第十二章　常用法律文本翻譯示例

依據(jù)導(dǎo)論中對法律文本的分類，本章將對相關(guān)法律文本的翻譯進(jìn)行依次論述，并提供相關(guān)參考譯文。

第一節(jié)　翻　譯　示　例

一、法律法規(guī)類文本

法律法規(guī)類文本就是大家通常所說的立法文本，這一類法律文本，一般通過集體合作，由國際組織、政府組織專業(yè)人員翻譯。這類文本的翻譯水平一般較高，是研習(xí)法律文本入門的必備資料。

（一）《美利堅合眾國憲法》（The Constitution of the United States of America）

美國的每一個州都有自己的憲法，但是人們通常所說的憲法都指聯(lián)邦憲法?1787年5月，美國各州代表在費(fèi)城召開制憲會議，同年9月通過了《美利堅合眾國憲法》?1789年，美國憲法正式生效，后又附加了27條憲法修正案?美國憲法是世界上“壽命最長”的成文憲法?作為世界上第一部成文憲法，美國憲法也為以后許多國家憲法的制定提供了成功的范本?

Preamble

We the people of the United States,in order to form a more perfect union，establish justice，insure domestic tranquility，provide for the common defense,promote the general welfare,and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

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（二）《美國統(tǒng)一商法典》（Uniform Commercial Code）

《美國統(tǒng)一商法典》（Uniform Commercial Code）是在統(tǒng)一州法全國委員會和美國法學(xué)會的共同努力下所取得的最成功和最重要的成果，也是最為著名的一部“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法典”。它分為11章（Article），以總則（General Provisions）和各分則的形式，對現(xiàn)實中的商事規(guī)則和商事慣例進(jìn)行了歸納和制度層面的架構(gòu)。它基本消除了各州商法對州際交易因規(guī)定不同而造成的障礙，實現(xiàn)了美國商法在州際交易范圍內(nèi)，關(guān)于銷售、票據(jù)、擔(dān)保、信貸各領(lǐng)域規(guī)定的統(tǒng)一（除路易斯安那州之外的49個州、哥倫比亞特區(qū)和維爾京島都采納了這部法典），并為各類商事交易活動提供了優(yōu)良的模式，被美國國內(nèi)乃至國際商事社會廣泛采用和吸收，實現(xiàn)了商法的國際性。

TITLE

AN ACT

To be known as the Uniform Commercial Code,Relating to Certain Commercial Transactions in or regarding Personal Property and Contracts and other Documents concerning them,including Sales,Commercial Paper,Bank Deposits and Collections,Letters of Credit,Bulk Transfers,Warehouse Receipts,Bills of Lading,other Documents of Title,Investment Securities,and Secured Transactions,including certain Sales of Accounts,Chattel Paper,and Contract Rights；Providing for Public Notice to Third Parties in Certain Circumstances；Regulating Procedure,Evidence and Damages in Certain Court Actions Involving such Transactions,Contracts or Documents；to Make Uniform the Law with Respect Inconsistent Legislation.

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（三）《中華人民共和國憲法》（The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China）

……

本憲法以法律的形式確認(rèn)了中國各族人民奮斗的成果，規(guī)定了國家的根本制度和根本任務(wù)，是國家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。全國各族人民、一切國家機(jī)關(guān)和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會團(tuán)體、各企業(yè)事業(yè)組織，都必須以憲法為根本的活動準(zhǔn)則，并且負(fù)有維護(hù)憲法尊嚴(yán)、保證憲法實施的職責(zé)。

第一章　總　綱

第一條　中華人民共和國是工人階級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。

社會主義制度是中華人民共和國的根本制度。禁止任何組織或者個人破壞社會主義制度。

第二條　中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。

人民行使國家權(quán)力的機(jī)關(guān)是全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會。

人民依照法律規(guī)定，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務(wù)，管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)，管理社會事務(wù)。

第三條　中華人民共和國的國家機(jī)構(gòu)實行民主集中制的原則。

全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會都由民主選舉產(chǎn)生，對人民負(fù)責(zé)，受人民監(jiān)督。

國家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會產(chǎn)生，對它負(fù)責(zé)，受它監(jiān)督。

中央和地方的國家機(jī)構(gòu)職權(quán)的劃分，遵循在中央的統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，充分發(fā)揮地方的主動性、積極性的原則。

第四條　中華人民共和國各民族一律平等。國家保障各少數(shù)民族的合法的權(quán)利和利益，維護(hù)和發(fā)展各民族的平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助關(guān)系。禁止對任何民族的歧視和壓迫，禁止破壞民族團(tuán)結(jié)和制造民族分裂的行為。

國家根據(jù)各少數(shù)民族的特點(diǎn)和需要，幫助各少數(shù)民族地區(qū)加速經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的發(fā)展。

各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實行區(qū)域自治，設(shè)立自治機(jī)關(guān)，行使自治權(quán)。各民族自治地方都是中華人民共和國不可分離的部分。

各民族都有使用和發(fā)展自己的語言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的自由。

第五條　中華人民共和國實行依法治國，建設(shè)社會主義法治國家。

國家維護(hù)社會主義法制的統(tǒng)一和尊嚴(yán)。

一切法律、行政法規(guī)和地方性法規(guī)都不得同憲法相抵觸。

一切國家機(jī)關(guān)和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會團(tuán)體、各企業(yè)事業(yè)組織都必須遵守憲法和法律。一切違反憲法和法律的行為，必須予以追究。

任何組織或者個人都不得有超越憲法和法律的特權(quán)。

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（四）《中華人民共和國民法通則》（General Principle’s of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China）

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第一章　基　本　原　則

第一條　為了保障公民、法人的合法的民事權(quán)益，正確調(diào)整民事關(guān)系，適應(yīng)社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)事業(yè)發(fā)展的需要，根據(jù)憲法和我國實際情況，總結(jié)民事活動的實踐經(jīng)驗，制定本法。

第二條　中華人民共和國民法調(diào)整平等主體的公民之間、法人之間、公民和法人之間的財產(chǎn)關(guān)系和人身關(guān)系。

第三條　當(dāng)事人在民事活動中的地位平等。

第四條　民事活動應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循自愿、公平、等價有償、誠實信用的原則。

第五條　公民、法人的合法的民事權(quán)益受法律保護(hù)，任何組織和個人不得侵犯。

第六條　民事活動必須遵守法律，法律沒有規(guī)定的，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守國家政策。

第七條　民事活動應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重社會公德，不得損害社會公共利益，破壞國家經(jīng)濟(jì)計劃，擾亂社會經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。

第八條　在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的民事活動，適用中華人民共和國法律，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。

本法關(guān)于公民的規(guī)定，適用于在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的外國人、無國籍人，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。

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二、商業(yè)協(xié)議類文本

此類文本是法律翻譯實踐中使用最廣、實用價值較高，也是從事法律翻譯應(yīng)該、必須掌握的文本。此類文本的主要特點(diǎn)是格式化，受國內(nèi)法調(diào)整，但不以國內(nèi)法為依據(jù)，而是以貿(mào)易慣例、全球通行的法律原則為起草依據(jù)而制定，即當(dāng)事人合意的任意性條款較多。以下是常用各種性質(zhì)的合同的中英對照翻譯：

續(xù)表

（一）獨(dú)家代理協(xié)議（Sole Agency Agreement）

This Sole Agency Agreement is made and entered into this 28th day of September,2009,in Changsha,Hunan,China through friendly negotiations by and between Far East Industrial Corporation of America,having its principal office at New York of U．S．A.（hereinafter called Principal）and Changsha Electronic Products Import ＆ Export Corporation,having its principal office at Changsha,Hunan,China（hereinafter called Agent）on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to develop business on the terms and conditions set forth below：

1．Principal agrees to appoint Agent to act as its sole agent in the territory of Changsha,Hunan,China for the sale of COMPAQ 1200 computers supplied by Principal.

2．Price：

Agent is under obligation to push sale energetically at the price quoted by Principal．Each transaction is subject to Principal’s final confirmation.

3．Quantity：

During the under-mentioned period,Agent shall place orders with Principle for not less than 5,000 sets of COMPAQ 1200 computers．Agent shall order at least 2,500 sets in the first six months from the date of signing this agreement．Should Agent fail to fulfill the abovementioned quantity（namely 2,500 sets）in this duration,Principal shall have the right to sell the goods under this agreement to other customers in Changsha．In case Agent places orders for less than 1,000 sets in three months from the date on which the agreement is signed,Principle shall have the right to terminate this agreement by giving notice in writing to Agent.

4．Payment：

Payment is to be made by confirmed,irrevocable Letter of Credit,without recourse,available by sight draft upon presentation of shipping documents．The Letter of Credit for each order shall reach Principal 30 days before（prior to）the date of shipment．Should Agent fail to establish the Letter of Credit in time,any loss or losses including bank interest,storage,etc．which Principal may sustain shall be borne by Agent.

5．Commission

Principal agrees to pay Agent a commission of 5%（five percent）on F．O．B value of orders．The commission is to be paid only after full payment for each order is received by Principal．As stated in Article 3）of this agreement,no commission shall be paid on orders secured and executed by Principal itself.

6．Reports on Market Condition：

Agent shall have the obligation to forward once every three months to Principal detailed reports on current market conditions and on consumers’ comment．For Principal’s itself,Agent shall,from time to time,forward to Principal samples of similar commodity offered by other suppliers,together with their price,sales position and advertising material.

7．Advertising ＆ Publicity Expenses：

Agent shall bear all expenses for advertising and publicity within the aforementionedterritory in the duration of this Agreement and submit to Principal all drafts and/or drawings intended for such purposes for prior approval.

8．Validity of Agreement：

This Agreement,when duly signed by the parties concerned,shall remain in force for two years to be effective as from September 28,2009 to September 27,2011．If a renewal of this Agreement is desired,notice in writing should be given by either party within one month prior to its expiry．Should one of the parties fail to comply with the terms and conditions of this Agreement,the other party is entitled to terminate this Agreement.

9．Arbitration：

All disputes arising from the execution of this Agreement shall be settled through negotiation between both parties．In the event that no settlement can be reached,the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade,Changsha,in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Foreign Trade Arbitration．The decision made by this Commission shall be regarded as final and is binding on both parties.

10．Other Terms ＆ Conditions：

1）Principal shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the abovementioned territory．Direct enquiries,if any,will be referred to Agent．However,should any other buyers insist on dealing direct with Principal,Principal should have the right to deal with them．In the latter case,Principal shall send to Agent a copy of relevant S/C and reserve 3 per cent（3%）commission for Agent on the net invoice value of the transactions concluded.

2）Should Agent fail to send their orders to Principal for a minimum of..．for a period of ..．months,Principal shall not be bound to this Agreement.

3）For any business transacted between governments of both parties,Principal shall have full right handle such direct dealings as authorized by principal’s government without binding themselves to this Agreement．Agent shall not interfere with such direct dealings,nor shall Agent bring forward any demand for compensations or commission thereof.

4）Other terms and conditions shall be subject to those specified in the formal S/C signed by both parties.

This Agreement is made out in quadruplicate，each party bolding two copies.

Principal________　　　　　　　Agent________

（二）包銷協(xié)議書（Exclusive Sales Agreement）

經(jīng)友好協(xié)商，中國、北京，中國國家進(jìn)出口公司（以下稱甲方）與埃及、開羅，×××公司（以下稱乙方）就下列條款條件締結(jié)協(xié)議：

1．甲方委托乙方在埃及地區(qū)包銷“天壇”牌男式襯衫。此協(xié)議有效期自2009年5月至2011年5月。

2．?dāng)?shù)量：在上述時間內(nèi)，乙方應(yīng)努力促銷，其“天壇”牌男式襯衫銷售量不低于兩百萬件，每季度銷售量應(yīng)大致均等。

3．在此協(xié)議有效期內(nèi)，甲方不應(yīng)以埃及各港口為終到港向其他廠商提供上述貨物，同時乙方保證不購買、促銷或代理任何其他廠商提供的與條款1所述貨物相同或類似的產(chǎn)品。乙方保證不將上述貨物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至任何甲方已經(jīng)授權(quán)包銷或代銷商的地區(qū)。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)任何違反上述協(xié)議的行為，甲方有權(quán)終止本協(xié)議。

4．如包銷地區(qū)其他買家向甲方提出購買上述貨物，甲方應(yīng)介紹其向乙方購買。如對方堅持直接向甲方購買，甲方可以進(jìn)行交易。同樣，甲方可以不低于給乙方報價的價格與訪問中國及參加中國出口商品展覽會的埃及買主進(jìn)行交易。在上述情況下，甲方同意付給乙方每單交易船上交貨價的1%的傭金，并向乙方提供交易相關(guān)合同的副本。

5．在此協(xié)議有效期間，雙方應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守協(xié)議各條款規(guī)定的條件。如任何一方違反協(xié)議，必要時另一方有權(quán)宣布終止本協(xié)議。

6．乙方負(fù)責(zé)每月向甲方寄送報告以供參考。報告包括上述貨物的當(dāng)?shù)厥袌銮闆r（關(guān)于價格水平的細(xì)節(jié)以及對商品品種的需求）。

7．本協(xié)議期滿后，雙方將通過協(xié)商決定終止或續(xù)簽協(xié)議。

8．本協(xié)議分別由中、英兩種語言書寫，兩種文本具同等法律效力。每個版本雙方均持有。

甲方：×××　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　乙方：×××

2009年4月26日

（三）貨物進(jìn)口合同（Purchase Contract）

……

The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below：

1．Name,Specifications and Quality of Commodity：

2．Quantity：

（________% more or less allowed）

3．Unit Price：

4．Total Amount：

5．Terms of Delivery FOB/CFR/CIF________

6．Country of Origin and Manufacturers：

7．Packing：

The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness,rust,moisture,erosion and shock,and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation．The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing．The measurement,gross weight,net weight and the cautions such as “Do not stack up side down”,“Keep away from moisture”,“Handle with care” shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment.

