(dòng)詞“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)中的典型意義就是凸顯整體與部分的關(guān)系。整體的概念,即某一時(shí)間關(guān)系本身,充當(dāng)參照體;部分,即某一時(shí)間關(guān)系的參與者,由于顯著度低于整體概念,在參照點(diǎn)關(guān)系中扮演目標(biāo)體角色。這一整體/部分參照點(diǎn)關(guān)系,又因部分由不同的參與者充當(dāng),體現(xiàn)為更具體明確的關(guān)系。[26]這些研究對(duì)“的”字句的翻譯提供了理論支撐。

        梳理法律規(guī)范的假定結(jié)構(gòu)后發(fā)現(xiàn),“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)在立法中常為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)。其中比較特殊的是與“凡”連用[27],表明范圍的寬泛性;與“有”字句連用形成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),表明有關(guān)的范圍;以及與“對(duì)”字句連用(參見后面的相關(guān)內(nèi)容)。例如:

        第十條 凡在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域外犯罪,依照本法應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的,雖然經(jīng)過外國(guó)審判,仍然可以依照本法追究,但是在外國(guó)已經(jīng)受過刑罰處罰的,可以免除或者減輕處罰。(《刑法》)

        第二十三條 公民有下列情形之一的,利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請(qǐng)宣告他死亡:

        (一)下落不明滿四年的;(二)因意外事故下落不明,從事故發(fā)生之日起滿二年的。(《民法通則》)

        第三百零八條 對(duì)證人進(jìn)行打擊報(bào)復(fù)的,處3年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。(《刑法》)除了動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)外,主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的“的”字句在法律漢語(yǔ)中也不乏少數(shù)。例如:

        第十條 當(dāng)事人訂立合同,有書面形式、口頭形式和其他形式。法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定采用書面形式的,應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式。當(dāng)事人約定采用書面形式的,應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書面形式。(《合同法》)

        第三十八條 國(guó)家根據(jù)需要下達(dá)指令性任務(wù)或者國(guó)家訂貨任務(wù)的,有關(guān)法人、其他組織之間應(yīng)當(dāng)依照有關(guān)法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定的權(quán)利和義務(wù)訂立合同。(《合同法》)此外,“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)在刑法中常為一種定義的模式,與“是”字句常聯(lián)合使用,以對(duì)概念進(jìn)行界定。例如:“為了犯罪,準(zhǔn)備工具、制造條件的,是犯罪預(yù)備”(《刑法》第22條)。對(duì)此,參見后面的內(nèi)容。

        由于“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)在法律中所承載的部分長(zhǎng)短不一,有時(shí)包含較長(zhǎng)的復(fù)雜句式,故而難以分辨其性質(zhì),但其功能或作用不會(huì)改變,即為法律主體實(shí)施某法律行為提供前提條件。

        (二)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

        用主謂結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任停止條件句在法律漢語(yǔ)中比較特殊,但卻不乏少數(shù)。例如:

        第十三條 省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定嚴(yán)于強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地方節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府報(bào)經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn);本法另有規(guī)定的除外。(《能源法》)

        第四十六條 企業(yè)法人終止,應(yīng)當(dāng)向登記機(jī)關(guān)辦理注銷登記并公告;(《民法通則》條)

        企業(yè)法人解散,應(yīng)當(dāng)成立清算組織,進(jìn)行清算。(《民法通則》第47條)

        第七條 當(dāng)事人訂立、履行合同,應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律、行政法規(guī),尊重社會(huì)公德,不得

        擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序,損害社會(huì)公共利益。(《合同法》)上述例子中的畫線部分均為主謂結(jié)構(gòu),盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)或句式形式特征不夠完整或明顯,但其表意十分清楚,即作為條件句而擔(dān)任假定部分。

        (三)一般條件句

        在法律漢語(yǔ)中,除“一……就——……”比較罕見外,表示條件或時(shí)間的條件或假設(shè)句型如“如果”、“當(dāng)/在……時(shí)/時(shí)候/情況下/范圍內(nèi)”等,都常用于表示假定。例如:

        第四十五條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民在年老、疾病或者喪失勞動(dòng)能力的情況下,有從國(guó)家和社會(huì)獲得物質(zhì)幫助的權(quán)利。國(guó)家發(fā)展為公民享受這些權(quán)利所需要的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)救濟(jì)和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)。(《憲法》)

        第一百條 依法受過刑事處罰的人,在入伍、就業(yè)的時(shí)候,應(yīng)當(dāng)如實(shí)向有關(guān)單位報(bào)告自己曾受過刑事處罰,不得隱瞞。(《刑法》)

        第三十一條 縣級(jí)以上質(zhì)量監(jiān)督、工商行政管理、食品藥品監(jiān)督管理部門應(yīng)當(dāng)依照《中華人民共和國(guó)行政許可法》的規(guī)定,審核申請(qǐng)人提交的本法第二十七條第一項(xiàng)至第四項(xiàng)規(guī)定要求的相關(guān)資料,必要時(shí)對(duì)申請(qǐng)人的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)核查。(《食品安全法》)

        第一百二十九條 如果危險(xiǎn)是由自然原因引起的,緊急避險(xiǎn)人不承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任或者承擔(dān)適當(dāng)?shù)拿袷仑?zé)任。(《民法通則》)

        上述畫線部分均表示法律行為主體實(shí)施行為的條件。在翻譯時(shí)可適當(dāng)?shù)馗鶕?jù)英語(yǔ)的相應(yīng)表述方式而靈活處理。

        (四)“對(duì)”字句

        “對(duì)”字句在刑事法律規(guī)范中尤為常見,從法律規(guī)范的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)而言多屬于假定結(jié)構(gòu);“對(duì)”字句也常與“的”字句連用而形成假定模式。例如:

        第二十八條 對(duì)于被脅迫參加犯罪的,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照他的犯罪情節(jié)減輕處罰或免除處罰。(《刑法》)

        第一百三十八條 人民檢察院對(duì)于公安機(jī)關(guān)移送起訴的案件,應(yīng)當(dāng)在一個(gè)月以內(nèi)做出決定,重大、復(fù)雜的案件可以延長(zhǎng)半個(gè)月。(《刑事訴訟法》)

        上述例句中的畫線部分可分別改為條件句的代表句式:“如果某人被脅迫實(shí)施犯罪,那么……”和“如果案件需要由公安機(jī)關(guān)移送起訴,那么……”,從而使其假定結(jié)構(gòu)的特征更為明顯。有學(xué)者就曾“對(duì)”字句的使用頻率做過統(tǒng)計(jì)(見表8-3):

        表8-3 “對(duì)”字句的使用比率[28]

        img43

        從表8-3可以看出,“對(duì)”字句在法律文本中使用比率極高,也印證了表8.2所述的結(jié)論。對(duì)“對(duì)”字句,我國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)界有二分法[29]、三分法[30],以及四分法[31]等不同意見,但在法律法規(guī)中,“對(duì)”字句主要表示行為指涉的對(duì)象或范圍。任何一種法律行為,尤其是執(zhí)法和司法主體實(shí)施的行為,都是針對(duì)特定對(duì)象或范圍的,因此,當(dāng)表達(dá)法律行為所指向的對(duì)象或范圍時(shí),“對(duì)”字句就是恰當(dāng)?shù)某休d句式??傮w而言,“對(duì)”字句在法律法規(guī)中具有下列語(yǔ)用功能:

        首先,強(qiáng)調(diào)突顯功能?!皩?duì)”字短語(yǔ)與句子中心動(dòng)詞存在著受動(dòng)關(guān)系而又位于動(dòng)詞前面,這樣就使得動(dòng)詞支配對(duì)象處于醒目的地位,因此,“對(duì)”字句本身就有強(qiáng)調(diào)突出動(dòng)詞的受事成分的功能。

        其次,指示范圍功能。例如,《婚姻法》第十七條第二款規(guī)定:“夫妻對(duì)共同所有的財(cái)產(chǎn),有平等的處理權(quán)”。其中的“對(duì)”字短語(yǔ)能指明某個(gè)其語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容適用的范圍。

        最后,篇章銜接功能?!皩?duì)”字句中的“對(duì)”字短語(yǔ)表示的是謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)展開的限定范圍,因此,“對(duì)”字短語(yǔ)潛在地對(duì)背景做了劃分,對(duì)各事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分類列舉,以更清晰、醒目地凸顯信息的焦點(diǎn)。例如:

        第八十九條 公安機(jī)關(guān)辦理治安案件,對(duì)與案件有關(guān)的需要作為證據(jù)的物品,可以扣押;對(duì)被侵害人或者善意第三人合法占有的財(cái)產(chǎn),不得扣押,應(yīng)當(dāng)予以登記。對(duì)與案件無(wú)關(guān)的物品,不得扣押。(《治安管理處罰法》)

        畫線處的三個(gè)“對(duì)”就是典型的話題標(biāo)記詞,具有凸顯焦點(diǎn)、銜接篇章的功能。[32]就語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)而言,“對(duì)”字句可分為:

        (1)施事省略的倒裝句。任何行為都有施事,且大多數(shù)情況下都會(huì)有其受事,從而構(gòu)成完整的結(jié)構(gòu)。但在法律行為中,尤其是執(zhí)法和司法行為主體實(shí)施之行為,一般情況下并非表述為完整的規(guī)范,即施事常省略而形成無(wú)主句,即“對(duì)于句”在法律法規(guī)的常態(tài)是前置而形成倒裝,這也與法律漢語(yǔ)中常用無(wú)主句的特點(diǎn)相吻合。例如:

        對(duì)于被脅迫參加犯罪的,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照他的犯罪情節(jié)減輕處罰或免除處罰。(《刑法》第28條)

        對(duì)于預(yù)備犯,可以比照既遂犯從輕、減輕處罰或者免除處罰。(《刑法》第22條第2款)

        在上例中,“對(duì)于句”放在句首,其攜帶的短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)前提條件,而“對(duì)于句”所隱含的主體(“脅從犯”、“預(yù)備犯”)是行為(“處罰”)的受事。

        (2)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。盡管“對(duì)”字句中的施事常省略,完整的SVO結(jié)構(gòu)也不乏少數(shù),但此時(shí),施事可放在“對(duì)于句”的前面或后面,且對(duì)“對(duì)字句”的功能并無(wú)影響。例如:

        人民檢察院對(duì)于公安機(jī)關(guān)移送起訴的案件,應(yīng)當(dāng)在一個(gè)月以內(nèi)做出決定,重大、復(fù)雜的案件可以延長(zhǎng)半個(gè)月。(《刑事訴訟法》第138條)

        對(duì)于補(bǔ)充偵查的案件,人民檢察院仍然認(rèn)為證據(jù)不足的,不符合起訴條件的,可以做出不起訴的決定。

        在上例中,“人民檢察院”作為施事,位置比較靈活。

        盡管“對(duì)于句”與“對(duì)”字句在多數(shù)情況下具有相同的句法功能而可以互換,但在某些情況下兩者有不同的表意功能。例如:

        A聚眾斗毆的,對(duì)首要分子和其他積極參加的,處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。(《刑法》第292條)

        B對(duì)證人進(jìn)行打擊報(bào)復(fù)的,處3年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。(《刑法》第308條)即在A中,“對(duì)于”與“對(duì)”意思相同,可以互換;而在B中,“對(duì)”引導(dǎo)的部分并非“處”這個(gè)行為的受事,完全不同于“對(duì)于句”的代表性用法。實(shí)際上,a2)是一個(gè)典型的“的”字句,其隱含的中心詞是“某個(gè)人”,即“對(duì)證人進(jìn)行打擊報(bào)復(fù)的人”。故而,有不少學(xué)者建議應(yīng)引起重視,在可以互換時(shí)應(yīng)該統(tǒng)一兩者的用法,避免造成歧義或者沖突。[33]

        (五)反義表述句

        法律漢語(yǔ)中的另一個(gè)表示條件的基本句型就是反義表述句。例如:

        對(duì)于犯罪分子的假釋,依照本法第79條規(guī)定的程序進(jìn)行。非經(jīng)法定程序不得假釋。該例中的“非經(jīng)/未經(jīng)(程序性規(guī)定)……不得(實(shí)體性)規(guī)定”模式在形式上為雙重否定,在功能上為補(bǔ)充性規(guī)定,也為一種條件句的表現(xiàn)形式。在邏輯學(xué)上,該句式為一種負(fù)命題,是立法特定思維下的語(yǔ)言定式的產(chǎn)物;從句義層面觀之,一類是實(shí)施性行為,一類為被實(shí)施的行為。例如“任何公民,非經(jīng)人民檢察院批準(zhǔn)或決定或者人民法院決定,并由公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行,不受逮捕”;“公民享有肖像權(quán),未經(jīng)本人同意,不得以營(yíng)利為目的使用公民的肖像權(quán)?!逼渲械摹安坏谩?、“不受”與實(shí)施性動(dòng)詞“逮捕”和“使用”銜接,使表述更為簡(jiǎn)潔和明確。這種反義表述強(qiáng)調(diào)正面的含義,盡管在立法中的使用數(shù)量并不大,但卻非常穩(wěn)定,并形成了句法習(xí)慣,具有“將法律行為的程序規(guī)范清晰地表達(dá)出來、明確程序的連貫性要求、明示行為的法定條件、能夠加強(qiáng)表述力度”等優(yōu)勢(shì)[34]。這種表述并不單獨(dú)強(qiáng)調(diào)每個(gè)否定詞后面所否定的意思,而是體現(xiàn)一個(gè)完整規(guī)范的連貫性和整體性。該框架不可拆分,否則其所表達(dá)的整體意思也就不復(fù)存在,這也是其不能被直接的肯定句式所取代的原因之所在。

        四、法律英語(yǔ)中停止條件句的漢譯

        對(duì)于停止條件句的翻譯,我國(guó)學(xué)者李克興作了比較詳細(xì)地分析。[35]還有學(xué)者對(duì)以我國(guó)香港特區(qū)雙語(yǔ)法例第32章《公司法》為語(yǔ)料,從描寫研究法和翻譯類型學(xué)的理論視角,對(duì)我國(guó)香港特區(qū)法例中引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)的if,where,in(the)case of,in the event of以及when等引導(dǎo)詞的譯法進(jìn)行探討,并試圖提出法律文本中不同條件句引導(dǎo)詞的不同譯法及其翻譯模式。[36]目前還有不少文章、法律翻譯類專著或手冊(cè)對(duì)法律犯規(guī)的翻譯進(jìn)行探討,但切實(shí)按照目的語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣進(jìn)行翻譯者卻并不多見。由于英漢法律語(yǔ)言受各自文化的影響而有其各自的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,在翻譯時(shí)須考慮這一點(diǎn)。下面將對(duì)各引導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法進(jìn)行評(píng)析并簡(jiǎn)要進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。

        (一)if的譯法評(píng)析

        有學(xué)者從我國(guó)香港特區(qū)中英立法對(duì)比分析后認(rèn)為if的翻譯模式主要可歸納為下列兩種模式:

        (1)“if”從句+→─主句“如”從句+主句(其所搜集樣本中有70%采用的是這種模式);

        (2)主句+“if”→─從句“如”從句+主句(該模式占到所搜集樣本的16%);[37]

        即采取法律條件句的代表性表達(dá)模式,將“if”譯為“如”。就主句與從句的位置而言,該模式因符合漢語(yǔ)條件句中“條件句在前,主句在后”的表述特點(diǎn)而具有一定的合理性。但如前所說,即便英語(yǔ)中最常見的模式是“IF X,Y will do Z”,漢語(yǔ)中并非以“如果P,則Q”這一代表性句式來表示假定;相反,從使用的頻率而言,倒是“的”字句及其他結(jié)構(gòu)更為常見。總之,在翻譯時(shí)須體現(xiàn)出假定結(jié)構(gòu)的普適性,即將假設(shè)盡量譯為條件句。例如:

        A company whose objects require comprise the transaction of business outside Hong Kong,may,if authorized byits articles,have for use in any territory,district,or place not situated in Hong Kong,an official seal,which shall be a facsimile of the common seal of the company,with the addition on its face of the name of every territory,district,or place where it is to be used.

        凡其宗旨需要或包括在我國(guó)香港特區(qū)以外進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)交易的公司,可在其章程許可的范圍內(nèi),在我國(guó)香港特區(qū)以外的任何領(lǐng)域、地區(qū)或地方備一個(gè)正式印章以供使用。該正式印章須為公司印章的復(fù)制品,且須在其印面加上將使用該印章的區(qū)域、地區(qū)或地方的名稱。

        該例句中的“if”結(jié)構(gòu)表示假定,如果譯為“如果”,則純粹表示一個(gè)假設(shè),與“每個(gè)公司都設(shè)有章程以確定其經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍”這一客觀事實(shí)不符合,故不妨譯為一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)。又如:

        If an invention was made by aperson,civil or military-

        (A)while domiciled in the United States,and serving in any other country in connection with operations by or on behalf of the United States,

        (B)while domiciled in a NAFTA country and serving in another country in connection with operations by or on behalf of that NAFTA country,or(C)..,

        that person shall be entitled to the same rights of priority in the United States with respect to such invention as if such invention had been made in the United States,that NAFTA country,or that WTO member country,as the case may be.

        若將上例中的if結(jié)構(gòu)譯為“如果發(fā)明人(無(wú)論文職或武職):(A)……(B)……或(C),則該發(fā)明人……”,則不符合目的與表述習(xí)慣,因法律漢語(yǔ)中,表示條件的并列結(jié)構(gòu)常使用“有”字句和“的”字句的聯(lián)合結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,不妨采用該格式。試譯:

        發(fā)明人(無(wú)論文職或武職)有下列情節(jié)之一的,其發(fā)明在美國(guó)享有同等優(yōu)先權(quán),即該發(fā)明視為在美國(guó)、該北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議成員國(guó)或該世界貿(mào)易組織成員國(guó)完成(視情況而定):

        ①在美國(guó)有住所,且在其他任何國(guó)家執(zhí)行美國(guó)的任務(wù)或代表美國(guó)執(zhí)行任務(wù);

        ②在北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議國(guó)家某個(gè)成員國(guó)內(nèi)有住所,且在其他任何國(guó)家執(zhí)行該成員國(guó)的任務(wù)或代表該成員國(guó)執(zhí)行任務(wù);或者……

        綜上,不能將if結(jié)構(gòu)一味譯為“如果……”法律漢語(yǔ)中較為常見的“的”字句、“在……時(shí)/情況下、/有…下列情況(之一)”等結(jié)構(gòu),盡管這些譯法在語(yǔ)意上削弱了if作為條件句表示“如果”的意思,但卻是法律漢語(yǔ)中地道的假定結(jié)構(gòu),其功能與原文相同。

        (二)where的譯法

        有學(xué)者對(duì)where的譯法進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì),認(rèn)為可分為下列兩種模式:

        (1)“where”從句+→─主句“凡”從句+主句(其所搜集樣本中有43%采用的是這種模式);

        (2)“where”從句+→─主句“如”從句+主句(該模式占到所搜集樣本的22%);

        即在絕大部分情形下可譯為“凡”,并認(rèn)為凡是譯為“如”的地方均可由“凡”代替。[38]在法律英語(yǔ)中,where引導(dǎo)條件句時(shí)確實(shí)常在主句之前,但位于主句之后的情況也不乏少數(shù),而且將其譯法限定為“凡”和“如”,實(shí)在是對(duì)我國(guó)立法中假定結(jié)構(gòu)的誤解。從前面的統(tǒng)計(jì)可知,法律漢語(yǔ)中使用“凡”引導(dǎo)假定的情況極少,而where在法律英語(yǔ)中使用頻率極高,故不妨采取法律

        漢語(yǔ)中使用頻率高的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)譯之。

        例1 Retirement From Partnership At Will[39]

        Where no fixed term has been agreed upon for the duration of the partnership,any partner may determine the partnership at any time on giving notice of his intention to do so to all the other partners.