8．Shipping Marks：

9．Time of Shipment：

10．Port of Loading：

11．Port of Destination：

12．Insurance：

Insurance shall be covered by the________for 110% of the invoice value against________ Risks and________Additional Risks.

13．Terms of Payment：

1）Letter of Credit：The Buyer shall,________days prior to the time of shipment /after this Contract comes into effect,open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller．The Letter of Credit shall expire________days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.

2）Documents against payment：After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Sellers bank and________Bank to the Buyer against payment,i.e D/P．The Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill（s）of exchange.

3）Documents against Acceptance：After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange,payable________days after the Buyers delivers the document through Seller’s bank and________Bank to the Buyer against acceptance（D/A________days）．The Buyer shall make the payment on date of the bill of exchange.

4）Cash on delivery（COD）：The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount within________ days after the receipt of the goods（This clause is not applied to the Terms of FOB,CFR,CIF）.

14．Documents Required：

The Seller shall present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection：

1）Full set of clean on board Ocean/Combined Transportation/Land Bills of Lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid/ to collect；

2）Signed commercial invoice in________copies indicating Contract No.,L/C No.（Terms of L/C）and shipping marks；

3）Packing list/weight memo in________copies issued by________；

4）Certificate of Quality in________copies issued by________；

5）Certificate of Quantity in________copies issued by________；

6）Insurance policy/certificate in________copies（Terms of CIF）；

7）Certificate of Origin in________copies issued by________；

8）Shipping advice：

The Seller shall,within________hours after shipment effected,send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned documents No..

15．Terms of Shipment：

1）FOB

The Seller shall,30 days before the shipment date specified in the Contract,advise the Buyer by________of the Contract No.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,gross weight,measurement,and the date of shipment in order that the Buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space．In the event of the Seller’s failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loading port,all expenses including dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred shall be for the Seller’s account.

2）CIF or CFR

The Seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loading to the port of destination．Under CFR terms,the Seller shall advise the Buyer by________of the Contract No.,commodity,invoice value and the date of dispatch two days before the shipment for the Buyer to arrange insurance in time.

16．Shipping Advice：

The Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods,advise the Buyer of the Contract No.,names of commodity,loading quantity,invoice values,gross weight,name of vessel and shipment date by________within________hours.

17．Quality Guarantee：

The Seller shall guarantee that the commodity must be in conformity with the quality,specifications and quantity specified in this Contract and Letter of Quality Guarantee．The guarantee period shall be________months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination,and during the period the Seller shall be responsible for the damage due to the defects in designing and manufacturing of the manufacturer.

18．Inspection：

1）The Seller shall have the goods inspected by________days before the shipment and have the Inspection Certificate issued by________．The Buyer may have the goods reinspected by________after the goods arrival at the destination.

2）The manufacturers shall,before delivery,make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality,specifications,performance and quantity/weight,and issue inspection certificates certifying the technical data and conclusion of the inspection．After arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau（hereinafter referred to as CCIB）for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods．If damages of the goods are found,or the specifications and/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in this Contract,except when the responsibilities lies with Insurance Company or Shipping Company,the Buyer shall,within________days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,claim against the Seller,or reject the goods according to the inspection certificate issued by CCIB．In case of damage of the goods incurred due to the design or manufacture defects and/or in case the quality and performance are not in conformity with the Contract,the Buyer shall,during the guarantee period,request CCIB to make a survey.

19．Claim：

The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller（including replacement of the goods）by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller．The claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fail to reply within________days after the Seller received the Buyer’s claim.

20．Late delivery and Penalty：

Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract,with the exception of Force Majeure causes specified in Clause 21 of this Contract,the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation．The rate of penalty is charged at________% for every________days,odd days less than________days should be counted as________days．But the penalty,however,shall not exceed________% of the total value of the goods involved in the delayed delivery．In case the Seller fail to make delivery________days later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract,the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract and the Seller,in spite of the cancellation,shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without delay.

The buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the Seller for the losses sustained if any.

21．Force Majeure：

The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit．The Seller shall advise the Buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within________days thereafter the Seller shall send a notice by courier to the Buyer for their acceptance of a certificate of the accident issued by the local chamber of commerce under whose jurisdiction the accident occurs as evidence thereof．Under such circumstances the Seller,however,are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods．In case the accident lasts for more than________days the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract.

22．Arbitration：

Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation．In case no settlement is reached,the dispute shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission（CIETAC），Shenzhen Commission,for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration．The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.

23．Notices：

All notice shall be written in________and served to both parties by fax/courier according to the following addresses．If any changes of the addresses occur,one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within________days after the change.

24．The terms FOB、CFR、CIF in the Contract are based on INCOTERMS 2010 of the International Chamber of Commerce.

25．Additional clause：

Conflicts between Contract clause hereabove and this additional clause,if any,it is subject to this additional clause.

26．This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English,each of which shall deemed equally authentic．This Contract is in________copies,effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.

Representative of the Buyer

（Authorized signature）：________________

Representative of the Seller

（Authorized signature）：________________

（四）補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易合同（Compensation Trade Contract）

……

鑒于乙方擁有現(xiàn)用于制造________的機(jī)器設(shè)備，并愿意將機(jī)器設(shè)備賣給甲方；鑒于乙方同意購買甲方用乙方提供的機(jī)器設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的________，以補(bǔ)償其機(jī)器設(shè)備的價款；

鑒于甲方同意從乙方購買該項機(jī)器設(shè)備；

鑒于甲方有意向乙方出售________，以償還乙方的機(jī)器設(shè)備價款；

因此，考慮到本協(xié)議所述的前提和約定，甲、乙雙方特訂立此協(xié)議。

第一條　貿(mào)易內(nèi)容

1．乙方向甲方提供用于生產(chǎn)的________型機(jī)械________臺，以及各種其他輔助機(jī)械設(shè)備，并同時提供各類機(jī)械設(shè)備所必需的附配件及備用件，以及在生產(chǎn)過程中各種必需的測試儀器。具體的各類機(jī)械設(shè)備、測試儀器、附、配件、備用件之型號、名稱、規(guī)格、數(shù)量、價格、包裝、要求、交貨期限等，由雙方另行簽訂設(shè)備進(jìn)口合同，作為本合同不可分割的一部分。

2．甲方用乙方提供的機(jī)械設(shè)備所生產(chǎn)的部分產(chǎn)品以及其他商品，或經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商，用________工廠生產(chǎn)的________商品來償付全部機(jī)械設(shè)備的價款。具體的償付商品的名稱、數(shù)量、價格、交貨期限等，由雙方另行簽訂補(bǔ)償商品供貨合同，作為本合同不可分割的一部分，設(shè)備進(jìn)口合同與補(bǔ)償商品供貨合同可合并為補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易購銷合同。

第二條　支付條件與方式

由甲乙雙方對開信用證，即由甲方分期開出以乙方為受益人的遠(yuǎn)期信用證，分期、分批支付全部機(jī)械設(shè)備的價款；乙方開出以甲方為受益人的即期信用證，支付補(bǔ)償商品的貨款。甲方用乙方支付補(bǔ)償商品的貨款來支付全部機(jī)械設(shè)備的價款。當(dāng)乙方支付的貨款不能相抵甲方所開的遠(yuǎn)期信用證之金額時，其差額部分由乙方用預(yù)付貨款方式，在甲方所開的遠(yuǎn)期信用證到期前匯付甲方，以使甲方能按時議付所開的遠(yuǎn)期信用證。甲方所開的遠(yuǎn)期信用證的按期付款，是基于乙方按規(guī)定開出限期信用證及按規(guī)定預(yù)付貨款。乙方保證按規(guī)定開出信用證及預(yù)付貨款。

第三條　償付期限

甲方用________年________個月，分月用商品償付全部機(jī)械設(shè)備的價款。償還日期自第一批機(jī)械設(shè)備到貨后約________個月后開始，原則上每月償還的金額是全部機(jī)械設(shè)備價款的________分之________.甲方可以提前償還，但需在________個月前通知乙方。

在甲方用補(bǔ)償商品償還機(jī)械設(shè)備價款期間，乙方應(yīng)按本協(xié)議項下的有關(guān)補(bǔ)償商品合同的規(guī)定，開出以甲方為受益人的足額、限期、不可撤銷、可分割、可轉(zhuǎn)讓的信用證。

第四條　計價貨幣和作價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

雙方商品均用________幣計價。乙方提供的全部機(jī)械設(shè)備及所有儀器、附件配件用________幣作價，甲方提供的補(bǔ)償商品則按簽訂合同時甲方出口貨物的幣基價，以當(dāng)時的幣對________幣在甲方用補(bǔ)償商品償還機(jī)械設(shè)備價款期間，乙方應(yīng)按本協(xié)議項下的有關(guān)補(bǔ)償商品合同的規(guī)定，開出以甲方為受益人的足額、限期、不可撤銷、可分割、可轉(zhuǎn)讓的信用證。的匯率折算為________幣。

第五條　利息計算

甲方所開的遠(yuǎn)期信用證及乙方所預(yù)付貨款的利息應(yīng)由甲方負(fù)擔(dān)。雙方議定年利息為百分之________。

第六條　技術(shù)服務(wù)

貨物到達(dá)甲方口岸后，由甲方自行安裝，但在主要設(shè)備安裝過程中，甲方認(rèn)為需要時，乙方必須派出技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場指導(dǎo)，提供必要的技術(shù)服務(wù)，在此過程中由于技術(shù)上的問題，所造成的損失由乙方負(fù)責(zé)。

經(jīng)雙方協(xié)調(diào)，為完成此項工作，由乙方派出________數(shù)量的技術(shù)人員。在中國的一切費(fèi)用均由乙方承擔(dān)。

第七條　附加設(shè)備

在執(zhí)行本協(xié)議過程中，如發(fā)現(xiàn)本合同項下的機(jī)械設(shè)備在配套生產(chǎn)時需要繼續(xù)增添新的機(jī)械設(shè)備或測試儀器時，可由雙方另行協(xié)商，予以增訂，增訂的項目仍應(yīng)列入本合同范圍之內(nèi)。

第八條　保險

設(shè)備進(jìn)口以后由乙方投保。設(shè)備所有權(quán)在付清貨款后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移，之后，如發(fā)生意外，損失先由保險公司向投保人賠付，再按比例退回甲方已支付的設(shè)備貨款。

第九條　違約責(zé)任

乙方不按合同規(guī)定購買補(bǔ)償商品或甲方不按合同規(guī)定提供商品時，均應(yīng)按合同條款承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任，賠償由此造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，并向?qū)Ψ街Ц对擁椮浛羁傊档腳_______%的罰款。

第十條　履約責(zé)任

為保證合同條款的有效履行，雙方分別向?qū)Ψ教峁┯筛髯砸环姐y行出具的保函予以保證。甲方的擔(dān)保銀行為________國________銀行，乙方的擔(dān)保銀行為________國________銀行。

第十一條　合同條款的變更

本合同內(nèi)容如遇特殊情況需要變更，須經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商一致。

第十二條　不可抗力

由于人力不可抗拒的原因，致使一方或雙方不能履行合同之有關(guān)條款，應(yīng)及時向?qū)Ψ酵▓笄闆r，在取得合法機(jī)關(guān)的有效證明之后，允許延期履行或不履行有關(guān)合同義務(wù)，并可根據(jù)情況部分或全部免除違約責(zé)任。

第十三條　仲裁

凡因本合同引起的或與本合同有關(guān)的任何爭議，均應(yīng)提交中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會深圳分會，按照申請仲裁時該會現(xiàn)行有效的仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁，仲裁裁決是終局的，對雙方均有約束力。仲裁適用中華人民共和國法律。

除非另有規(guī)定，仲裁不得影響合同雙方繼續(xù)履行合同所規(guī)定的義務(wù)。

第十四條　文字、生效

本合同當(dāng)中________兩種文字寫成，兩種文字具有同等效力。本合同自簽字之日起生效，有效期為________年。期滿后，雙方如愿意繼續(xù)合作，經(jīng)向政府有關(guān)部門申請，獲得批準(zhǔn)后，可延期________年或重新簽訂合同。

甲方：________________　　　　　　　　　乙方：________________

授權(quán)代表簽字：________________　　　　　授權(quán)代表簽字：________________

年　月　日

三、司法文書類

司法文書類主要是指起訴狀（Complaint）、答辯狀（Answer）、傳票（Summons）、仲裁協(xié)定（Arbitral Agreement）、風(fēng)險代理協(xié)議（Contingent Fee Retainer）、授權(quán)委托書（Power of Attorney）……等；這類文本在司法實踐中廣泛運(yùn)用，是從事涉外法律翻譯、作為一名涉外律師應(yīng)該掌握的。對于該類文書的翻譯，要注意是根據(jù)不同程序使用不同的術(shù)語，比如公訴書（BILL OF INDICMENT）、民事起訴書（Civil Complaint），民事判決書（Civil Judgment）與刑事判決書（Paper of Sentence），……等等。

（一）訴狀（Complaint）

訴狀俗稱起訴書，是原告提起訴訟時向法院遞交的書面材料。訴狀可分為民事起訴狀，刑事自訴狀，刑事附帶民事起訴狀。訴狀主要包括以下四個部分：

1．The rise一般包括文書標(biāo)題，原告和被告的身份事項。

2．Claims即訴訟請求，要求用簡明扼要的文字寫出請求法院解決的問題。

3．Facts and Reasons是訴狀的核心，是原告提出訴訟請求的材料來源，也是人民法院裁決的重要依據(jù)。

4．Attachments即附件。

訴狀是律師接觸最多的文書之一，也是最常見的送達(dá)文書。在寫作格式方面，中國與英美國家有比較大的差別，例如民事訴訟狀，英美國家的致送法院通常在文書首部，我國民事訴訟狀的致送法院放在尾部。訴狀寫作要求事實敘述具體明確，詳略得當(dāng)；實事求是，語言文明；說理充分，以理服人；訴訟請求具體明確，切實可行。

Complaint

To：________________People’s Court

Plaintiff：

Domicile：

Legal Representative：

Position：

Defendant：

Domicile：

Legal Representative：

Position：

Claims：

1．To order the Defendant to pay to the Plaintiff the due amount of RMB________for the dispatched products,plus the interests in the amount of RMB________thereon,in the aggregate of RMB________；

2．To order the court fees to be borne by the Defendant.