        合伙協(xié)議未約定合伙企業(yè)的期限的,合伙人可于通知其他合伙人后隨時(shí)退伙。

        即譯為“的”字句,對(duì)此可參考我國(guó)《合伙企業(yè)法》第三十八條的規(guī)定。

        例2 The applicant shall furnish a drawing where necessary for the understanding of the subject matter sought to be patented.

        為說明專利擬保護(hù)的客體,申請(qǐng)人在必要時(shí)應(yīng)提供附圖。

        例2中的where位于主句之后,可將where necessary譯為“在……時(shí)”。

        例3 Where the order is made on a summons the order shall be served on the judgment debtor,but where the order is made on an ex parte application no service of the order on the judgment debtor shall be required.

        對(duì)于應(yīng)傳票而發(fā)布的命令,須送達(dá)判定債務(wù)人,但對(duì)于應(yīng)一方請(qǐng)求而簽發(fā)的命令,則無(wú)須送達(dá)判定債務(wù)人。

        即將其譯為“對(duì)”字句;或者將“對(duì)”省略,即不譯,均符合法律漢語(yǔ)的表述規(guī)范。

        (三)when/whenever的譯法

        有學(xué)者認(rèn)為可將When譯為其本意,即“在/當(dāng)……時(shí)”和“一經(jīng)”,表示時(shí)間的從句關(guān)系;也可譯為“如”而表示條件。根據(jù)其統(tǒng)計(jì),when表示條件在《公司法》里只出現(xiàn)了5次,故認(rèn)為并不長(zhǎng)用于引導(dǎo)條件句。[40]其實(shí),when/whenever一如其他引導(dǎo)假定結(jié)構(gòu)的引導(dǎo)詞,其譯法并非如此單一,可不譯,或譯為各種表示假定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

        Whenused in this title unless the context otherwise indicates,the term“invention”means invention or discovery.除文意另有所指外,本卷所述的“發(fā)明”包括“發(fā)明”和“發(fā)現(xiàn)”。(即where可不譯,其表示條件的意思可從句子中推斷出來)

        Whenever such written declaration is used,the document must warn the declarant that willful false statements and the like are punishable by fine or imprisonment,or both.(18USC 1001)

        使用上述書面聲明時(shí),須警告聲明人,蓄意虛假陳述或其他類似行為要受到罰款,或監(jiān)禁,或并罰。(即將其譯為where的基本義“…時(shí)”)

        When the nature of such subject matter admits of illustration by a drawing and the applicant has not furnished such a drawing,the Director may require its submission within a time period of not less than two months from the sending of a notice thereof.

        該客體的性質(zhì)要求插圖說明而申請(qǐng)人并未提供插入的,局長(zhǎng)可責(zé)令申請(qǐng)人于通知之日起2個(gè)月內(nèi)提交附圖。(即將where譯為“的”字句)

        (四)in the event of的譯法

        該短語(yǔ)可譯為“在…情況下”、“在……時(shí)”或“如果”等。例如:

        The Secretary of Commerce,upon nomination by the Director,shall appoint a Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Deputy Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office who shall be vested with the authority to act in the capacityof the Director in the event of the absence or incapacity of the Director.(商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)可根據(jù)局長(zhǎng)的提名任命一知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易副次長(zhǎng)和美國(guó)專利商標(biāo)局副局長(zhǎng),在局長(zhǎng)缺席或不能履行職責(zé)時(shí)暫代局長(zhǎng)之職。)

        In the event of the winding up of a company re-registered in purs ance of this section,the following provisions shall have effect-(a)..;(b)..;(c)..(依據(jù)本條重新注冊(cè)的公司在清算時(shí),適用下列規(guī)定:(1)……(2)……(3)……

        (五)notwithstanding的譯法

        notwithstanding常表示讓步,意思是“…更優(yōu)先適用性,不受…的限制”。

        例1 Notwithstanding Section 26of the Magistrates Ordinance,a complaint may be made or an information laid in respect of an offence under section 3within two years from the time when the matter of such complaint or information respectively arose.對(duì)于第3條所訂罪行,可在事后兩年內(nèi)申訴或告發(fā),不受《裁判官條例》第26條的限制。

        例2 Notwithstanding any other provision of law,a determination by the Director to release or not to release information concerning apublished patent application shall be final and nonreviewable.盡管法律有其他規(guī)定,局長(zhǎng)對(duì)是否披露與已公布專利申請(qǐng)相關(guān)的信息所作的決定是終局的,不得要求復(fù)議。

        (六)Without prejudice to的譯法

        該結(jié)構(gòu)可用于句首或句尾,可譯為“在不損害……的原則下”、“在不影響……的情況下”、“……不受影響”、“不妨礙……”等。

        例1 Without prejudice to the general powers conferred by the preceding Article and the other powers conferred by these Articles,it is hereby expressly declared that the Directors shall have the following powers..(在不影響上一條賦予董事的一般權(quán)利及本章程細(xì)則賦予董事其他權(quán)利的情況下,現(xiàn)明確聲明董事享有下列權(quán)利…)

        例2 In such suits the record in the Patent and Trademark Office shall be admitted on motion of either party upon the terms and conditions as to costs,expenses,and the further cross-examination of the witnesses as the court imposes,without prejudice to the right of the parties to take further testimony.The testimony and exhibits of the record in the Patent and Trademark Office when admitted shall have the same effect as if originally taken and produced in the suit.(在該類訴訟中,可依據(jù)當(dāng)事人的請(qǐng)求以及法院關(guān)于訴訟費(fèi)、開支、對(duì)證人的進(jìn)一步盤問的相關(guān)規(guī)定,允許使用專利商標(biāo)局所作的記錄,此舉并不影響當(dāng)事人進(jìn)一步收搜證據(jù)的權(quán)利。經(jīng)允用的該局所存的證詞和記錄,其效力與訴訟中所出示和收集的原始證據(jù)無(wú)異。)

        (七)Subject to的譯法

        該短語(yǔ)的意思是“依據(jù)、不違反、與……不得沖突”等,可靈活處理。

        例1 The United States Patent and Trademark Office,subject to the policy direction of the Secretary of Commerce,shall be responsible for the granting and issuing of patents and the registration of trademarks.美國(guó)專利商標(biāo)局依據(jù)商務(wù)部長(zhǎng)的政策指示,負(fù)責(zé)專利發(fā)布與商標(biāo)注冊(cè)事宜。

        例2 The Office shall facilitate and expedite the processing of patent applications,particularly those which can be filed,stored,processed,searched,and retrieved electronically,subject to the provisions of section 122relating to the confidential status of applications.專利商標(biāo)局應(yīng)根據(jù)第122條關(guān)于專利申請(qǐng)的保密規(guī)定,幫助和加速專利申請(qǐng)的處理,尤其是對(duì)那些能存檔、儲(chǔ)存、處理、檢索以及通過能用電子技術(shù)恢復(fù)的專利申請(qǐng)進(jìn)行處理。

        (八)for the purpose of的譯法

        該結(jié)構(gòu)在基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)和法律語(yǔ)境下都可表示“為了……目的”。除此之外,在立法文件中大量使用該表述結(jié)構(gòu),表示“為了實(shí)現(xiàn)立法宗旨而做出……規(guī)定”。因此,在翻譯時(shí)不能直譯為“為了……目的”,可意譯為“根據(jù)本(條/法等)的規(guī)定”、“在本條中”等。

        例1 Persons who have entered into partnership with one another are,for the purpose of this Ordinance,called collectively a firm,and the name under which their business is carried on is called the firm-name.在本條例中,訂立合伙協(xié)議的所有人總稱為合伙企業(yè),而據(jù)以開展其義務(wù)的名稱稱為合伙企業(yè)名稱。

        例2 For the purpose of this clause“holding company”and“subsidiary undertaking”shall have the same meaning as in the Companies Act 1985as amended by the Companies Act 1989.本條所述的“控股公司”和“附屬企業(yè)”,其含義與1985年頒布、并于1989年修訂的《公司法》中的規(guī)定相同。

        例3 For the purposes of paragraph(2)(B),the term“due diligence”means that degree of attention,continuous directed effort,and timeliness as may reasonably be expected from,and are ordinarily exercised by,aperson during a regulatory review period.根據(jù)第(2)(B)項(xiàng)的規(guī)定,“合理注意”指行為人在法定復(fù)審期間給予了足夠、及時(shí)、持續(xù)的關(guān)注和努力。

        (九)其他假定他結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法

        如前所述,語(yǔ)法隱喻在法律英語(yǔ)中極為普遍,導(dǎo)致名物化結(jié)構(gòu)泛濫,其中一種表現(xiàn)就是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)常引導(dǎo)短語(yǔ)或句子擔(dān)任假定。此外,副詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)表示假定的情況也不乏少數(shù),在翻譯時(shí)可靈活處理。

        例1 At any time after the respondent has been served with a temporarycease-and-desist order pursuant to subsection(c),the respondent may apply to the Commission to have the order set aside,limited or suspended.被告于收到臨時(shí)禁止令后,可隨時(shí)請(qǐng)求委員會(huì)撤銷(限制或暫停執(zhí)行)該臨時(shí)令。

        例2 In considering under this section whether a penalty is in public interest,the Commission or appropriate regulatory agency may consider the following..

        由于in引導(dǎo)的considering與commission有主謂關(guān)系,因此不妨考慮用漢語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯該條件句。這種表達(dá)在我國(guó)法律中也是存在的,如“認(rèn)定經(jīng)營(yíng)者具有市場(chǎng)支配地位,應(yīng)當(dāng)依據(jù)下列因素:……”(我國(guó)《反價(jià)格壟斷法》第十八條)。試譯:

        依本條認(rèn)定處罰是否符合公共利益,委員會(huì)或有關(guān)管理機(jī)構(gòu)可依據(jù)/考慮下列因素……

        例3 Within 60days of the submittal of an application for extension of the term of a patent under paragraph(1),the Director shall notify the Secretary of Agriculture if the patent claims a drug product.依據(jù)第(1)項(xiàng)的規(guī)定對(duì)藥物制品專利申請(qǐng)續(xù)展的,局長(zhǎng)應(yīng)于申請(qǐng)之日起60天內(nèi)將續(xù)展申請(qǐng)通知農(nóng)業(yè)部長(zhǎng)。

        例4 On or after the effective date of the Patent and Trademark Office Efficiency Act,the President shall appoint an individual to serve as the Director until the date on which a Director qualifies under subsection(a).自《專利商標(biāo)局效率法》生效之日起,總統(tǒng)可任命一名臨時(shí)局長(zhǎng),直至符合(a)款資質(zhì)的局長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生之日。

        總之,對(duì)于表示假定條件的結(jié)構(gòu),可根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表述習(xí)慣而適當(dāng)處理。

        五、法律漢語(yǔ)停止條件句的英譯

        (一)“的字句”的翻譯

        有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,“的字句”的普量性,即在日常語(yǔ)境下的“的字句”的常態(tài),不能適應(yīng)法律表述的需求,故就法學(xué)量則而言,即立法表述中的內(nèi)容和形式上的包容量而言,無(wú)論在形式上還是內(nèi)容上,立法表述中的“的”字句都需要增量,這就意味著一個(gè)短語(yǔ)可以承載多個(gè)復(fù)句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,可能包含多種單句或復(fù)句的句法關(guān)系。[41]其在具體的組句過程中可能會(huì)省略句子的某些成分,或者調(diào)整句子的語(yǔ)序,以適應(yīng)立法表意時(shí)所需要的狀態(tài),但無(wú)論如何,“的字句”具有名詞的功能,在法律漢語(yǔ)中常做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),在翻譯時(shí)可考慮下列因素而選擇不同的英語(yǔ)條件句來表示:

        1.當(dāng)“的字句”在句子中充當(dāng)行為的施事時(shí)

        若表示肯定形式,可用主動(dòng)句式,即用whoever/anyone who/anyone+分詞/介詞短語(yǔ),或者使用“aperson who..+V.”句型;若為否定形式時(shí),可變通為為“No one who..”、“whoever..shall not”等句型;[42]或者采用英語(yǔ)中的“條件句+主句”的結(jié)構(gòu)。

        例1 侵害公民身體造成傷害的,應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償醫(yī)療費(fèi)、因誤工減少的收入、殘疾人生活補(bǔ)助費(fèi)等費(fèi)用;造成死亡的,應(yīng)當(dāng)支付喪葬費(fèi)、死者生前撫養(yǎng)的人必要的生活費(fèi)等費(fèi)用。

        譯1:Anyone who infringes upon a citizen’s person and causes him physical injury shall pay his medical expenses and his loss in income due to missed working time and shall pay him living subsidies if he is disabled;if the victim dies,the infringer shall pay the funeral expenses,the necessary living expenses of the deceased’s dependents and other such expenses.(LAB)

        譯2:In the case of violation of a citizen’s person causing bodily injury,compensation shall be paid for medical costs,reduced income due to time off work and the living allowance of a disabled person,etc.If death is caused,costs such as the funeral expenses of the deceased and the necessary living costs of those who were dependants of the deceased prior to his death shall be paid.(CCH)

        譯3:One who harms the person of a citizen causing injuryshould compensate him for medical expenses,reduced income due to missed work,living expenses,disability allowance,and such expenses;where death has been caused,he should also pay funeral expenses and the necessary living expenses for the deceased’s dependents.(CLR)

        陳忠誠(chéng):A violator of a citizen’s person causing physical injury shall pay for the medical expenses,the income lost owing to missed work,and the disability allowance for daily life;the violator shall,where death is caused,also pay for the funeral service and the living expenses of the surviving dependent(s)of the deceased.

        由于該例中的“的”字句擔(dān)任句子的行為主體,是比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的漢語(yǔ)中“主謂賓”表述結(jié)構(gòu)。除譯2有違主位-述位推進(jìn)模式外,譯1、譯3與陳忠誠(chéng)的譯文都可以接受,只是譯3的“one who”結(jié)構(gòu)在英美法系表述中較為少見,不值得提倡。筆者認(rèn)為尚可采用“從句+主句”結(jié)構(gòu),通過代詞來實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇的銜接和推進(jìn)。試譯:

        If a person causes bodily injury to a citizen,he shall pay the infringed party for the medical expenses,the income lost owing to missed work,and the disability allowance for daily life;in the event of death as a result of the injury,funeral expenses and the cost of living supplements for the dependent(s)of the deceased shall be payable.

        例2 合伙人未經(jīng)其他合伙人同意而從事與企業(yè)相同性質(zhì)的業(yè)務(wù)并對(duì)合伙企業(yè)構(gòu)成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的,須陳述營(yíng)業(yè)所得并移交給合伙企業(yè)。

        上例中畫線部分的“的”字句可視為句子行為(陳述、移交)的施事,也是一個(gè)比較典型的SVO結(jié)構(gòu),故可譯為英語(yǔ)SVO結(jié)構(gòu)(“one who+v”句型);也可由if引導(dǎo)。試譯:

        譯1:Any partner who,without the consent of other partners,is engaged in a business of the same nature as and which is significantly competitive to that of the Company,shall account for and pay over to the firm all profits made by him in that business.

        譯2:If a partner,without the consent of the other partners,carries on any business of the same nature as and competing with that of the firm,he must account for and pay over to the firm all profits made by him in that business.[43]

        2.當(dāng)“的”字句作為行為的受事時(shí)

        此時(shí)可考慮將受事作為主語(yǔ)而譯為被動(dòng)句;或者補(bǔ)充出行為的主語(yǔ),而將“的”字句隱含的受事作為行為的賓語(yǔ)。

        例1 以非法占有為目的,使用詐騙方法非法集資,數(shù)額較大的,處5年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并處二萬(wàn)元以上二十萬(wàn)元以下罰金……

        譯1:Whoever,for the purpose of unlawful possession,unlawfully raises fund by means of fraud,shall be sentenced to pay a fine not less than twenty thousand(20,000)yuan nor more than two hundred thousand(200,000)yuan,in addition to a sentence of imprisonment for a term not more than five years or criminal detention,if the amount involved is relatively large;..[44]

        原文的畫線部分為句子的主語(yǔ)且為行為者,為法律規(guī)范中常見的“處字句”(即用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)),意思是行為者將被處以徒刑和罰金。這類“的”字句在我國(guó)臺(tái)灣地區(qū)和我國(guó)香港特區(qū)常表現(xiàn)為“者字句”,其表示行為人的形式更為明顯。[45]譯1嚴(yán)格按照中文行文特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)譯,只是其中的數(shù)字表達(dá)方式有失嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。也可改譯如下:

        譯2:“A person who/Anyone who,by fraud,raises a substantial amount of funds with intent illegally to appropriate it for himself,shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than five years or detention,and in addition thereto,a fine of not less than 20,000Yuan(¥20,000)nor/and not more than 200,000Yuan(¥200,000).”[46]

        例2 凡在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)犯罪的,除法律有特別規(guī)定的以外,都適用本法。

        譯1:This law shall be applicable to anyone who commits a crime within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People’s Republic of China,except as otherwise specifically provided by law.

        譯2:Except as otherwise specifically provided by law/Unless otherwise specifically provided by law,this Act shall be applicable to anyone who commits a crime within the territory of the People’s Republic of China.

        該例中,畫線部分在結(jié)構(gòu)上可視為是前置賓語(yǔ),而動(dòng)作及其施事為“本法適用……”,即在法律表述中的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了變化。[47]上述兩個(gè)譯法均將“人”作為賓語(yǔ),其實(shí)也可將“行為”作為賓語(yǔ),因?yàn)椴徽撌菍?duì)犯罪行為的實(shí)施者還是對(duì)犯罪行為本身,我國(guó)法律均有管轄權(quán)。故亦可將其改譯為:

        譯3:This law shall be applicable to anyoffense committed within the territory of the People’s Republic of China,except as otherwise specifically provided by law.