Facts and Reasons：

The Defendant was one of the distributors of the Plaintiff for various kinds of products in the territory of________,China．From September,1997 to October,1998,the Plaintiff dispatched various kinds of products in the aggregate values of RMB________．（See Exhibit I）

Each of the said transactions was duly signed and received by the Defendant（see Exhibit II）．Though the Plaintiff has repeatedly demanded payment,the Defendant fails to liquidate the outstanding debts in due time.

It is the Plaintiff’s position that the indebtedness arising out of the transactions between the Plaintiff and the Defendant shall be under the jurisdiction of the China’s laws．The Defendant’s refusal to satisfy the agreed amounts after receipt of the above-mentioned lubricants resulted in tremendous economic losses on the side of the Plaintiff（see Exhibit III）．Therefore,pursuant to the relevant PRC laws and regulations,the Defendant shall assume the civil liabilities accordingly for such nonpayment.

By reason of the forgoing,in accordance with Articles 106 and 112 as set forth in the PRC General Civil Law,Article 108 as set forth in the PRC Civil Procedural Law and other applicable laws and regulations,the Plaintiff hereby files this case with the Court for your adjudication.

Plaintiff：

Date：

Attachments：

1．One copy of the Plaintiff’s business license；

2．One copy of the original Certificate of the Legal Representative；

3．One copy of the original Power of Attorney；

4．Exhibit I：Invoices for each transaction；

5．Exhibit II：Receipts for each transaction；and

6．Exhibit III：List of Losses.

（二）答辯狀（Answer）

答辯狀是被告人或被上訴人在訴訟活動中，針對原告或被上訴人在起訴、自訴或上訴時陳述的事實、理由、請求進(jìn)行答復(fù)、辯解和反駁的訴訟文書。答辯狀通常包括以下幾個部分：

1．首部：答辯人的身份基本情況。

2．案由：寫明答辯人因何案的起訴狀或上訴狀提出答辯。

3．正文：答辯理由和答辯請求。針對原告訴訟請求的答復(fù)或反駁，包括事實依據(jù)、有關(guān)證據(jù)、和法律依據(jù)。

4．尾部：送達(dá)何法院，答辯時間和答辯人姓名、附項等。

答辯狀分為刑事答辯狀和民事答辯狀，是與訴狀或上訴狀相對應(yīng)的司法文書。被告或被告上訴人通過答辯狀可以對原告或上訴人提出的起訴或上訴理由和依據(jù)以及請求事項進(jìn)行有的放矢地答復(fù)和辯解，于答辯之中闡明自己的理由和要求，并提出事實和證據(jù)證實自己的觀點(diǎn)，維護(hù)自己的合法權(quán)益，同時使法庭能夠了解訴訟雙方的意見、要求和主張。

答辯狀篇幅不必長，但必須抓住重點(diǎn)，特別要抓住起訴狀中那些與事實不符、證據(jù)不足、缺少法律依據(jù)的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)辯駁，以利于法院在審理時判明原告訴訟請求是否符合事實，是否有法律依據(jù)，從而做出正確的裁判。

答　辯　狀

答辯人：________人民醫(yī)院

住　址：________市________路七號

因________要求________人民醫(yī)院人身損害賠償一案，現(xiàn)提出答辯意見如下：

1．答辯人與________之間不存在直接的合同關(guān)系，答辯人1998年6月10日與________第二建筑安裝工程公司訂立了一份口頭合同，由________第二建筑安裝工程公司負(fù)責(zé)把答辯人的一個高壓電表柜拆除，________是受________第二建筑安裝工程公司的委托來拆除高壓電表柜的，與答辯人之間不存在直接合同關(guān)系。

2.________的傷害賠償應(yīng)由________第二建筑安裝工程公司負(fù)責(zé)，其一，根據(jù)我國法律和有關(guān)司法解釋規(guī)定，________第二建筑安裝工程公司對其職工在履行合同的范圍內(nèi)所受到傷害應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任，________的傷害并不是由于合同客體以外的事物造成的。其三，受________第二建筑安裝工程公司委托的________在拆除高壓電表柜的過程中，存在著嚴(yán)重違反操作程序的行為，未盡一個電工應(yīng)盡的注意。

3．答辯人對________傷害賠償不應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。根據(jù)我國《民法通則》的規(guī)定，從事高度危險作業(yè)的人致他人損害的，應(yīng)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。而本案中答辯人與________第二建筑安裝工程公司訂有合同，高度危險來源已通過合同合法地轉(zhuǎn)移給________第二建筑安裝工程公司。________第二建筑安裝工程公司成為該危險作業(yè)物的主體，________在操作過程中受到傷害，這是________第二建筑安裝工程公司在履行合同過程中，合同客體造成自己員工的傷害行為，與答辯人無關(guān)。

綜上所述，________人民醫(yī)院為不適合被告，請貴院依法駁回原告起訴。

此致

________市中級人民法院

答辯人：________人民醫(yī)院

日期：

（三）傳票（Summons）

傳票是由法院簽發(fā)的要求與案件有關(guān)人員到庭接受訊問或詢問（inquiring）的通知書，是傳喚的書面方式。我國法律規(guī)定，民事（civil）案件的被告經(jīng)傳票傳喚，無正當(dāng)理由（warrant）拒不到庭的，可以缺席判決（adjudge）。傳票（summons）一詞有多種用法：

1．在民事訴訟中，傳票是在原告起訴之后，由法院書記員簽發(fā)而向被告送達(dá)的令狀，又稱為“要求被告出庭并答辯的傳票”（summons ad respondendum）。簽發(fā)這種傳票是民事訴訟的第一個步驟，法院通過送達(dá)傳票的方式獲得對當(dāng)事人的管轄權(quán)。

2．在刑事訴訟中，對受到輕微犯罪指控的被告人，有權(quán)的司法官員（如英國的治安官［magistrate］或美國的行政司法官［sheriff］）可簽發(fā)傳票，傳喚被告人到庭就有關(guān)指控進(jìn)行答辯。

3．要求某人到法院履行陪審員義務(wù)或到庭作證的通知。

4．在英格蘭法中，summons一般用來指當(dāng)事人向普通法法官提出的申請，以獲得法院做出的有關(guān)命令，如請求延長進(jìn)行某一行為的期限、請求披露及出示文件等。

要求被告出庭并答辯的傳票，一般包括三個部分：

1．標(biāo)題部分：法院或法庭的名稱、案卷編號、被傳喚人的姓名和地址。

2．命令部分：傳喚事由、被傳喚人應(yīng)到時間、應(yīng)到地點(diǎn)、應(yīng)攜帶的材料等相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

3．結(jié)尾部分：簽發(fā)日期以及法院書記員在傳票右下角簽字。

傳票是法院為了特定目的而要求某人到庭的一種正式文件。傳票的格式可采用范例所示的表格式，也可以采用列舉式，即把相關(guān)內(nèi)容分條分項地列舉出來，列舉時可加上編號或項目符號。

天津市第一中級人民法院

傳　票

案　　號　　　　　　　　　　　　　　字第　　號

案　　由

被傳喚人工作單位或住址

傳喚事由　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　開　　庭

應(yīng)到時間　　　　　　　　　　　　年　　月　　日　　時　　分

應(yīng)到處所　　　　　　　　　　南開區(qū)王頂?shù)痰瘫甭方饛B里18號樓第3法庭

注意事項：

1．被傳喚人必須準(zhǔn)時到達(dá)應(yīng)到住所。

2．本票由被傳喚人攜帶來院報到。

3．被傳喚人收到傳票后，應(yīng)在送達(dá)回證上簽名或蓋章。

審判員　

書記員　

年　月　日

（四）授權(quán)委托書（Power of Attorney）

授權(quán)委托書是指一個人授權(quán)他人作為代理人或非法律代理人，為授權(quán)人利益從事某類行為或某一特定行為的一種書面文件。它既可以是單方面出具的法律文件，也可以是其他法律文件（如合同或其他協(xié)議）的組成部分。授權(quán)委托書一般分兩類：

1．一般授權(quán)委托書：顧名思義，其授權(quán)是總括性的或全權(quán)的。

2．特別授權(quán)委托書：所授權(quán)力則是特定的，即此種委托書將代理人的權(quán)力僅僅局限在一定范圍之內(nèi)或某一特定事項上。

授權(quán)委托書是指授權(quán)他人或組織在某一領(lǐng)域行使代理權(quán)的法律文件，是最為常見的法律文書之一。委托人即被代理人，應(yīng)在委托書中明確規(guī)定代理人的權(quán)限，如代理時間、代理事項等。代理時間應(yīng)明確，如未規(guī)定時間，應(yīng)根據(jù)代理事項推定合理時間。代理事項應(yīng)具體，以防代理人越權(quán)，或在以后發(fā)生爭執(zhí)時易于界定權(quán)責(zé)。

英文授權(quán)委托書具有較固定的格式和結(jié)構(gòu)。句式和措辭也很正規(guī)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，使用一些正式程度很高的詞語和句式，如We hereby appoint and empower…；We further appoint and empower…；we hereby confirm that this Power of Attorney shall remain in full force from the date of signature…等。

Power of Attorney

We,________,a corporation duly organized and existing pursuant to the laws of________ with its office at________,hereby appoint and empower Mr．/Ms.________to be our agent ad litem in the first and second instances and/or retrial respectively,as well as in theenforcement procedures,with respect to the case of________vs.________.

We further appoint and empower any of the above-mentioned attorneys to prepare the answer and appear before the competent court hearing；to counterclaim；to investigate,collect,and deliver to the relevant court any related evidence；to make compromise；to accept any mediation presided over by court；to admit,waive or modify the claims；to prepare the statement of appeal and file an appeal；to apply for retrial；to apply for measures of evidence preservation and measures of property preservation during or before the proceedings；to apply for enforcement of the valid court document；to accept service of court documents；to sign and receive verdicts,judgments,summons,decisions and any other court document,and to handle all other issues in connection with the said matters.

In particular,we appoint and empower Mr．/Ms.________to nominate and authorize any other lawyer of the law firm to engage in,fulfill and implement any of the matters and issues as contemplated herein.

We further grant our recognition to the acts made and the documents signed by the attorneys mentioned above within the limits of the powers granted herein.

We hereby confirm that this Power of Attorney shall remain in full force from the date of signature and/or seal through the completion of the matters as set forth in this Power of Attorney.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,we cause this Power of Attorney to be duly signed and sealed.

________________

（Signed and Sealed）（簽章）

Date：

（五）風(fēng)險代理協(xié)議（Contingent Fee Retainer）

律師“風(fēng)險代理”，實質(zhì)上就是“勝訴取酬制”。通俗一點(diǎn)講，就是當(dāng)事人事先無需交納代理費(fèi)用，待案件勝訴或執(zhí)行后，按照事先約定從勝訴所得中由當(dāng)事人支付給律師超過日常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的代理費(fèi)用；如果判決未如人意或未能達(dá)到雙方確定的勝訴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，當(dāng)事人有權(quán)不支付代理費(fèi)，由律師自行承擔(dān)已墊付的各項費(fèi)用和損失。

與其他法律文書一樣，風(fēng)險代理協(xié)議用詞正式，語意嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，力求準(zhǔn)確。本例中使用了一些平時極少見的古詞語，以復(fù)合型副詞為主，如hereinafter,hereby,herein,hereto,whatsoever等。同時，也頻繁使用成對詞和近義詞，如retain and employ，monies or property，obtained or received等，增強(qiáng)了法律文書的嚴(yán)肅性。

CONTINGENT FEE RETAINER

STATE OF ________

ss：

COUNTY OF ________

KNOW YE ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS，

This Agreement is made and entered into this________day of________,________,by and between________,of________,hereinafter called the “Attorney”,and________,of________,hereinafter called the “Client”.

WHEREAS,Client desires to initiate proceedings against________,of________,Client hereby retains and employs Attorney to prosecute said action to final judgment or to any other settlement satisfactory to Client．Client agrees to pay Attorney for his services under this Agreement a sun equal to________percent of any monies or property obtained or received by Client as the result of voluntary compromise or other out-of-court settlement；________percent if received after judgment；and________percent if received by Client after appeal.

Client further agrees to reimburse Attorney for all proper expenses incurred by Attorney pertaining to such action or settlement.

Except as provided herein,Attorney shall not be entitled to any other compensation from Client for legal services related to this Agreement．It is agreed between the parties hereto that Attorney shall have a lien for payment of his fee on all monies or property obtained,received or recovered by compromise,settlement,judgment or any other means whatsoever.

In the event legal action is required to enforce any provision of this Agreement,the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have executed this Agreement on the date first above written.

________

________

（六）仲裁協(xié)議書（Arbitration Agreement）

仲裁協(xié)議，是指當(dāng)事人雙方簽訂的，當(dāng)合同所列事項的一部分或全部發(fā)生糾紛時，將糾紛交由仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁的協(xié)議（agreement）。

仲裁協(xié)議的內(nèi)容包括以下三個部分：

1．請求仲裁（arbitration）的意思表示，即當(dāng)事人協(xié)商同意在合同糾紛或其他財產(chǎn)權(quán)益糾紛發(fā)生后，以仲裁的方式解決。

2．仲裁事項，即當(dāng)事人協(xié)商同意將什么糾紛提交仲裁。

3．選定仲裁委員會，即當(dāng)事人協(xié)商選定一個特定的仲裁委員會仲裁他們之間的糾紛。

只有具備了上述三方面的內(nèi)容才是一份有效、完整的仲裁協(xié)議。仲裁協(xié)議可以在雙方當(dāng)事人簽訂合同時，在合同中設(shè)定仲裁條款（item），也可以在履行合同過程中，雙方簽訂。

仲裁協(xié)議書

按本協(xié)議______和______同意將雙方之間的所有爭議和分歧或因雙方于20____年____月______日所簽訂的一項合同而產(chǎn)生的或與之有關(guān)的一切爭議或分歧或本合同附件所列的爭議和分歧提交由________先生仲裁或提交由一名仲裁員獨(dú)立審理。如雙方當(dāng)事人就該仲裁員的指定不能達(dá)成協(xié)議，經(jīng)一方當(dāng)事人提請，其可由（某仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)）主席指定；或提交由一名仲裁員獨(dú)立審理，如雙方當(dāng)事人就該仲裁員的指定不能達(dá)成協(xié)議，可臨時由倫敦普通法律師協(xié)會主席按倫敦律師仲裁規(guī)程指定.或提交由________先生和________先生裁定，如他們意見不一，可由他們指定一名首席仲裁人共同裁決?；蛱峤挥蒧_______先生，________先生和________先生共同裁決?；蛱峤挥僧?dāng)事雙方各自指定的一名仲裁人共同裁定，（如他們意見不一），則連同經(jīng)一方當(dāng)事人提請，由________（仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)）主席指定的一名首席仲裁人（如兩名仲裁人就首席仲裁人的指定意見不一）一起共同裁決。

時間：20________年________月________日

由________代表________簽字________由________代表________簽字________

（七）聘用律師合同（Retaining Agreement）

聘用律師合同是進(jìn)行訴訟的開始，聘用律師合同通常是固定格式，翻譯也相對固定。作為法律文本翻譯的基礎(chǔ)，也應(yīng)該了解。下例是美國某州某律師事務(wù)所的律師聘用合同。

The State of（?。?/p>

County of（?。㎏now all men by these presents：

That I,（?。﹉ave employed（?。゛s my attorney to present me to prosecute through settlement or judge certain claims I have and hold against（?。゛nd /or any all other persons,firms and corporations for or arising out of personal injuries to（?。゛s well as damages to property caused by or growing out of a certain accident which occurred on or about the（?。ヾay（　）of（?。?0（?。?

I hereby full authorized and empower my said attorney at law and also in my name,place and stead to bring suit on said claims or any of them,if necessary,and to prosecute the same to final judgement and to compromise and settle said claims or any of them with or without suit in any way or manner that he may deem beat or advisable,giving and granting also unto my said attorney full power to substitute one or more attorneys at law in his place or stead as my attorney in or concerning the premises or any part thereof or in the performance of any or all of the professional services hereunder whether in the trial or appellate court,such other attorneys of attorney to be paid by my above named attorney with no additional expense to me by

way of attorneys’ fees other than hereinafter set out.

In consideration of the services to be rendered to me by my said attorney hereunder,I hereby sell,transfer,assign and convey to my above named attorney or attorneys an undivided interest of ONE THIRD（1/3）interest in and to said claims and amounts received in settlement in the event same is or are settled without suit,and FORTY（40%）per cent of sane and of anyjudgement obtained or amounts received,on or for such claimed or suits,if same is or are collected by suit or by—settlement after suit is filed.

No compromise of my said claimed may be made by said attorney without my consent.

WITNESS my hand this the（?。ヾay of（?。?0（?。?

（八）證明書（Certificate）

證明書，又稱“證明文件”、“證書”或“證明”，系指由政府官員或具有官方地位者對其所知或其權(quán)限范圍內(nèi)的某一事實所作的書面證明或確認(rèn)。證明書的種類很多，大凡需要正式證明某一事情或有關(guān)信息的真實情況者，均可使用這種文書。如工作經(jīng)歷證明、病情證明、留學(xué)生經(jīng)濟(jì)擔(dān)保書、學(xué)業(yè)成績證明書、公司現(xiàn)狀和存續(xù)的合法性證明、公司財務(wù)狀況證明等。證明書的寫法通常也采用一般信件的格式，但多省掉收信人的姓名、地址和結(jié)束敬語。稱呼多用“To whom it may concern”，意即“有關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人”，但此項亦可省略。寫證明書要求言簡意賅。Sample 1 是由醫(yī)生出具的病情證明，Sample 2是由美國一公司所在州的州務(wù)卿出具，證明該公司（美國________貿(mào)易公司）現(xiàn)狀和存續(xù)的合法性。英文證明書大多有較固定的格式，而且證明中的語言表述也具有一定的格式化特征，如使用this is to certify that...,it is hereby certificated that...等句式。同時英文證明的用詞也相當(dāng)講究，如常用in testimony whereof，thereunto,hereby等，這些在翻譯時都是應(yīng)該注意的。

Sample 1

Doctor’s Certificate

June 18,2010

This is to certify that the patient,Mr．Tomas,male,aged 41,was admitted into our hospital on June 9,2010,for suffering from acute appendicitis（闌尾炎）．After immediate operation and ten days of treatment,he has got complete recovery and will be discharged on June 19,2010．It is suggested that he rest for one week at home before resuming his work.

Jack Hopkins

Surgeon-in-charge

Sample 2

SECRETARY OF STATE TEXAS

It is hereby certificated that

Articles of Incorporation of

________TRADING CORPORATION

File No．1359732

were filed in this office and a certificate of incorporation was issued to this corporation,and no certificate of dissolution is in effect and the corporation is currently in existence.

In testimonywhereof,I have hereunto signed my name officially and caused to be impressed hereon the Seal of State at my office in Austin,Texas on March 27,2010.

Hernry Cuellar

BAM

Secretary of State

（九）公證書（Notarial Certificate）

公證書是公證機(jī)關(guān)根據(jù)法律的規(guī)定和當(dāng)事人的申請，按法定程序?qū)Ψ尚袨?、有法律意義的事實和文書的真實性、合法性的非訴訟活動確定其真實性及合法性后出具的證明材料。公證書應(yīng)該包括以下內(nèi)容：

1．公證書編號（serial No．of notarial certificate）；

2．當(dāng)事人的基本情況（general description of client）；

3．公證證詞（testimony）；

4．承辦公證員的簽名（簽字章）、公證處印章和鋼印（seal and signature of the notary public undertaking such notarization）；

5．公證處印章和鋼?。╯eal and steel seal of public notary office）；

6．出證日期（date of issuance）。

公證書和其他司法類文書一樣，也具有固定的樣式和結(jié)構(gòu)。Sample 1是國外使用的公證書格式，公證地名寫在左上方，須全用大寫字母，ss.（或SS.）寫在地名中間。公證書正文應(yīng)和地名相隔三行。

Sample 2是中國通用的公證書格式，與國外的格式稍有區(qū)別。

為體現(xiàn)公證書的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，其措辭也往往十分講究。英文公證書常用一些古詞語和相對正式的詞語，如forgoing（以上）、hereunto（此外，再者）等，規(guī)范嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)拇朕o和句式才能使公證書更好地發(fā)揮在國內(nèi)外法律活動中的作用。

Sample 1

________________,COMMONWEALTH

ss．ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS

On this________day of________（month）,________（year）,personally appeared before me________and________,known to me to be the person（s）whose signature（s）is/are subscribed to me to be the foregoing instrument and who acknowledged to me that he/she/they executed the same as a voluntary act for the purposes set forth therein.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,I have hereunto set my hand and official seal on the day and year first written above.

________________

NOTARY PUBLIC

Sample 2

NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE

（ ）Zi,No.___________

________NOTARIAL PUBLIC OFFICE，

________PROVINCE,THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

On this________day of________（month）,________（year）,personally appeared before me Mr.________,acting on behalf of________（full name of the corporate body）,and Mr.________,acting on behalf of________（full name of the corporate body）,known to me to be the persons whose signatures are subscribed to the foregoing________Contract.

It is investigated and found that the signing of the foregoing instrument is in accordance with Article 55 of “The PRC’s General Civil Rules” and “The PRC’s________”.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,I have hereunto set my hand and official seal on the day and year first written above.

Notary：________________（signature）

Dated：________________

四、經(jīng)濟(jì)組織內(nèi)部法律文件類

這類文本主要常見經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易組織內(nèi)，對此類文本的翻譯要參考現(xiàn)有的公司法以及相關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)組織、及活動的法律法規(guī)。常見的有董事會會議記錄（Minutes of the Meeting of Directors）、備忘錄（Memorandums），股東聲明（Shareholder Representation Letter）、廣告（advertisements）……等等。

（一）備忘錄（Memorandums）

備忘錄（memorandum or memo for short）大致可分兩類：

第一類屬于正式公文，常作為外交函件或商業(yè)合同的補(bǔ)充條款或事項，具有一定法律約束性，因此文體正規(guī)，措詞嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

第二類備忘錄是一種非正式的商務(wù)文件、便條，多用于公司或機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部，是以書面形式來交流內(nèi)部事務(wù)的一種簡便函件。它可以用來解釋政策、程序和指示；發(fā)布通知，提出信息和行動要求；答復(fù)要求。也可以用來提醒事務(wù)或?qū)Q定、電話交談、會議提供書面記錄。由于這類備忘錄流通于一定單位內(nèi)部，因此大多格式簡明、語言通俗。

下面這則備忘錄是由市場部經(jīng)理Robert Regent向公司所有董事及銷售、金融等相關(guān)部門員工遞送的一項工作報告。

Englang（Publishers）Ltd.

Memo to：Directors,and all Sales,Finance and Editorial Staff

Report and Recommendations based on our Experiences at the recent International Book Fair,Frankfurt.

This year was the sixth successive time that we have been represented at the annual Frankfurt Fair．We have always felt that it is useful in a general way to attend,to display a representative sample of our books,and—not least—to have a look at what other publishers,both British and Foreign,are producing．Our stand has always been 45 square meters and is staffed mainly by our marketing personnel.

Over the last few years the fastest rising area of book production has been in materials for teaching English to foreigners,and five years ago we decided to enter this field in a more determined fashion．Since then we have brought out some interesting material,both for students and for teachers,but the stand did not have room to display all of these titles,nor were our marketing staff able to cope with all the specific and detailed questions raised by visiting teachers,inspectors,and so on.

I would therefore like to make two suggestions to improve our stand at future exhibitions．First,I recommend that we increase the area of our stand to,say,60 square meters so as to give us sufficient room to display more of our books for teaching English to foreigners．Second,I feel it is essential that the staff should include at least one expert in this new field who can then deal on the spot with enquiries from specialists．I would be pleased to hear your views on these two proposals.

Robert Regent

Marketing Manager

（二）商業(yè)通告（Business Notice）

商業(yè)通告屬于商業(yè)書信的一種。它雖較一般通知正式些，卻又不如商業(yè)信函那么正式。通常是采用書信的方式。目前不少公司、銀行為求簡便快捷、經(jīng)濟(jì)實用，直接將通告內(nèi)容印于明信片或卡片上，送達(dá)顧客。 凡是有關(guān)開業(yè)、合并、遷址、人事變動、財務(wù)辦理等方面的通告都可以采用這種形式。

下面是一則成立新公司的通告（Establishment of a new Corporation）。其通告“Rocket公司”已成立，經(jīng)營進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)及其他相關(guān)的對外貿(mào)易的業(yè)務(wù)。

_

_______：

茲通告“火箭公司”已在本市成立，經(jīng)營進(jìn)出口及其他和對外貿(mào)易相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)。

隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，本公司愿致力與各國、各地區(qū)的貿(mào)易和金融界開展商業(yè)往來，在獨(dú)立自主、自力更生的基礎(chǔ)上，努力發(fā)展對外經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和技術(shù)交流，并靈活采用國際上通用的各種合理的做法。

附上本公司概況、業(yè)務(wù)范圍和其他事項的簡介一本以供參閱。歡迎就發(fā)展貿(mào)易和商業(yè)合作的各項有關(guān)問題進(jìn)行詢問，并共同探討。

您真摯的

×××

2009年7月3日

（三）會議記錄（Meeting Minutes）

會議記錄（Meeting Minutes）是一種將開會時與會者的發(fā)言和會議內(nèi)容記錄下來的文字材料。由于一次會議的決議不一定能當(dāng)場通過，所以需要記錄下來以備將來參考和修改。

會議記錄用途廣泛，內(nèi)容往往涉及政府、公司、學(xué)校等場合的會議。會議記錄與報告的書寫不同，它只是如實記錄會議情況，不需要像寫報告書那樣加入自己的分析和建議。

會議記錄應(yīng)包括以下幾個方面：

1．會議記錄的名稱

2．開會的具體日期、時間和地點(diǎn)

3．參加會議的人員及主持人

4．對會議流程及內(nèi)容的詳細(xì)描述以及最終決議的記錄

5．會議結(jié)束的時間和下次會議時間的確定

會議記錄一般采用過去式。最后往往經(jīng)主持人和記錄人簽字后保存。會議記錄一般有兩種形式：摘要記錄和全文記錄。

下面這則是一份市場營銷會議的摘要記錄（Minutes of Marketing Meeting）。會議發(fā)言人為營銷部經(jīng)理，生產(chǎn)部經(jīng)理及廣告部經(jīng)理。會議內(nèi)容為對營銷計劃的討論。

Minutes of Marketing Meeting

A meeting was held on 12/06/09 to evaluate the marketing strategy for the new range of Dawoo mobile phone which the company is to launch in October of this year.