        例3 第十五條 有下列情形之一的,不予注冊(cè):

        (一)不具有完全民事行為能力的;

        (二)因受刑事處罰,自刑罰執(zhí)行完畢之日起至申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)之日止不滿兩年的;

        (三)受吊銷醫(yī)師執(zhí)業(yè)證書行政處罰,自處罰決定之日起至申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)之日止不滿兩年的;

        (四)有國(guó)務(wù)院衛(wèi)生行政部門規(guī)定不宜從事醫(yī)療、預(yù)防、保健業(yè)務(wù)的其他情形的。

        譯1:Under any of the following circumstances,registration shall not be granted:

        (1)where a person has not full capacity for civil conduct;

        (2)where,for a person having been sentenced to criminal punishment,it is not more than two years from the date of the end of the punishment to the date of applying for registration;

        (3)where,for a person having been imposed administrative punishment by which his practicing certificate of doctors was revoked,it is not more than two years from the date of the decision on the punishment to the date of applying for registration;or

        (4)where other circumstances unsuitable for serves of medical treatment,prevention or health care exist as prescribed by the administrative department of health under the state Council.

        該例中的“的”字句乃是行為的受事,故可譯為被動(dòng)句。原句采用否定動(dòng)詞的形式(即“不予注冊(cè)”),對(duì)此,法律英語(yǔ)中可使用主語(yǔ)的否定式(“no one..”),也可使用否定動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)(“..shall not”)句型。譯1的幾個(gè)并列小項(xiàng)在翻譯時(shí)并未遵從一致性原則,即幾個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的從句中,有的是以person做主語(yǔ),有的又是以other circumstances做主語(yǔ)。試看一下英國(guó)《合伙條例》的第13條的規(guī)定:

        In the following cases,namely,

        (a)where one partner,acting within the scope of his apparent authority,receives the money or property of a third person and misapplies it;and

        (b)where a firm in the course of its business receives the money or property of a third person and the money or property so received is misapplied by one or more of the partners while it is in the custody of the firm,

        the firm is liable to make good the loss.

        即將namely用于following case后面,將各種具體的情形明確列舉,使邏輯關(guān)系非常清晰。不妨采納類似表述而將例3改譯如下:

        譯2:In any of the following cases,namely,

        (1)where the applicant is physically or mentally incompetent(has limited or no full capacity for civil conduct);or

        (2)where an applicant convicted of an offence made an application within 2years commencing as of the date of completion of sentencing terms to the date of application[48];or

        (3)where the applicant suspended license by competent authority makes an application within 2years commencing as of the date of suspension to the date of application[49];or

        (4)where the applicant is not eligible to administer such services as medical treatment,disease prevention,or health care,as stipulated otherwise by the administrative department of health under the state Council,

        the Department may refuse to issue any license./the Department may deny an license or registration.[50]

        由于法律英語(yǔ)中常用if來引導(dǎo)并列結(jié)構(gòu),故不妨使用if引導(dǎo)而改譯如下:

        譯3:The Department may refuse to issue any license,if-

        (1)the applicant is physically or mentally incompetent;or

        (2)the applicant convicted of..or(3)..,or;(4)..

        例4 偽造、變?cè)鞎?huì)計(jì)憑證、會(huì)計(jì)賬簿、編制虛假財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告,構(gòu)成犯罪的,依法追究刑事責(zé)任。

        譯文1:Where accounting vouches or account books are counterfeited or altered,or false financial and accounting reports are prepared,and therefore a crime is constituted,criminal liabilities shall be investigated in accordance with law.

        譯文2:If a person counterfeits or alters accounting vouches,account books,or financial statements,and constitutes criminal offence,criminal liability shall be pursued.

        譯文1采用where句型,采用的被動(dòng)句型,并按照原文句式進(jìn)行處理,以求平衡,但立法追究的是人的責(zé)任,故應(yīng)將行為人作為主語(yǔ)方能更好地表明立法意圖;譯文2在語(yǔ)篇銜接上表示很符合邏輯,是人的行為構(gòu)成犯罪,而不是“aperson..constitutes an offense”,亦不足取;可折中一下,不妨譯為:

        If a person counterfeits or alters accounting vouches,account books or financial statements in violation of penal law,criminal liability shall be pursued./a competent judicial organ shall prosecute the said person for his criminal responsibilityin accordance with law./he shall be liable for criminal responsibility.(即可譯為被動(dòng)句,也可補(bǔ)充“追究”的主語(yǔ)而譯為主動(dòng)句。)

        3.“的”字句的其他譯法

        如果“的”字句與句子的行為之間不存在動(dòng)賓或主謂關(guān)系,則可將“的”字句譯為純粹的條件句,即分別表述為“in case of”、“if..”、“where..”、“when..”或其他介詞結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的句型。

        例1 第四十九條 企業(yè)法人有下列情形之一的,除法人承擔(dān)責(zé)任外,對(duì)法定代表人可以給予行政處分、罰款,構(gòu)成犯罪的,依法追究刑事責(zé)任:

        (一)超出登記機(jī)關(guān)核準(zhǔn)登記的經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍從事非法經(jīng)營(yíng)的;

        (二)向登記機(jī)關(guān)、稅務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)隱瞞真實(shí)情況、弄虛作假的。

        譯文1:Under any of the followingcircumstances,an enterprise as legal person shall bear liability,its legal representative may additionally be given administrative sanctions and fined and,if the offence constitutes a crime,criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the law。

        譯文2:When one of the followingsituations exists with respect to an enterprisejuristic person,apart from responsibilities undertaken by the juristic person,an administrative sanction or a fine may be imposed on its legal representative;if a crime has been established,criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the law for..(美國(guó)版)

        譯文3:Should any one of the following circumstances apply to a corporation,it shall assume liability and,in addition,its legal representative may be subject to administrative sanction or a fine;if a crime is constituted,criminal liability shall be investigated and determined according to the law…(澳大利亞版)

        例1 是典型的“的”字結(jié)構(gòu),與后面主句中的行為不存在主謂或動(dòng)賓邏輯關(guān)系。上面三種譯法各有得失(參見陳忠誠(chéng)的3A譯本),筆者認(rèn)為均不令人滿意,故參照英國(guó)《合伙條例》的第13條的規(guī)定而改譯如下:

        譯4:In the following cases,namely where enterprise-juristic person

        (1)carries out illegal business activities beyond the scope of business approved and registered by the registration body;or

        (2)conceals the true facts from the registration or tax authorities,or practices fraud..

        the enterprise-juristic person shall assume liability and,in addition,its legal representative may be subject to administrative sanction or a fine;if a crime is constituted,criminal liability shall be investigated and determined according to the law.

        例2 第六十九條 有下列情形之一的,委托代理終止:

        (一)代理期間屆滿或者代理事務(wù)完成;

        (二)被代理人取消委托或者代理人辭去委托……

        譯1:An entrusted agency shall end under any of the following circumstances:(1)when the period of agency expires or when the tasks entrusted are completed;(2)when the principal rescinds the entrustment or the agent declines the entrustment..

        譯2:Should any one of the following conditions exist,the appointed agency shall terminate

        (i)expiration of the period of agency or completion of the matters entrusted to the agent;

        (ii)cancellation of the appointment by the principal or resignation from the appointment by the agent..

        譯3:Entrusted representation shall terminate in any of the following situations:

        (1)the time period of the agency has expired or the task of the agent has been completed;

        (2)the principal cancels the entrustment or the agent resigns from the entrustment;(美國(guó)版)

        本例與上述例1頗為類似,即“的”字句與后面的主句不存在主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故不妨采用例1的方式將其譯為“從句+主句”結(jié)構(gòu)。試譯:

        In the following cases,namely,

        (1)where the time period of the agency has expired or the task of the agent has been completed;or

        (2)where the principal cancels the entrustment or the agent resigns from the entrustment,the entrustedagency terminates.

        或者改譯為由if引導(dǎo)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。試譯:

        The entrusted agency terminates,if-

        (1)the time period of the agency has expired or the task of the agent has been completed;or

        (2)the principal cancels the entrustment or the agent resigns from the entrustment;..

        例3 第二百八十條 偽造、變?cè)臁①I賣或者盜竊、搶奪、毀滅國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)的公文、證件、印章的,處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利;情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

        本例的畫線處為法律中的概括式立法模式,即以綜合性、概括性的“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重”、“其他嚴(yán)重情節(jié)”、“其他特別嚴(yán)重情節(jié)”等作為情節(jié)加重犯成立的立法模式,屬于邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)中的假定結(jié)構(gòu),目前多譯為“if the circumstance of such violation is severe”、“if the circumstances are serious”、“if the case is serious”、“if the violation is serious”等。[51]經(jīng)查閱文獻(xiàn)后發(fā)現(xiàn),英美法系法律文本中極少使用這些表述。試看我國(guó)香港特區(qū)移民局對(duì)有關(guān)移民管制所做的規(guī)定:

        The illegal workers were prosecuted and either fined or gaoled before being repatriated to their places of origin.Employers of illegal workers were also prosecuted and fined and,in serious cases,imprisoned.(Immigration Department,Immigration Control)

        德國(guó)《刑法典》將叛國(guó)罪分為high treason和treason兩類,前者的定義為:

        “a violent attempt against the existence or the constitutional order of the Federal Republic of Germany,carrying apenalty of life imprisonment or a fixed term of at least ten years.In less serious cases,the penalty is 1-10years in prison.

        而根據(jù)第94條的規(guī)定,對(duì)treason的處罰是:

        apenalty of one to five years in prison.However,in especiallysevere cases,life imprisonment or any term of at least of five years may be sentenced.”