Presenter：Mr．Grant,Marketing Manager；Mr．Salve,Product Manager；Ms．Green,Advertising agent.

The meeting began with a discussion of the budget proposals for the product launch．Ms．Green pointed out that the proposed allocation was too low．She was of the opinion that it was necessary to spend a high percentage of anticipated sale revenue on marketing．Mr．Grant supported this view and also thought that they should be prepared to consider a situation where first year sales revenue was not sufficient to cover costs．However,Mr．Salve disagreed with these arguments.

Next,Mr．Grant pointed out that Dawoo needed to make a reasonable compromise between three important factors,namely：impact,frequency,and coverage．It was obvious,Mr．Grant went on to say,that they could not achieve an ideal combination of all three．Ms．Green suggested that it was much better to restrict spending geographically,given the constrains of the budget．She explained that a full advertising campaign against half the market would be more effective than half a job against the whole market．Both Mr．Salve and Mr．Grant agreed with this approach.

Mr．Salve said he would provide facts and figures for the design of the marketing plans.

Finally,various aspects of promotional policy were considered．Mr．Salve pointed out that thecompany used to favor coupons as a means of encouraging sales,but Ms．Green was not all in favor of using this method．The latter said that she preferred a combination of price cuts,trade discounts,and consumer special offers．Mr．Grant’s feelings on the matter were that it would be better to use the available resources on package,design and display．Owing to the lack of agreement on this last subject,a decision on promotion methods would be put forward to the next meeting.

Mr．Grant is to arrange a further meeting as soon as possible.

（四）會議議程（Agenda）

會議議程（Agenda）原意為“將要做的事”。議程專指會議上各項內(nèi)容的安排，是一種正式的商務(wù)文件、政府文件，多用于對外交流的大型會議，是以書面形式來交流會議事務(wù)的一種簡便函件。它可以用來解釋會議政策；發(fā)布會議程序；提出會議的各項要求，也可以用來提醒會議事務(wù)使參會人員在了解會議流程的同時做好相關(guān)準(zhǔn)備。由于會議議程流通于部門之間或直接公布于網(wǎng)上，因此大多格式簡明、語言簡潔。

下面是一所大學(xué)董事會的會議議程表（Agenda of Board Meeting）

FINAL Meeting Agenda（Distributed February,2010）

Agenda of the University of Colorado

University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center

（Day 1 of 2）

Wednesday,January 19,2010 – Board Study Sessions

12：00 p.m．Strategic Planning Study Session Immediately Followed by the Intercollegiate

Athletics Study Session

（Day 2 of 2）

Thursday,January 20,2010 – Board Business Meeting

8：00 a.m．Executive Session

Board will reconvene in public session to vote to go into executive session for specified matters；public session will reconvene immediately following executive session but no earlier than 10：00 a.m.

The Contents

A．APPROVAL OF MINUTES OF THE BUSINESS MEETING HELD DECEMBER 8-9,2009（no earlier than 10：00 a.m.）

B．REPORTS

? President Hoffman

? Host Campus Chancellor

? Board of Regents Ad Hoc Committees and Liaison Activities

? Colorado Commission on Higher Education（Vice President Burns）

? Governance

　o Faculty Council Chair Rod Muth

　o Staff Council Chair Pat Beals Moore

　o Intercampus Student Forum Chair Joseph Neguse

C．ACTION ITEMS

1．Approval of Department Name Change from Department of Rehabilitation Medicine to Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - APPROVED

2．Selection of the Engineering Firm to Perform Quality Assurance for the Chilled Water Expansion of the Central Utility Plant -APPROVED

3．Mid Year Faculty Salary Adjustments for Academic Year 2009-2010（School of Nursing）- APPROVED

4．Amendment to the Program Plan for the University of Colorado at Colorado Spring Parking Garage and Office Space - APPROVED

5．Creation of the Institute for Science and Space Studies - APPROVED

6．Establish the Christopher and Catherine Fund,a Quasi-Endowment in the University Endowment of the University of Colorado - APPROVED

7．Establish the Helen Geneva Smith Scholarship Fund,a Quasi-Endowment in the University Endowment of the University of Colorado - APPROVED

D．Next board meeting is scheduled on February 23-24,2010,at University of Colorado.

（五）合同與協(xié)議（Contracts ＆ Agreements）

1．本合同由依～法律成立的ABC（全稱）公司，其登記注冊地在～，法定地址為～（以下簡稱買方）和依～法律成立的DEF（全稱）公司,其登記注冊地在～,法定地址為～（以下簡稱賣方）于2010年10月15日在中國南京訂立，雙方同意按下述條款買賣下述貨物：

1）貨物名稱

2）規(guī)格、數(shù)量和單價

3）總金額（按美元計）

4）生產(chǎn)國和制造商：

5）包裝：包裝必須適于海上運(yùn)輸、堅固、耐野蠻裝運(yùn)。緊壓打包、外加緊箍，內(nèi)層防水，外層為優(yōu)質(zhì)帆布。箱子或其他外包裝體積要盡量小，并能確保貨物安全。每件包裝的兩側(cè)和一端須完整刷上標(biāo)志和裝運(yùn)號碼，采用優(yōu)質(zhì)印色，字大而清晰。每包均須標(biāo)明“請勿用鉤”。

2．1）本合同正文一式兩份，分別以中文和英文書寫，兩種文本具同等效力。若對其解釋產(chǎn)生異議，則以中文本為準(zhǔn)。

2）本合同第20章列出的附件為本合同不可分割的組成部分。

3）本合同的任何修改和?或補(bǔ)充，只有在雙方授權(quán)的代表在書面文件上簽字才能生效，并成為本合同不可分割的組成部分。

4）本合同將在雙方授權(quán)代表簽字后正式生效。

3．如果合同一方未能在合同規(guī)定的時限內(nèi)履行合同義務(wù)，并在收到未違約方的通知后15天內(nèi)未能消除違約或采取補(bǔ)救措施，而且在被允許推遲履行的期限內(nèi)仍未履行合同，在此情形下，未違約的一方應(yīng)書面通知違約方解除合同，同時有權(quán)要求違約方賠償損失。

五、法律學(xué)術(shù)類文本

法律學(xué)術(shù)類文本在我國法律教材中廣泛使用，法律學(xué)術(shù)類文本的主要功能是提供信息，因此采用描寫性的語言，以簡潔明了為貴。

（一）你有權(quán)保持沉默：米蘭達(dá)規(guī)則（You Have the Right to Remain Silent—The Miranda Decision）

In the area of suspect rights,no case is as famous as that of Miranda v．Arizona,which was decided in1966．Many people regard Miranda as the centerpiece of Warren Court due process rulings.

The case involved Ernesto Miranda,who was arrested in Phoenix,Arizona,and accused of having kidnapped and raped a young woman．At police headquarters he was identified by the victim．After being interrogated for two hours,Miranda signed a confession which formed the basis of his later conviction on the charges.

Upon eventual appeal to the U.S．Supreme Court,the Court rendered what some regard as the most far-reaching opinion to have impacted criminal justice in the last few decades．The Court ruled that Miranda’s conviction was unconstitutional because “The entire aura and atmosphere of police interrogation without notification of rights and an offer of assistance of counsel tends to subjugate the individual to the will of his examiner.”

The Court continued,saying that the defendant,must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent,that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law,that he has the right to the presence of an attorney,and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires．Opportunity to exercise these rights must be afforded to him throughout the interrogation．After such warnings have been given,and such opportunity afforded him,the individual may knowingly and intelligently waive these rights and agree to answer the questions or make a statement．But unless and until such warnings and waiver are demonstrated by the prosecution at the trial,no evidence obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him.”

To ensure that proper advice is given to suspects at the time of their arrest,the nowfamous Miranda rights are read before any questioning begins．These rights,as they appear on a Miranda warning card commonly used by police agencies．Persons 18 years old or older who are in custody must be given this advice of rights before any questioning.

It appears in the following paragraph：

1．You have the right to remain silent．Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law.

2．You have the right to talk to a lawyer and to have a lawyer present while you are being questioned.

3．If you want a lawyer before or during questioning but cannot afford to hire a lawyer,one will be appointed to represent you at no cost before any questioning.

4．If you answer questions now without a lawyer here，you still have the right to stop answering questions at any time.

（二）法的淵源和等級（Sources and Hierarchy of Law）

The Constitution

The Constitution of the United States is the “supreme law of the land” ；it provides the basis for the U.S．government,and guarantees the freedom and rights of all U.S．citizens．No laws may contradict any of the Constitution’s principles and no governmental authority in the U.S．is exempt from complying with it．The federal courts have the sole authority to interpret the Constitution and to evaluate the federal constitutionality of federal or state laws.

International Treaties

Treaties entered into by the United States are also considered the supreme law of the land pursuant to the U.S．Constitution,as are federal laws．In the case of a conflict between a treaty and a federal statute,the one that is later in time or more specific will typically control．Treaties to which the United States are a party may be found in the U.S．Treaties Service,the Statutes at Large,the Treaties and other International Acts Series issued by the State Department,as well as the United Nations Treaty Series．See Section 25：Transboundary and International Issues．Treaties are often implemented by federal statutes.

Federal Statutes

Federal Statutes are published first in Slip Law,then in the Statutes at Large,and subsequently in the United States Code．An example of a cite to a federal statute is：42 U.S.C．sec．9607,which would refer to title 42,section 9607 of the U.S．Code．Federal statutes may be challenged in federal court.

Agency Rules and Executive Orders

Federal administrative bodies issue rules and regulations of a quasi-legislative character；valid federal regulations have the force of law and preempt state laws and rules．Rules and regulations may be issued only under statutory authority granted by Congress．The President also has broad powers to issue executive orders．An executive order is a directive from the President to other officials in the executive branch．Proposed and final rules,executive orders,and other executive branch notices are published daily in the Federal Register．No person may be subject to any rule required to be published in the Federal Register and not so published．5 U.S.C．sec．552（a）（1）．Every federal agency must publish：descriptions of its organizationalstructure；general statements of how the agency functions；its rules of procedures,available forms and descriptions of all papers,final reports or examinations；and,all substantive rules or statements of general applicability adopted by the agency．Rules may be challenged in federal court．The federal courts have sole authority to review agency rules and actions to ensure that they are legal under the substantive federal statute．See Section 1.6：Role of the Executive in the Law-Making Process；and,Section 1.7：Role of the Courts．An official citation to the Federal Register includes the volume,page number and year,for example,as follows：43 Fed．Reg．11,110（1978）．Final administrative rules are published first in the Federal Register and then in the Code of Federal Regulation．An example of an official citation to the Code is：40 C.F.R．pt．260,which refers to title 40,part 260 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Judicial Opinions

The United States is a common law country．Every U.S．state has a legal system based on the common law,except Louisiana（which relies on the French civil code）．Common law has no statutory basis；judges establish common law by applying previous decisions（precedents）to present cases．Although typically affected by statutory authority,broad areas of the law,most notably relating to property,contracts,and torts are traditionally part of the common law．These areas of the law are mostly within the jurisdiction of the states,and thus state courts are the primary source of common law．Federal common law is relatively narrow in scope,being limited primarily to clearly federal issues that have not been addressed by a statute.

Reported decisions of the U.S．Supreme Court and of most of the state appellate courts can be found in the official reporter of the respective courts．Those decided from at least 1887 to date can also be found in the National Reporter System,a system of unofficial reporters．Decisions of lower state courts are not published officially,but can usually be found in unofficial reports．When referring to a case,a citation typically includes the name of the case and the volume and pages of the reporter,as well as the date．For example,as follows：Kleppe v．New Mexico,426 U.S．529（1976）．Citations to federal courts of appeals are found in volumes abbreviated F.,F.2d,or F.3d,and district courts are in volumes abbreviated F．Supp．The decisions of other specialized federal courts such as claims of bankruptcy decisions are also reported.

The system for citing state cases is similar．A correct citation would be：Wagen v．Ford Motor Co.,97 Wis．2d 260,294 N.W．2d 437（1980）,meaning the case was decided in 1980,and is found on page 260 of volume 97 of the second series of Wisconsin State Reporters（the official reporter）,as well as on page 437 of volume 294 of the second Northwestern set of the National Reporter System.

State Constitutions and Statutes

State constitutions are the supreme law within the state．State statutes must conform to the respective state’s constitution．All state constitutions and legislation can be preempted by federal legislation or the federal Constitution．See Section 1.1：Structure of Government．Municipal charters,ordinances,rules,and regulations apply only to local issues；they typicallycan be preempted by either state or federal law.

Citation

To ensure uniformity in citation styles for all law-related publications or writings,most citation to legal sources in the United States follows the Uniform System of Citation,also known as the Bluebook．The Bluebook is updated every few years by a consortium of law schools．Among other things,the Bluebook provides the abbreviations for all state and federal courts,statutory compilations,and administrative rules.

（三）美國法院體系（The U.S．Court System）

The U.S．court system,as part of the federal system of government,is characterized by dual hierarchies：there are both state and federal courts．Each state has its own system of courts,composed of civil and criminal trial courts,sometimes intermediate courts of appeal,and a state supreme court．The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts（district courts）serving relatively small geographic regions,circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geographic region and the Supreme Court of the United States．The two court systems are to some extent overlapping in that certain kinds of disputes（such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution）may be initiated in either system．They are also to some extent hierarchical,the federal system stands above the state system．Litigants who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Thus，the typical court case begins in a trial court-a court of general jurisdiction -in the state or federal system．Most cases go no further than the trial court：for example,the criminal defendant is convicted and sentenced by the court and the case ends,the personal injury suit results in a judgment by a trial court（or an out-of-court settlement by the parties）and the parties leave the court system．Burt sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the case that the matter does not end there．In these cases,the ‘loser’ at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.

（四）我國刑法中的正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)（About Justifiable Defence in Chinese Criminal Law）

正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)是排除犯罪性的行為，也就是說，這種行為在表面上給合法權(quán)益造成了損害，實質(zhì)上卻是保護(hù)了合法權(quán)益。因此，我國刑法明文規(guī)定這種行為不構(gòu)成犯罪。根據(jù)刑法，為了使國家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害而采取的制止不法侵害的行為，對不法侵害人造成損害的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)必須具備以下條件：

第一，這種行為的目的是為了保護(hù)國家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害；

第二，必須存在不法侵害行為，包括犯罪行為和其他違法行為；

第三，不法侵害必須正在進(jìn)行，即不法侵害已經(jīng)開始且尚未結(jié)束；

第四，防衛(wèi)必須針對不法侵害人本人；

最后，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)行為不能明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的，屬于防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

此外，為了有效地保護(hù)合法權(quán)益，鼓勵公民積極進(jìn)行正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，我國刑法規(guī)定對于正在進(jìn)行的行兇、殺人、搶劫、強(qiáng)奸、綁架以及其他嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防衛(wèi)行為造成不法侵害人傷亡的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)而不是防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。據(jù)此，對嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)，不存在防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}。

正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)是刑法學(xué)的一個重要問題，是保護(hù)國家和人民合法權(quán)益的有效手段。但是在實踐中，有時也很難判斷正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的限度，這就需要刑法學(xué)專家不斷進(jìn)一步地研究。

（五）行政法的概念和基本原則（The Concept of Basic Principles of Administrative Law）

行政，是指組織、管理等活動。行政法領(lǐng)域的行政是指國家與公共事務(wù)的行政，即行政主體依法對國家與公共事務(wù)進(jìn)行的決策、組織與管理活動，通常稱為公共行政。

行政法則是調(diào)整因行政主體行使行政職權(quán)而發(fā)生的各種社會關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范和原則的總稱。

下面我來談?wù)勑姓ǖ幕驹瓌t。這一問題是行政法學(xué)的基本理論問題之一，是指導(dǎo)行政法制定和實施的基本準(zhǔn)則?；驹瓌t主要包括合法性原則和合理性原則。

1．合法性原則是行政法的首要原則，是指行政主體必須按照法定的授權(quán)、形式和程序?qū)嵤┬姓袨椋ζ溥`法行政行為承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。合法性原則的基本內(nèi)容是：第一，行政主體的行政職權(quán)依法設(shè)定或被授予；第二，行政主體的行政行為必須符合行政法律規(guī)范；第三，行政主體的違法行為無效；第四，行政主體必須對其違法行政行為承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。

2．合理性原則是對合法性原則的補(bǔ)充。它要求行政主體的行政行為不僅要合法，而且要合理。這一原則的具體要求是：第一，行政行為要符合客觀規(guī)律；第二，行政行為要符合制定有關(guān)法律的目的；第三，行政行為要符合國家和人民的利益；第四，行政行為要有充分客觀的依據(jù)；第五，行政行為要符合正義和公正；第六，不合理的行政行為要承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。行政合理性原則是行政法的原則，而不是行政訴訟法的原則，所以它對行政主體的行政行為是適用的，但不適用于司法機(jī)關(guān)的行政訴訟活動。

行政法的基本原則越來越支配和約束著我國各種行政法律制度。隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和社會主義法治國家的建設(shè)，這些原則的內(nèi)容將會不斷得到完善。

（六）知識產(chǎn)權(quán)（Intellectual Property）

一般來說，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)是無形的并且是由相對于體力勞動的智力勞動創(chuàng)造的。在美國，專利權(quán)、版權(quán)和商標(biāo)權(quán)是由聯(lián)邦法管轄的，而商業(yè)秘密是由州法律管轄。

專利權(quán)是政府對一項新發(fā)明授予的獨(dú)占的權(quán)利，以給予該發(fā)明以鼓勵和獎勵，一項具有專利性的想法必須具備新穎性、實用性和非顯著性。在美國，專利權(quán)人對產(chǎn)品的制作、銷售及使用有十七年的控制權(quán)，而設(shè)計是十四年。如果某人未經(jīng)專利權(quán)人授權(quán)而制造、銷售及使用該專利發(fā)明，那么他就可能是專利侵權(quán)行為。即使侵權(quán)人不了解專利侵權(quán)依然存在。侵權(quán)人可以要求賠償并且禁止以后侵權(quán)。

然而，被質(zhì)疑專利侵權(quán)的一方可以用許多方式逃避責(zé)任。一個方式是證明被質(zhì)疑的產(chǎn)品或過程是在專利的領(lǐng)域之外。另一個方式是證明由于專利未能滿足專利性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而無效。第三個方式是證實專利權(quán)人濫用專利。當(dāng)一個專利權(quán)人利用專利去非法的完成某些事時，專利濫用就發(fā)生了。最常見的濫用專利權(quán)常發(fā)生在專利權(quán)人利用其專利違反反壟斷法的時候。

版權(quán)保護(hù)的是對智力或藝術(shù)成果的有形描述，而不是主意。版權(quán)的保護(hù)期是創(chuàng)作者的終身再加五十年。任何人創(chuàng)作了作品之后都自動受到普通法版權(quán)的保護(hù)，未獲成文法版權(quán)保護(hù)的出版物被稱為在公共領(lǐng)域，任何人都可以不經(jīng)作者同意而使用。要想獲得成文法版權(quán)的保護(hù)，作品出版時必須有版權(quán)標(biāo)志，其形式有單詞“copyright”或縮寫“copr.”及附有版權(quán)人姓名的符號c。版權(quán)可以向版權(quán)登記簿登記并且國會圖書館將提供作品的復(fù)印件。如果侵犯了通過版權(quán)標(biāo)志受到保護(hù)的版權(quán)，侵權(quán)人可能僅僅被禁止再侵權(quán)行為；但如果侵犯了注冊版權(quán)，侵權(quán)人便會承擔(dān)支付損害賠償，罰款或被監(jiān)禁的法律責(zé)任。版權(quán)人可以轉(zhuǎn)讓他們的權(quán)利給其他人。

商標(biāo)是用來區(qū)別被標(biāo)記的商品和相競爭的商品間的商品標(biāo)記。商標(biāo)可以是一個詞，畫或者設(shè)計。為了符合商標(biāo)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，標(biāo)記不能過度描述的或普通的。商標(biāo)通過注冊保護(hù)。未經(jīng)授權(quán)使用他人注冊商標(biāo)是違法的。公眾的認(rèn)知在商標(biāo)法中扮演著一個重要的角色。如果公眾開始認(rèn)為某個商標(biāo)是普通的，它將會失去商標(biāo)的法律地位。公眾的認(rèn)知也能為產(chǎn)品的某個性質(zhì)創(chuàng)造法律權(quán)利。如果一產(chǎn)品的形狀、式樣或特征是任意的且不具備功能性的，如果公眾將其視為與特定的產(chǎn)品有聯(lián)系的話，它就被稱為取得了引申義，那么該形狀、式樣或特征也可以注冊并受到保護(hù)。

一個商業(yè)秘密可能由在某個公司使用的公式、設(shè)計及信息編輯等組成，并且該商業(yè)秘密賦予它機(jī)會去得到優(yōu)勢超過不知道或未使用該秘密的競爭者。商業(yè)秘密必需保有秘密。要符合保護(hù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，該秘密必須給予公司競爭性的優(yōu)勢。不像專利和版權(quán)，商業(yè)秘密沒有時間限制。只要控制著秘密，它就有效。法律保護(hù)商業(yè)秘密不被非法竊取。這并不意味著競爭者不能使用同樣的制造過程。它僅僅意味競爭者必須獨(dú)立的得到這個主意。

第二節(jié)　參考譯文（Suggested Translation）

一、法律法規(guī)類文本

（一）《美國憲法》（The Constitution of the United States of America）

序　　言

我們美利堅合眾國的人民，為了組織一個更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹立正義，保障國內(nèi)的安寧，建立共同的國防，增進(jìn)全民福利和確保我們自己及我們后代能安享自由帶來的幸福，乃為美利堅合眾國制定和確立這一部憲法。

……

（二）《統(tǒng)一商法典》（Uniform Commercial Code）

標(biāo)題

法　　律

本法名稱為統(tǒng)一商法典，涉及下列關(guān)于個人財產(chǎn)、合同及其文件的特定商業(yè)交易，包括買賣、商業(yè)票據(jù)、銀行押金和托收、信用證、整體交易、倉單、提單、其他權(quán)屬文件、投資證券和擔(dān)保交易，包括某些賬單、動產(chǎn)文據(jù)與合同權(quán)利的買賣；在一定條件下向公眾告知交易第三方；在涉及該類交易、合同或文件的特定法庭訴訟中規(guī)范程序、證據(jù)和賠償金；統(tǒng)一此類法律；和廢除不統(tǒng)一的立法。

（三）《中華人民共和國憲法》（Constitution of the People’s Republic of China

……

This Constitution affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state in legal form；it is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal authority．The people of all nationalities,all state organs,the armed forces,all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings in the country must take the Constitution as the basic norm of conduct,and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

CHAPTER I．GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Article 1．The People’s Republic of China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants．The socialist system is the basic system of the People’s Republic of China．Sabotage of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.

Article 2．All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people．The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels．The people administer state affairs and manage economic,cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.

Article 3．The state organs of the People’s Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism．The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels are instituted through democratic election．They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision．All administrative,judicial and procuratorial organs of the stateare created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate．The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.

Article 4．All nationalities in the People’s Republic of China are equal．The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops the relationship of equality,unity and mutual assistance among all of China’s nationalities．Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited；any acts that undermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate their secession are prohibited．The state helps the areas inhabited by minority nationalities speed up their economic and cultural development in accordance with the peculiarities and needs of the different minority nationalities．Regional autonomy is practised in areas where people of minority nationalities live in compact communities；in these areas organs of self- government are established for the exercise of the right of autonomy．All the national autonomous areas are inalienable parts of the People’s Republic of China．The people of all nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages,and to preserve or reform their own ways and customs.

Article 5．The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system．No law or administrative or local rules and regulations shall contravene the constitution．All state organs,the armed forces,all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings must abide by the Constitution and the law．All acts in violation of the Constitution and the law must be investigated．No organization or individual may enjoy the privilege of being above the Constitution and the law.

……

（四）《中華人民共和國民法通則》（General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China）

……

Chapter I Basic Principles

Article 1．This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual situation in our country,drawing upon our practical experience in civil activities,for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil relations,so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist modernization.

Article 2．The Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China shall adjust property relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal status,that is,between citizens,between legal persons and between citizens and legal persons.

Article 3．Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.

Article 4．In civil activities,the principles of voluntariness,fairness,making compensationfor equal value,honesty and credibility shall be observed.

Article 5．The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law；no organization or individual may infringe upon them.

Article 6．Civil activities must be in compliance with the law；where there are no relevant provisions in the law,they shall be in compliance with state policies.

Article 7．Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm the public interest,undermine state economic plans or disrupt social economic order.

Article 8．The law of the People’s Republic of China shall apply to civil activities within the People’s Republic of China,except as otherwise stipulated by law.

The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners and stateless persons within the People’s Republic of China,except as otherwise stipulated by law.