        瑞士在其五十年代頒布的《刑法典》第266條中對(duì)“禁止外國(guó)企業(yè)危及瑞士的安全”作了下列規(guī)定:

        Whoever,with the purpose of inciting or supporting foreign enterprises aimed against the security of Switzerland,enters into contact with a foreign state or with foreign parties or other foreign organizations or their agents,or makes or disseminates untrue or tendentious claims,shall be punished with imprisonment of up to five years or a monetary penalty.

        In grave cases the judge may pronounce a sentence of imprisonment of no less than a month.

        英美法系中也有類似的表述:

        the Court first announced the regulatory taking concept—that government regulation alone,without appropriation or physical invasion of property,may be a takingif sufficientlysevere(情節(jié)嚴(yán)重).

        可見我國(guó)法律英譯本中“the case/circumstance/situation is serious”之類的表述并不常見。故,不妨將“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重時(shí)”這一概況性規(guī)定譯為英美法系中介詞短語(yǔ)“in serious/grave/severe case”或者“if sufficiently severe”這一縮略(deletion)結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)而可將本例改譯為:

        Anyone who forges,alters,buys or sells,steals,forcibly seizes,or destroys the official documents,certificates or seals of a state rogan,shall be sentenced to an imprisonment of not more than three years,criminal detention,public surveillance,or deprivations of political rights,and in severe case/if sufficientlysevere,be sentenced to an imprisonment of ten years or less but more than three years.

        (二)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)假定結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯

        如前所述,我國(guó)法律法規(guī)中的假定也常由主謂結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任,其功能與“的”字句相似。如果該結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任主體,也可使用whoever/anyone who/anyone+分詞/介詞短語(yǔ),或者使用aperson who結(jié)構(gòu);亦可根據(jù)英語(yǔ)的表述習(xí)慣而譯為其他的假定條件句。

        例1 違反本法規(guī)定,應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任和繳納罰款、罰金,其財(cái)產(chǎn)不足以同時(shí)支付時(shí),先承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任。

        譯1:A violator of this Law shall bear the civil compensation liability and pay the fine or pecuniary penalty.If its(his)property is insufficient to cover all the payment at the same time,it(he)shall first bear the civil compensation liability.(中)

        譯2:Anyone in violation of this Law shall be liable for civil compensation and payment of penalties and fines,and when the assets are not sufficient for payment,the civil compensation shall be executed first.(美)

        該例中的假定結(jié)構(gòu)隱含了行為主體,故可參照“的”字句擔(dān)任行為主體的譯法。譯1表述復(fù)雜且邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)不大清晰,加之冠詞、代詞的使用有違法律英語(yǔ)的表述特點(diǎn),譯2因更契合英語(yǔ)的“SV結(jié)構(gòu)”表述而更為合理。

        例2 在中華人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)從事下列活動(dòng),應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守本法:(一)食品生產(chǎn)和加工(以下稱食品生產(chǎn)),食品流通和餐飲服務(wù)(以下稱食品經(jīng)營(yíng));(二)……

        譯1:Those engaging in the following activities within the People’s Republic of China shall abide by this Law:1.food production and processing(hereinafter referred to as food production),and food circulation and catering services(hereinafter referred to as food business operation);2..

        譯2:The following business activities carried out within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall abide by this law:(1)Food production and processing(hereinafter referred to as“Food Production”);food distribution and catering service(hereinafter referred to as“Food Trading”);(2)..

        本例中畫線部分與冒號(hào)后面的并列結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成同位語(yǔ),即句子的主語(yǔ)為一些行為,故從語(yǔ)篇的主位述位推進(jìn)模式這一視角而言,譯1從邏輯上混亂,而且在序號(hào)的標(biāo)注上不符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的表述規(guī)范。譯2在語(yǔ)篇銜接上則更通順,但activities..abide by the law的用法不妥,不妨改為comply with或conform to,因后者一般指行為或行為人符合某規(guī)定或要件,例如:

        The Secretary may also require that a drawing of the mark,complyingwith such requirements as the Secretary may specify,accompany the application.

        The Director may suspend or exclude from further practice before the Patent and Trademark Office any person,agent,or attorney shown to be incompetent or disreputable,or guilty of gross misconduct,or who does not complywith the regulations established under section 2(b)(2)(D)of this title;

        而abide by一般用人作主語(yǔ),即行為人遵守某法律(如law-abiding citizens)。

        例3 省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定嚴(yán)于強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地方節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府報(bào)經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn);本法另有規(guī)定的除外。

        譯1:The local energy conservation standards formulated by provinces,autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government,which are more rigorous than the mandatory State or industrial standards shall be submitted to the State Council for approval by the people’s government thereof,unless otherwise provided for by this Law.

        譯2:If any province,autonomous region or municipality formulates local standards for energy conservation stricter than mandatory national and industrial standards,people’s government of such province,autonomous region or municipality shall submit the same to the State Council for approval,except for otherwise specified in this Law.

        原文的假定結(jié)構(gòu)并不明顯,乃是由一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)的句子擔(dān)任,但譯文1并未將該條件句譯為英語(yǔ)中的條件句,法律規(guī)范的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)未能體現(xiàn)出來,故譯2更佳。

        例4 第四十六條 企業(yè)法人終止,應(yīng)當(dāng)向登記機(jī)關(guān)辦理注銷登記并公告。

        譯1:Article 46.When an enterprise as legal person terminates,it shall cancel its registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the termination.(LAB)

        譯2:Article 46.Should a corporation terminate,it shall carry out procedures with the original registering body for cancellation of its registration and shall make a public announcement.(CCH)

        譯3:..When an enterprise juristic person is terminated,its registration should be cancelled with the registration agency and a public announcement made.(CLR)

        譯4:In the event of its termination,an enterprise-juristic person shall get itself deregistered and its termination announced.(陳忠誠(chéng))

        畫線處為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任的假定,其與后面句子的動(dòng)詞并不存在主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故可采用“條件句+主句”結(jié)構(gòu)。上述譯文在結(jié)構(gòu)上均可成立,只是邏輯關(guān)系有些混亂。不妨參照美國(guó)德州的有關(guān)立法[52]而改譯如下:

        If a corporation determines or is required to wind up,it shall apply to the registration authority to cancel/withdraw its registration and publicly announce the said cancellation or withdrawal.[53]

        (三)對(duì)于句(對(duì)字句)的翻譯

        由于“對(duì)于句”引導(dǎo)的部分在句法上為受事,可考慮譯為被動(dòng)句,即將該受事作為受事主體,也可譯為介詞短語(yǔ)(for..;in respect to..等);也可如前面所述譯為條件句。

        例1 對(duì)農(nóng)藥、肥料、生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑、獸藥、飼料和飼料添加劑等的安全性評(píng)估,應(yīng)當(dāng)有食品安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估專家委員會(huì)的專家參加。

        “對(duì)”字句的施事并未出現(xiàn),此時(shí)可將其視為一個(gè)名物化結(jié)構(gòu),即“農(nóng)藥的安全性評(píng)估”,從而可翻譯如下:

        譯1:The safety assessment of pesticides,fertilizers,growth regulators,animal drugs,feed,feed additives,etc.,shall be attended by experts from the Expert Committee On Food Safety Risk Assessment.

        也可將“對(duì)”字句處理為條件句,第二個(gè)分句為主句,即典型的“假定-行為”結(jié)構(gòu)。

        譯2:In the event of safetyassessment of pesticides,fertilizers,growth regulators,animal drugs,feed,feed additives,etc.,experts from the Expert Committee On Food Safety Risk Assessment shall be present.

        譯3:When assessing the safety of pesticides,fertilizers,growth regulators,animal drugs,feed,feed additives,etc.,experts from the Expert Committee On Food Safety Risk Assessment shall be present.

        例2 國(guó)家對(duì)落后的耗能過高的用能產(chǎn)品、設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)工藝實(shí)行淘汰制度。(《能源法》第十六條)

        該句中的施事并未隱形,在邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)上可理解為“國(guó)家…淘汰…產(chǎn)品、設(shè)備等”。因此在翻譯時(shí)可不使用被動(dòng)句,而譯為由施事?lián)沃髡Z(yǔ)的“SVO”結(jié)構(gòu)。試譯:

        The State implements a system of eliminating the outdated energy-consuming products,equipment and processes of excessively high energy consumption.

        例3 對(duì)超過單位產(chǎn)品能耗限額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用能的生產(chǎn)單位,由管理節(jié)能工作的部門按照國(guó)務(wù)院規(guī)定的權(quán)限責(zé)令限期治理。對(duì)高耗能的特種設(shè)備,按照國(guó)務(wù)院的規(guī)定實(shí)行節(jié)能審查和監(jiān)管。

        第一個(gè)“對(duì)”字句引導(dǎo)的部分作為“責(zé)令”的受事,可作主語(yǔ)而譯為被動(dòng)句,亦可由施事作主語(yǔ)而譯為“SVO”主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu);第二個(gè)“對(duì)字句”承前省略施事(管理部門),故可由介詞短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)作為假定結(jié)構(gòu),或者將該“對(duì)字句”作為受事而譯為被動(dòng)句。

        譯1:The manufacturers that use energy exceeding the standard of energy consumption limit on unit product shall be ordered to make corrections within the specified periods.//or:The departments in charge of administration of energy conservation work shall,to the extent of authority as specified by the State Council,order those manufacturers that use energy exceeding the standard of energy consumption limit on unit product to make corrections within the specified periods.