二、商業(yè)協(xié)議類文本

（一）獨(dú)家代理協(xié)議（Sole Agency Agreement）

本獨(dú)家代理協(xié)議由美國遠(yuǎn)東工業(yè)公司（以下簡稱委托方）其辦公地址在美國紐約，和中國湖南長沙電子產(chǎn)品進(jìn)出口公司（以下簡稱代理方），其辦公地址在中國湖南長沙，在平等互利發(fā)展貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)上，通過友好協(xié)商，根據(jù)下列條款，于2009年9月28日在中國湖南長沙簽訂：

1．委托方同意委托代理方在中國湖南長沙地區(qū)銷售委托方提供的COMKPAQ1200型計算機(jī)。

2．價格：

代理方應(yīng)盡力地按委托方所報的價格推銷。每一筆交易都應(yīng)以委托方最后確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)。

3．?dāng)?shù)量：

在下述期限內(nèi)，代理方向委托方發(fā)送的訂單不得少于5000COMKPAQ1200型計算機(jī)。從簽署本協(xié)議起的前6個月內(nèi)，代理方訂貨不得少于2 500臺。如果代理方在這一期限內(nèi)沒能完成上述數(shù)量（即2 500臺）委托方將有權(quán)在此協(xié)議下向長沙地區(qū)的其他客戶銷售該商品。如果代理方的訂貨在協(xié)議簽訂后的前三個月內(nèi)少于1 000臺，委托方將有權(quán)以書面通知代理方的形式終止本協(xié)議。

4．支付：

以保兌的、不可撤銷的、無追索權(quán)的信用證支付，在提出裝船單據(jù)時憑即期匯票支付為有效。每批訂貨的信用證均須與裝船日期前30天到達(dá)委托方。如果代理方?jīng)]能及時開立信用證，委托方所遭受的所有損失包括銀行利息、存儲費(fèi)用等由代理方承擔(dān)。

5．傭金：

委托方同意按訂單的FOB向代理方支付5%的傭金。傭金須在委托方收到了每份訂單的全部貨款后再予以支付。如屬本協(xié)議中條款3）中陳述情況，由委托方自己所獲得且執(zhí)行的訂單將不支付傭金。

6．市場情況報告：

代理方每三個月應(yīng)向委托方呈交一份有關(guān)當(dāng)前市場情況和客戶評價的詳細(xì)報告。代理方還應(yīng)不時地向委托方提供其他供貨商的類似商品的樣品，并隨服這些商品的價格、銷售情況及廣告資料供委托方參考。

7．廣告及宣傳貿(mào)用：

在本協(xié)議期限內(nèi)，代理方應(yīng)該承擔(dān)上述地區(qū)內(nèi)的所有廣告及宣傳費(fèi)用，并向委托方呈交為上述廣告宣傳所擬訂的所有草案及方案以便獲得事先批準(zhǔn)。

8．協(xié)議有效期：

本協(xié)議一經(jīng)雙方簽署，便開始生效，有效期為二年，即從加2009年9月28日起到2011年9月27日止。如要展延本協(xié)議，任何一方都須于協(xié)議到期日前一個月內(nèi)書面通知另一方。如果一方?jīng)]有履行本協(xié)議條款，另一方有權(quán)終止本協(xié)議.

9．仲裁：

由執(zhí)行本協(xié)議所引起的所有爭議都應(yīng)由雙方協(xié)商解決。如果不能解決，爭議應(yīng)提交長沙中國國際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會對外貿(mào)易仲裁委員會，依據(jù)中國國際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會對外貿(mào)易仲裁委員會的仲裁程序暫行條例進(jìn)行仲裁，該委員會做出的裁決將被作為最終裁決，對雙方均具有約束力。

10．其他條款：

1）委托方不得將合同所規(guī)定的商品提供給上述地區(qū)的其他買主。如有直接詢價應(yīng)介紹給代理方。然而，如果任何其他買主堅持要與委托方直接做交易的話，代理方有權(quán)與其做交易，在后者的情況下，委托方應(yīng)向代理方發(fā)送一份有關(guān)合同的副本，并按照所達(dá)成交易的凈發(fā)票價值為代理方留出3%的傭金。

2）如果代理方在_____個月中沒能向委托方發(fā)送至少_____的訂單，到委托方將不再受本協(xié)議的約束。

3）對于雙方政府之間的交易，委托方由其政府授權(quán)有充分權(quán)力直接做上述交易而不受本協(xié)議的約束。代理方不得干預(yù)上述直接交易也不得要求賠償或傭金。

4）其他條款以雙方簽署的正式銷售合同中所規(guī)定的條款為推。

本協(xié)議制作一式四份，雙方各持兩份。

委托方_____________　　　　　　　　代理方_____________

（二）包銷協(xié)議書（Exclusive Sales Agreement）

Through friendly negotiations,this Agreement is entered into between China National Import and Export Corporation,Beijing,China（hereinafter called Party A）,and ×××Company,Cairo,Egypt（hereinafter called Panty B）on the following terms and conditions：

1．Party A entrusts Party B with the exclusive sales in the territory of Egypt for “Tiantan”brand Men’s Shirts．This Agreement is valid from May,2009,to May,2011.

2．Quantity：During the above-mentioned period,Party B shall endeavor to push sales of not less than 2million,of “Tiantan” brand Men’s Shirts,the quantity of which should be spread over quarterly periods in approximately equal proportions.

3．During the validity of this Agreement,Party A refrains from offering the above mentioned goods to other merchants with Egyptian ports as ports of destinations while Party Bundertakes to refrain from purchasing,pushing sales of or acting as agents for the commodity of other suppliers the same as or similar to that stated in Article 1 and guarantee not to transship in anyway the said goods supplied by Party A to any area,where exclusivity or sales agency has been granted by Party A．If any violation of the above is found,Party A has the right to cancel this Agreement.

4．Should other buyers in the territory under exclusivity approach Party A for the purchase of the above-mentioned goods,Party A should refer them to Party B．If such buyers insist on concluding business direct with Party A,Party A may do so．Party A may likewise conclude business with Egyptian buyers who come to visit China or attend the Chinese Export Commodity Fair at prices not lower than those quoted to party B．In the above events Party A agrees to reserve for Party B a commission of 1% on the basis of FOB value of the business thus concluded and send a copy of the relative contract to Party B.

5．During the period of this Agreement,both parties should strictly abide by the terms and conditions of this Agreement．In the event of any breach of them by one party,the other party is entitled,when necessary,to claim the termination of this Agreement.

6．Party B should be responsible for the sending of reports every month to Party A for their reference,setting forth local market conditions of the said goods（including details of price level and demand for variety in articles）.

7．At is expiration，the termination or renewal of this Agreement will be decided by both parties through negotiation.

8．This Agreement is made out in Chinese and English languages,both texts being equally binding．One copy of each is kept by either party.

Party A________　　　　　　　　　　Party B________

（三）貨物進(jìn)口合同（Purchase Contract）

……

買賣雙方同意按照下列條款簽訂本合同：

1．貨物名稱、規(guī)格和質(zhì)量：

2．?dāng)?shù)量：

允許________的溢短裝

3．單價：

4．總值：

5．交貨條件FOB/CFR/CIF________

6．原產(chǎn)地國與制造商

7．包裝及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

貨物應(yīng)具有防潮、防銹蝕、防震并適合于遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸?shù)陌b，由于貨物包裝不良而造成的貨物殘損、滅失應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)責(zé)。賣方應(yīng)在每個包裝箱上用不褪色的顏色標(biāo)明尺碼、包裝箱號碼、毛重、凈重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心輕放”等標(biāo)記。

8．嘜頭：

9．裝運(yùn)期限：

10．裝運(yùn)口岸：

11．目的口岸：

12．保險：

由________按發(fā)票金額110%投保________險和________附加險。

13．付款條件：

1）信用證方式：買方應(yīng)在裝運(yùn)期前/合同生效后________日，開出以賣方為受益人的不可撤銷的議付信用證，信用證在裝船完畢后________日內(nèi)到期。

2）付款交單：貨物發(fā)運(yùn)后，賣方出具以買方為付款人的付款跟單匯票，按即期付款交單（D/P）方式，通過賣方銀行及________銀行向買方轉(zhuǎn)交單證，換取貨物。

3）承兌交單：貨物發(fā)運(yùn)后，賣方出具以買方為付款人的付款跟單匯票，付款期限為________后________日，按即期承兌交單（D/A________日）方式，通過賣方銀行及________銀行，經(jīng)買方承兌后，向買方轉(zhuǎn)交單證，買方在匯票期限到期時支付貨款。

4）貨到付款：買方在收到貨物后________天內(nèi)將全部貨款支付賣方（不適用于FOB、CRF、CIF術(shù)語）。

14．單據(jù)：

賣方應(yīng)將下列單據(jù)提交銀行議付/托收：

1）標(biāo)明通知收貨人/收貨代理人的全套清潔的、已裝船的、空白抬頭、空白背書并注明運(yùn)費(fèi)已付/到付的海運(yùn)/聯(lián)運(yùn)/陸運(yùn)提單。

2）標(biāo)有合同編號、信用證號（信用證支付條件下）及裝運(yùn)嘜頭的商業(yè)發(fā)票一式份；

3）由________________出具的裝箱或重量單一式_______份；

4）由________________出具的質(zhì)量證明書一式_______份；

5）由________________出具的數(shù)量證明書一式_______份；

6）保險單正本一式______份（CIF交貨條件）；

7）________簽發(fā)的產(chǎn)地證一式_______份；

8）裝運(yùn)通知：賣方應(yīng)在交運(yùn)后小時內(nèi)以特快專遞方式郵寄給買方上述第項單據(jù)副本一式一套。

15．裝運(yùn)條款：

1）FOB交貨方式

賣方應(yīng)在合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)日期前30天，以________方式通知買方合同號、品名、數(shù)量、金額、包裝件、毛重、尺碼及裝運(yùn)港可裝日期，以便買方安排租船/訂艙。裝運(yùn)船只按期到達(dá)裝運(yùn)港后，如賣方不能按時裝船，發(fā)生的空船費(fèi)或滯期費(fèi)由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。在貨物越過船舷并脫離吊鉤以前一切費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。

（2）CIF或CFR交貨方式

賣方須按時在裝運(yùn)期限內(nèi)將貨物由裝運(yùn)港裝船至目的港。在CFR術(shù)語下，賣方應(yīng)在裝船前2天以________方式通知買方合同號、品名、發(fā)票價值及開船日期，以便買方安排保險。

16．裝運(yùn)通知：

一俟裝載完畢，賣方應(yīng)在______小時內(nèi)以________方式通知買方合同編號、品名、已發(fā)運(yùn)數(shù)量、發(fā)票總金額、毛重、船名/車/機(jī)號及啟程日期等。

17．質(zhì)量保證：

貨物品質(zhì)規(guī)格必須符合本合同及質(zhì)量保證書之規(guī)定，品質(zhì)保證期為貨到目的港______個月內(nèi)。在保證期限內(nèi)，因制造廠商在設(shè)計制造過程中的缺陷造成的貨物損害應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)責(zé)賠償。

18．檢驗：

1）賣方須在裝運(yùn)前_____日委托________檢驗機(jī)構(gòu)對本合同之貨物進(jìn)行檢驗并出具檢驗證書，貨到目的港后，由買方委托________________檢驗機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn) 行檢驗。

2）發(fā)貨前，制造廠應(yīng)對貨物的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、性能和數(shù)量/重量作精密全面 的檢驗，出具檢驗證明書，并說明檢驗的技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論。貨到目的港后，買方將申請中國商品檢驗局（以下簡稱商檢局）對貨物的規(guī)格和數(shù)量/重量進(jìn)行檢驗，如發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物殘損或規(guī)格、數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定不符，除保險公司或輪船公司的責(zé)任外，買方得在貨物到達(dá)目的港后______日內(nèi)憑商檢局出具的檢驗證書向賣方索賠或拒收該貨。在保證期內(nèi)，如貨物由于設(shè)計或制造上的缺陷而發(fā)生損壞或品質(zhì)和性能與合同規(guī)定不符時，買方將委托中國商檢局進(jìn)行檢驗。

19．索賠：

買方憑其委托的檢驗機(jī)構(gòu)出具的檢驗證明書向賣方提出索賠（包括換貨），由此引起的全部費(fèi)用應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。若賣方收到上述索賠后________天未予答復(fù)，則認(rèn)為賣方已接受買方索賠。

20．遲交貨與罰款：

除合同第21條不可抗力原因外，如賣方不能按合同規(guī)定的時間交貨，買方應(yīng)同意在賣方支付罰款的條件下延期交貨。罰款可由議付銀行在議付貨款時扣除，罰款率按每________天收________%，不足________天時以________天計算。但罰款不得超過遲交貨物總價的________%。如賣方延期交貨超過合同規(guī)定________天時，買方有權(quán)撤銷合同，此時，賣方仍應(yīng)不遲延地按上述規(guī)定向買方支付罰款。

買方有權(quán)對因此遭受的其他損失向賣方提出索賠。

21．不可抗力：

凡在制造或裝船運(yùn)輸過程中，因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推遲交貨時，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任。在發(fā)生上述情況時，賣方應(yīng)立即通知買方，并在＿＿天內(nèi)，給買方特快專遞一份由當(dāng)?shù)孛耖g商會簽發(fā)的事故證明書。在此情況下，賣方仍有責(zé)任采取一切必要措施加快交貨。如事故延續(xù)_______天以上，買方有權(quán)撤銷合同。

22．爭議的解決：

凡因本合同引起的或與本合同有關(guān)的任何爭議應(yīng)協(xié)商解決。若協(xié)商不成，應(yīng)提交中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會深圳分會，按照申請時該會當(dāng)時施行的仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局的，對雙方均有約束力。

23．通知：

所有通知用________文寫成，并按照如下地址用傳真/電子郵件/快件送達(dá)給各方。如果地址有變更，一方應(yīng)在變更后_____日內(nèi)書面通知另一方。

24．本合同使用的FOB、CFR、CIF術(shù)語系根據(jù)國際商會《2010 年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》。

25．附加條款：

本合同上述條款與本附加條款抵觸時，以本附加條款為準(zhǔn)。

26．本合同用中英文兩種文字寫成，兩種文字具有同等效力。本合同共_____份，自雙方代表簽字（蓋章）之日起生效。

買方代表（簽字）：________________

賣方代表（簽字）：________________

（四）補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易合同（Compensation Trade Contract）

……

Whereas Party B has machines and equipment,which are now used in Party B’s manufacturing of________,and is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment；and Whereas Party B agrees to buy the products,________,made by Party A using the machines and equipment Party B supplies,in compensation for the price of the machines and equipment,and

Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment,and

Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products,________,in compensation of the price of Party B’s machines and equipment；now therefore,in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter,Party A and Party B agree a follows：

Article 1 Transaction

1．Party B agrees to provide Party A with________machines to be used in production,their auxiliary machinery,accessories and spare parts and a variety of measuring and testing instruments required in the process of production．The details of the models,names,specifications,quantity,prices,packing,delivery,etc．thereof shall be specified in an additional equipment-import agreement to be concluded by and between both parties that shall serve as a component part hereof.