        With respect to special equipment of high energy consumption,examination and supervision on energy conservation shall be conducted pursuant to regulations of the State Council.//or:Special equipment of high energy consumption shall be subject to examination and control for energy conservation as required by the State Council.

        例4 對(duì)債務(wù)人的特定財(cái)產(chǎn)享有擔(dān)保權(quán)的債權(quán)人,未放棄優(yōu)先受償權(quán)利的,對(duì)于本法第六十一條第一款第七項(xiàng)、第十項(xiàng)規(guī)定的事項(xiàng)不享有表決權(quán)。

        本例中的“對(duì)”字句并不引導(dǎo)受事,而是與“的”字句合并作為句子的施事。試譯:

        Anycreditor who enjoys secured priority claim against the specific property of the debtor and has not waived the repayment priority,is not entitled to vote on any issues or matters as stipulated in Section 61(a)(7)and Section 61(a)(10)of this Law.

        也可將“對(duì)”字句和與“的”字句共同視為一個(gè)條件而譯為條件句。試譯:

        If an creditor enjoys secured priority claim against the specific property of the debtor and has not waived the repayment priority,he shall not enjoy the right to vote for any matter as stipulated in Section 61(a)(7)and Section 61(a)(10)of this Law.

        (四)其他假定情形的英譯

        可適當(dāng)?shù)靥幚頌橛蒳n case of,if..,where..,when..,for purpose of等引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)。

        例1 第三十一條 縣級(jí)以上質(zhì)量監(jiān)督、工商行政管理、食品藥品監(jiān)督管理部門應(yīng)當(dāng)依照《中華人民共和國(guó)行政許可法》的規(guī)定,審核申請(qǐng)人提交的本法第二十七條第一項(xiàng)至第四項(xiàng)規(guī)定要求的相關(guān)資料,必要時(shí)對(duì)申請(qǐng)人的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)核查。

        “必要時(shí)”在句中做狀語(yǔ),可譯為英語(yǔ)中的if necessary/when necessary均符合法律英語(yǔ)的表述規(guī)范。試譯:

        Article 31.The executive departments of health,agriculture,quality supervision,industry and commerce,and food and drug administration at the county level or above shall review applicants’documents as required by Article 27(1),(2),(3)and(4)of the Law in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Licensing,and shall inspect the applicant’s production or trading place if necessary/when necessary.

        例2 第三十六條 房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)企業(yè)在銷售房屋時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)向購(gòu)買人明示所售房屋的節(jié)能措施、保溫工程保修期等信息,在房屋買賣合同、質(zhì)量保證書和使用說明書中載明,并對(duì)其真實(shí)性、準(zhǔn)確性負(fù)責(zé)。

        譯1:Article 36When selling houses,real estate developers shall show clearly to the buyers,among other things,the energy conservation measures for the houses to be sold and the period of guarantee for the thermal insulation facilities,have such information clearly indicated in the real estate transaction contracts,the letters of guarantee for quality and the users’manuals,and be responsible for the authenticity and accuracyof such information.(中)

        譯2:Article 36When selling houses,real estate development enterprises shall demonstrate to buyers information on measures for energy conservation,term of warranty for warm-keeping projects,and shall state the same in House Purchase and Sale Contracts,Letter of Quality Guarantee and Users’Guide,and shall be responsible for the authenticity and accuracythereof.(美)

        從整體結(jié)構(gòu)而言,兩個(gè)譯法均可取,但譯2中使用的demonstrate,term of warranty,the same以及thereof等正式詞匯,更符合法律文體的要求,只是其中并列結(jié)構(gòu)使用了兩個(gè)“and shall”有違英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法。

        例3 食品生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)應(yīng)當(dāng)符合食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并符合下列要求:(1)食品生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)保持個(gè)人衛(wèi)生,生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)食品時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)將手洗凈,穿戴清潔的工作衣、帽;銷售無(wú)包裝的直接入口食品時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)使用無(wú)毒、清潔的售貨工具;(……食品安全法27條)

        譯1:A food producer or business operator shall meet the food safety standards and satisfy the following requirements:(1)ensuring that the persons engaging the production or business operation of food shall keep personal hygiene,wash their hands clean and wear clean clothes and hats during the process of production or business operation,and that they use innocuous and clean vending devices when selling unpacked ready-to-eat food..(中)

        譯2:Any food production or trading activities shall comply with food safety standards and the following requirements:

        (1)Food producers and traders shall maintain personal hygiene,clean their hands,and dress in clean clothing and cap;use sterilized and clean vending tools for direct consumption food without a package...(美)

        譯文2中,requirement后面的that從句作為同位結(jié)構(gòu),使意義更為連貫,故譯2更佳。其他的例子可參照前面有關(guān)假定條件句英譯漢部分的實(shí)例,在此就不贅述了。而對(duì)于法律漢語(yǔ)中的反義表述句的翻譯,參見本書“行為模式部分”的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

        六、解除條件句及其英漢互譯

        在古羅馬時(shí),所有法律行為都不能附條件,法律行為即時(shí)發(fā)生效力,亦采取相反方式消滅效力。以后允許遺囑、要物契約可附停止條件,但不能附加解除條件,如有附加視為未附加。到羅馬共和末期產(chǎn)生解除條件,用于對(duì)抗債權(quán)人違約行為;對(duì)要式買賣、債務(wù)免除、婚姻、收養(yǎng)、認(rèn)領(lǐng)、繼承等,不得附加條件。至近現(xiàn)代,法國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利等國(guó)民法典均明確規(guī)定了解除條件。具體而言,“解除條件句”(A condition subsequent)指:

        ..a condition that if performed or existing will excuse performance by another.The term is used in contract law to excuse a party from performing upon the nonoccurrence or existence of the condition.A condition subsequent is an act or event,not certain to occur,which if it occurs discharges a duty of performance which has already arisen.It refers to a future event,upon the happening of which the obligation becomes no longer binding upon the other party if that party chooses to apply that condition.It is opposed to a condition precedent,which is a condition which is to be performed before some right dependent thereon accrues or some act dependent thereon is performed.Condition subsequent refers to an event or state of affairs that brings an end to something else.A condition subsequent is often used in a legal context as a marker bringing an end to one’s legal rights or duties.[54]Common uses include language such as“may”,“but if”,“however”,or“provided that..”In comparison,a condition subsequent brings a duty to an end whereas a condition precedent initiates a duty.[55]

        即,解除條件與停止條件不同的是,前者表示在條件成就時(shí),履行義務(wù)得以解除,而后者表示該條件的成就為產(chǎn)生義務(wù)的前提。

        在英美規(guī)定性法律文本中,通常表現(xiàn)為由“Unless/Except/save”(otherwise agreed/stated/provided/stipulated/allowed/specified)[56],other than,以及其他一些引導(dǎo)但書(proviso)的句型(如provided for,provided that)等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

        Except as expressly excluded in subsections(a),(b),(c),(d),(e)(3),and(e)(5)of this section,nothing in this chapter shall prevent the registration of a mark used by the applicant which has become distinctive of the applicant’s goods in commerce.

        A mortgagee who exercises a power to sell mortgaged property must not become the purchaser of the mortgaged property except,—

        (a)in accordance with section 166,at a sale of land or goods through the Registrar;or

        (b)in accordance with an order of a court made under section 168.

        在上例中,except引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)乃是主句的規(guī)定不再適用的前提條件。根據(jù)《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》的解釋,[57]“但書”是法律條文中“但”或“但是”以下的部分,指明本條文的例外或限制。在法律漢語(yǔ)中,表示解除條件的“但書”包括“除……外”、“……除外”、“但是,……除外”、“但是,……不在此限”[58]等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

        “省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定嚴(yán)于強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地方節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府報(bào)經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn);本法另有規(guī)定的除外?!保ā赌茉捶ā返谑龡l)

        “食品檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)按照國(guó)家有關(guān)認(rèn)證認(rèn)可的規(guī)定取得資質(zhì)認(rèn)定后,方可從事食品檢驗(yàn)活動(dòng)。但是,法律另有規(guī)定的除外”。(《食品安全法》第五十七條)

        對(duì)英漢法律規(guī)范中解除條件句的位置進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),法律英語(yǔ)中由“unless/except/save otherwise..”引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)可置于主句前面或后面,位置比較靈活;由provided that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)則比較特殊:如果位于主句前,常引導(dǎo)停止條件;若位于主句后,則常引導(dǎo)但書。而法律漢語(yǔ)中,“除……外”常用于主句前,而“……除外”和“但是,……除外”等但書形式卻常用于句末。因此,在翻譯中應(yīng)注意漢英語(yǔ)言各自的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

        (一)法律英語(yǔ)中的解除條件句的漢譯

        “unless/except/save otherwise..”和“provided that”等表示解除條件的結(jié)構(gòu)可譯為漢語(yǔ)的“除……外”或“但……除外”[59],但須考慮這類結(jié)構(gòu)在漢語(yǔ)中的位置。

        例1 In this Ordinance,unless the context otherwise requires,“business”includes every trade,occupation,or profession.

        譯1:根據(jù)本條例/在本條例中,除文意另有所指外,“業(yè)務(wù)”包括所有的行業(yè)、職業(yè)和專業(yè)。

        譯2:根據(jù)本條例/在本條例中,“業(yè)務(wù)”包括所有的行業(yè)、職業(yè)和專業(yè),但文意另有所指的除外。

        例2 Where an application is made under this rule-

        (a)notice of the application must be given to the party for whom the solicitor is acting,unless the court directs otherwise;(b)..

        本例也可如例1一樣譯為“除……外”而放在主句前,也可以譯為“但書”而置于主句后。

        例3 Save as is provided in this Ordinance,no claim within the jurisdiction of the Board shall be actionable in any court.

        在普通英語(yǔ)中,save是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,但在法律英語(yǔ)中卻常用作介詞,相當(dāng)于except(for)。從詞源而言,save源語(yǔ)法語(yǔ),系法國(guó)人曾長(zhǎng)期統(tǒng)治英國(guó)的產(chǎn)物,常譯為“除……外”,其后面可跟一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ),也可以跟一個(gè)從句或另一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ),其常用句型save as(is)provided/stipulated。由于except,except for,unless等更為常見,故常用except as(is)provided/stipulated和unless otherwise provided/stipulated來代替“save as(is)provided/stipulated”。

        譯1:除本條例另有規(guī)定,凡屬仲裁處司法管轄權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的申索,不得在任何法庭進(jìn)行訴訟。

        譯2:凡屬仲裁處司法管轄權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的申索,不得在任何法庭進(jìn)行訴訟,但本條例另有規(guī)定的除外。

        例4 Provided always that,where the Engineer has certified and the Employer has paid direct as aforesaid,the Engineer shall in issuing any further certificate in favor of the Contractor deduct from the amount thereof the amount so paid,direct as aforesaid.

        用于句首時(shí),provided(always)that..常表達(dá)一個(gè)“例外、限制或附加條件”,意思是on the condition that;only if;so long as;providing(that);as long as;if;but;however等。試譯:

        工程師已出具證書且業(yè)主已直接作出上述支付時(shí),工程師向承包人出具任何其他證書時(shí)應(yīng)扣除業(yè)主直接支付的上述款項(xiàng)。

        當(dāng)用于主句后面時(shí),provided that;provided however that這類程式化表述常引導(dǎo)但書(Provisos),一般用逗號(hào)或冒號(hào)將其與主句隔開,可譯為“但是……”。例如:

        Every one who by words spoken or written or by conduct,represents himself as a partner in a particular firm is liable as a partner to any one who had,on the faith of any such representation,given credit to the firm:Provided that where,after a partner’s death,the partnership business is continued in the old firm-name,the continued use of that name or of the deceased partner’s name as part thereof shall not of itself make his executors’or administrators’estate or effects,liable for ay partnership debts contracted after his death.

        試譯:以口頭、書面或行為表明自己為某合伙企業(yè)的合伙人的,應(yīng)對(duì)善意相信其意思表示而向合伙企業(yè)提供貸款者承擔(dān)責(zé)任,但是,某合伙人死亡后,合伙企業(yè)仍以原企業(yè)名稱開展業(yè)務(wù)的,繼續(xù)使用原企業(yè)名稱,或繼續(xù)使用包含已故合伙人姓名的企業(yè)名稱,并不使已故合伙人的遺產(chǎn)執(zhí)行人或管理人對(duì)該合伙人死亡后締結(jié)的合同承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

        再如:Any fee or charge made payable by or under any Ordinance to the Crown or the government or to any public body other than the Urban Council or the Regional Council or public officer,not being a fee or charge which is regulated by rules of court may be reduced or varied by order of the Governor:Provided that no variation thereof shall cause such fee or charge to exceed the original figure.

        對(duì)于條例規(guī)定須向官方或政府結(jié)構(gòu)、公共機(jī)構(gòu)(市政局及區(qū)域市政局除外)或公職人員繳付的、且不屬于法院規(guī)則所規(guī)定的費(fèi)用,總督可下令予以減少或更改:但任何更改不得使該項(xiàng)費(fèi)用高于原來數(shù)目。此外,當(dāng)provided用做動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)時(shí),其意思是“規(guī)定”。例如:

        Section 111(1)provided that a local authority should have power to do anything..which is calculated to facilitate,or is conducive or incidental to,the discharge of any of their functions.

        可將provided that從句視為provide引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,譯為“規(guī)定”,全句可譯為:第111條第1款規(guī)定,地方當(dāng)局有權(quán)采取一切措施……履行其職責(zé)。

        例5 The United States Patent and Trademark Office shall be deemed,for purposes of venue in civil actions,to be a resident of the district in which its principal office is located,except where jurisdiction is otherwise provided bylaw.

        An application for patent shall be made,or authorized to be made,by the inventor,except as otherwise provided in this title,in writing to the Director.

        上述兩個(gè)畫線部分也是常見的解除條件句??煞謩e譯為“但法律對(duì)管轄權(quán)另有規(guī)定的除外”和“除本編另有規(guī)定外”。

        例6 No award made under this section shall be assignable or transferable or liable to be attached,sequestered or levied upon for or in respect of anydebt or claim whatsoever other than a debt due to the Government.

        試譯:根據(jù)本條所給付的補(bǔ)償金,不得轉(zhuǎn)讓他人,亦不得因任何債務(wù)或索賠而予以扣押、暫押或查押,但欠政府的債務(wù)不在此限/但欠政府的債務(wù)除外。

        例7 Unless the contractor’s Representative is named in the Contract,the Contractor shall prior to the Commencement Date,submit to the Engineer for consent the name and particulars of the person the Contractor proposes to appoint as Contractor’s Representative.

        譯1:合同中沒有寫明承包商代表姓名的,承包商應(yīng)當(dāng)在開工日期前,將其建議任命為承包商代表的人員姓名和詳細(xì)資料提交工程師同意。

        譯2:承包商應(yīng)當(dāng)在開工日期前,將其建議任命為承包商代表之人員姓名和詳細(xì)資料提交工程師同意,但合同中寫明了承包商代表姓名的除外。

        由于unless常譯為“除……外”而具有否定意義,故而有人將其譯為否定式的停止條件句(如譯1)。盡管兩個(gè)譯法在意思上相似,但具有不同的法律后果:譯1的舉證責(zé)任由合同制定者承擔(dān);而譯2的舉證責(zé)任由承包商承擔(dān)。因此,不妨還是采用法律漢語(yǔ)中典型解除結(jié)構(gòu)而改譯如下:

        承包商應(yīng)于開工日期前將其擬指定之代理人的姓名和詳細(xì)資料提交工程師以征得其同意,但合同中列承包商代理人姓名的除外。//除承包商代理人的姓名于合同中列明外,承包商應(yīng)于開工日期前將其擬指定之代理人的姓名和詳細(xì)資料提交工程師以征得其同意。

        (二)法律漢語(yǔ)中的解除條件句的英譯

        如前所述,法律漢語(yǔ)中的解除條件句可表述為“除……外;(但)……除外”,“但是……”等,法條里罕見“除非……”這一表述。在翻譯時(shí)可譯為上述的英語(yǔ)中的解除條件句。

        例1 食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。除食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,不得制定其他的食品強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(《食品安全法》第十九條)

        試譯:Food safety standards are mandatory.Except for the food safety standards,no other mandatory standards for food shall be developed.

        例2 除本法第二百五十五條的規(guī)定外,保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的發(fā)生全損,保險(xiǎn)人支付全部保險(xiǎn)金額的,取得對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的的全部權(quán)利;但是,在不足額保險(xiǎn)的情況下,保險(xiǎn)人按照保險(xiǎn)金額與保險(xiǎn)價(jià)值的比例取得對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的的部分權(quán)利。

        試譯:Except as stipulated in Article 255of this Act,where a total loss occurs to the subject matter insured and the full insured amount is paid,the insurer shall acquire the full right to the subject matter insured.In the case of under-insurance,the insurer shall acquire the right to the subject matter insured in the proportion that the insured amount bears to the insured value.

        例3 根據(jù)第(1)款發(fā)出的通知書,除其中另有規(guī)定外,適用于通知書中所指的財(cái)產(chǎn)收入。

        試譯:A notice under subsection(1)shall,unless it otherwise provides/unless otherwise provided(or stipulated)herein,apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself.

        例4 公司成員人數(shù)不超過五十人(不包括公司雇用的人士,亦不包括先前受公司雇用并且在雇用期間為公司成員以及雇用終止之后仍為公司成員的人士),但是兩人或兩人以上聯(lián)名持有公司的一份或多份股份的,視為本款所述的一個(gè)成員。

        試譯:The number of members of the company(exclusive of persons who are in the employment of the company and of persons who having been formerly in the employment of the company were while in such employment and have continued after the determination of such employment to be members of the company)is limited to 50.Provided that where 2or more persons hold one or more shares in the company jointly,they shall for the purpose of this regulation be treated as a single member.

        例5 省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定嚴(yán)于強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地方節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府報(bào)經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn);本法另有規(guī)定的除外。

        試譯:If any province,autonomous region or municipality formulates local standards for energy conservation stricter than mandatory national and industrial standards,people’s government of such province,autonomous region or municipality shall submit the same to the State Council for approval,except for otherwise specified in this Law/unless otherwise provided for bythis Law.

        例6 食品檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)按照國(guó)家有關(guān)認(rèn)證認(rèn)可的規(guī)定取得資質(zhì)認(rèn)定后,方可從事食品檢驗(yàn)活動(dòng)。但是,法律另有規(guī)定的除外。

        譯1:Food testing agencies shall not perform food testing only unless they have been accredited in accordance with relevant State requirements on certification and accreditation,unless otherwise specified bylaw.

        譯2:Unless otherwise specified by law,no food testing agencies may perform food testing unless they have been accredited in accordance with relevant State requirements on certification and accreditation.

        譯3:Food testing agencies shall perform food testing only after they have been accredited in accordance with relevant State requirements on certification and accreditation,unless otherwise specified bylaw.

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