2．The total value of the machines,auxiliary equipment,etc．supplied by part B shall be paid off by Party A with part of the manufactures made therewith and/or other goods,or with________（designate name）products made in________（Name of the plant）if both parties agree．The specific name（s）,quantity,price,delivery,etc．of the goods granted as the make-up payment shall be decided in an additional compensation goods-supply agreement made by the parties which shall serve as a component part hereof．The equipment-import agreement and compensation-goods-supply agreement aforesaid may be merged as one calledsales agreement on compensation trade.

Article 2 Payment

Both parties agree to open letters of credit in favor of each other,i.e．Party A will open,at regular intervals,long term letters of credit in favor of Party B to pay by installments the total cost of the machines and auxiliary equipment provided by Party B；whereas Party B will open sight letters of credit in favor of Party A to pay the products to be delivered by Party A．Party A shall pay for the total cost of the machines and auxiliary equipment with the money remitted by Party B as reimbursement for the products to be delivered by Party A．In case the sum to be paid by Party B fails to cover the value of the long-term letters of credit opened by Party A,the difference shall be made up by Party B by paying that much to Party A in advance,before the long-term letters of credit are due,to enable Party A to reimburse on time the long-term letters of credit it opens．The payment of the long-term letters of credit opened by Party A is based on Party B’s opening a sight letter of credit under the provisions and on its paying the advance required herein．Henceforth,Party B warrants,guarantees and covenants that it will open the letters of credit and pay the advance as provided herein.

Article 3 Reimbursement

Party A shall reimburse Party B for all the machines and auxiliary equipment supplied by Party B by delivering goods to Party B on a monthly basis and the reimbursement will last for________year（s）and________months（s）．The reimbursement shall start approximately________ month（s）after the first delivery of the machines and,in principle,the money to be reimbursed per month shall be________percent of the total amount due for the machines．With a________month（s）notice to Party B,Party A may reimburse Party B in advance.

Within the reimbursement period,Party B shall,under the provisions of the additional sales agreement aforesaid,open sight,irrevocable,divisible and assignable letters of credit,covering the full amount,in favor of Party A.

Article 4 Standard Money and Price Standard

The standard money for this transaction is________（Name of currency）．All the machinery,auxiliary equipment and measuring and testing instruments,etc．provided by Party B shall be valued with________（Name of currency）,while the goods provided by Party A to Party B as reimbursement shall be valued with the basis price（Name of currency）of the same goods exported by Party A at the time when this agreement is entered into,and the total price（Name of currency）shall be changed into that of（Name of currency）in accordance with the exchange rate then.

Article 5 Interests

Party A shall pay the interest on its long-term letters of credit and the interest on the cash in advance rendered by Party B．The annual interest rate is agreed upon at________%.

Article 6 Technical Service

The machinery,after arrival at its destination,shall be installed by Party A,Party B shalldispatch its technicians to render spot instructions and other necessary technical assistance during the installation of the main machines,as may be requested by Party A in case of necessity,Party B shall be liable for the losses resulted in such a course of installation from technical default on its part.

In order to complete such work,after negotiation by both parties,Party B shall designate________technical personnel,whose expenses incurred in China shall all be borne by Party B.

Article 7 Additional Equipment

During the enforcement of this agreement,if it is found necessary that,in addition to the machinery and equipment listed herein,some new accessories or measuring and testing instruments are needed for completion of the project,（an）additional order（s）may be made through negotiation by the parties．The new items thus added shall be incorporated in agreement.

Article 8 Insurance

The machinery and auxiliary equipment,after shipment,shall be insured by Party B．The title thereof shall be transferred into Party B after full payment therefore is made by Party B,thereafter,the unforeseeable losses concerning the machinery and auxiliary equipment shall be indemnified for first by the Insurance Company to Party B,then Party B shall remit for Party A,in proportion,the sum already paid by Party A for the machinery or equipment involved in the contingency shall be refunded.

Article 9 Liability for Breach of Agreement

Party B shall,if it fails to comply with this agreement to make purchase of the goods delivered by Party A as reimbursement,or Party A shall,if it fails to comply with this agreement to deliver the goods it is due to provide,be deemed liable for a breach of agreement and shall compensate the non-breaching Party for the loss caused thereupon and shall pay the nonbreaching Party a fine accounting for________% of the total value of the goods in question.

Article 10 Performance Guarantee

To guarantee the implementation of this agreement,each party shall submit to the other party a letter of guarantee issued by its bank respectively．The guaranteeing bank of Party A is________Bank,________,while the guaranteeing bank of Party B is________Bank,________.

Article 11 Amendment

The modification of this agreement in particular cases shall be agreed upon by both parties through negotiations.

Article 12 Force Majeure

In case that one or both parties are impossible to perform the duties provided herein on account of force majeure,the party（or parties）in contingency shall inform the other party（or each other）of the case immediately and may,provided the case is duly verified by thecompetent authorities,delay in performance of or not perform the relevant duties hereunder shall be partially or entirely exempted from the liability for breach of this agreement.

Article 13 Arbitration

Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission,Shenzhen Sub-commission for arbitration that shall be conducted in accordance with the Commission’s arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration．The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties and the applicable law is the material law of P.R.C.

Notwithstanding any reference to arbitration,both Parties shall continue to perform their respective obligations under the Contract unless otherwise agreed.

Article 14 Language and Effective Date

There are two originals hereof made respectively in Chinese and________,both of which are of the same effect.

This agreement shall come into effect on the date when both parties set their hands hereunto and remain effective for________years．Upon its expiration,the parties may,if they choose,extend the term hereof for________years or execute a new cooperation agreement,provided they apply to and approved by the Authority agencies concerned.

Party A Party B

Representative of________Representative of________

（Authorized Signature）________（Authorized Signature）

三、司法文書類

（一）訴狀（Complaint）

原告：

住址：

法定代表人：

職務(wù)：

被告：

住址：

法定代表人：

職務(wù)：

訴訟請求

1．判令被告支付原告發(fā)出貨物的到期應(yīng)付人民幣________元，外加利息人民________幣元，共計人民幣________元；

2．訴訟費(fèi)由被告承擔(dān)。

事實與理由

被告是原告分銷商之一，在中國境內(nèi)________經(jīng)銷各類商品。從1997年9月到1998年10月，原告共發(fā)出貨物總計人民幣________元（參見證據(jù)1）。每筆業(yè)務(wù)均由被告簽收（參見證據(jù)2）。原告多次催收貨款，但被告始終未付清欠款。

原告認(rèn)為，原被告雙方因業(yè)務(wù)往來而產(chǎn)生的欠款糾紛應(yīng)受中國法律管轄。被告收到上述貨物后拒不支付約定的價款，給原告造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失（參見證據(jù)3）。依照中華人民共和國相關(guān)法律法規(guī)，被告應(yīng)承擔(dān)拒不付款的相應(yīng)民事責(zé)任。

綜上所述，依照《中華人民共和國民法通則》第106條、第112條和《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》第108條和其他法律法規(guī)規(guī)定，原告特向貴院起訴，請予公斷。

此致

________________人民法院

日期：　　　　　　具狀人：

附件

1．原告營業(yè)執(zhí)照復(fù)印件1份；

2．法定代表人身份證明原件1份；

3．授權(quán)委托書原件1分；

4．證據(jù)1：每筆業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)發(fā)票；

5．證據(jù)2：每筆業(yè)務(wù)收據(jù)；

6．證據(jù)3：損失清單。

（二）答辯狀（Answer）

Respondent：________People’s Hospital

Address：No 7,________Road,________City

The following answer is hereby given to the claim of________for compensation by________ thePeople’s Hospital for personal injuries：

1．The respondent does not have a direct contractual relationship with________．The respondent entered into an oral contract with________No．2 Construction and Installation Company on June 10,1998,whereby________No．2 Construction and Installation Company shall be responsible for removing the high-voltage meter cabinet.________was engaged in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet as entrusted by________No 2 Construction and Installation Company and therefore has no direct contractual relationship with the respondent.

2．The liabilities for compensating________for the damage shall be born by________No．2 Construction and Installation Company for the following reasons．Firstly,pursuant to PRC laws and relevant judicial interpretations,________No．2 Construction and Installation Company shall be liable for any injuries suffered by its employees to the extent of the contract performance．The injuries of________were not caused by anything other thanthe object of the contract．Thirdly,________,who was entrusted by________No．2 Construction and Installation Company,seriously violated the operational procedure in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet and failed to pay due attention thereto.

3．The respondent shall not be liable for compensating the injuries of________．In accordance with the General Principles of the Civil Law,any person engaged in highly dangerous operation shall be liable for compensation in the event of any damages．In this case,however,the respondent entered into a contract with________No．2 Construction and Installation Company,whereby the source of high danger shifted to________No 2 Construction and Installation Company legitimately.________No．2 Construction and Installation Company became the subject of the dangerous operation,and therefore any damages caused in the contract performance by________No．2 Construction and Installation Company has no connection with the respondent.

By reason of the foregoing,________People’s Court is not legible for becoming the defendant．We hereby request the court to reject the plaintiff’s action according to law.

To：

________City Intermediate People’s Court

Respondent：________People’s Court

Date：

（三）傳票（Summons）

TIANJIN NO.1 INTERMEDIATE PEOPLE’S COURT

Summons

File No.：

Cause of Action：

The Summoned Party：

Address of the Summoned Party：

Main Content：Notice to Appear

Time of the Court Session：

Place of Court Session：

Tribunal 3,Building 18,Jinshali,North Wangdingdi Road,Nankai District,Tianjin

POINTS FOR A TTENTION：

1．The summoned party shall arrive on time.

2．The summoned party shall bring this summon to register at the court.

3．After receiving this summon,the summoned party shall affix his signature or seal on the return on service.

Judge：

Court Clerk：

Dated：

（四）授權(quán)委托書（Power of Attorney）________公司是依照________國法律依法設(shè)立并存續(xù)的公司，營業(yè)地點(diǎn)位于________?，F(xiàn)委托并授權(quán)________（先生/女士）擔(dān)任________訴________一案的一審、二審/或再審階段，以及執(zhí)行程序中的我方委托代理人。

我公司同時委托并授權(quán)上述律師________（先生/女士）起草答辯狀、出庭、反訴、調(diào)查取證、向相關(guān)法院提供相關(guān)證據(jù)、和解、接受法庭調(diào)解、同意、放棄、變更訴訟請求、起草上訴狀、上訴、申請再審、申請訴前、訴中證據(jù)保全和財產(chǎn)保全、對生效判決申請強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行、接受法院文書送達(dá)、簽收判決、裁定、傳票、決定和法院其他文書，處理與案件相關(guān)的其他所有問題。

我公司特別委托并授權(quán)上述律師________（先生/女士）指定并授權(quán)事務(wù)所其他任何律師參加、履行、實施本委托書授權(quán)的任何事宜。

我公司承認(rèn)由上訴律師在本委托書授權(quán)范圍內(nèi)從事的行為和簽署的文件。

茲確認(rèn)，本授權(quán)委托書處簽章之日起生效，直至本書規(guī)定的事宜得到解決之日。

我公司特在本授權(quán)委托書上簽章，特此證明。

________

（簽章）

日期：________

（五）風(fēng)險代理協(xié)議（Contingent Fee Retainer）

訴訟地：某州________某縣________

有鑒于此，

本協(xié)議由________（姓名），________（地址或事務(wù)所名稱）（以下簡稱“律師”）與________（姓名），________（地址）（以下簡稱客戶）于________年________月________日簽訂。

鑒于客戶旨在對________（姓名），________（地址）提起訴訟，特在此聘請律師代理上述訴訟直至最終判決或達(dá)到其他客戶滿意的任何調(diào)解結(jié)果。如結(jié)果為自愿或其他形式的庭外調(diào)解，客戶同意根據(jù)本合同規(guī)定按客戶所獲得賠償款額或財產(chǎn)的_____%支付律師服務(wù)費(fèi)；如經(jīng)判決獲賠償，支付_____%；如經(jīng)上訴后獲賠償，支付_____%。

客戶還同意支付律師因該訴訟或調(diào)解所發(fā)生的一切正當(dāng)支出費(fèi)用。

除本合同規(guī)定外，律師無權(quán)從客戶處得到任何其他與本合同相關(guān)的法律服務(wù)補(bǔ)償。

雙方當(dāng)事人在此同意，為獲得其費(fèi)用，律師對所有經(jīng)和解、調(diào)解、判決或其他任何方式所獲得的賠償款額或財產(chǎn)具有留置權(quán)。

如為執(zhí)行本合同而提起訴訟，勝訴方有權(quán)獲得合理的律師費(fèi)和訴訟費(fèi)。

本合同雙方當(dāng)事人在上述日期簽署本協(xié)議，特此為證。

（六）仲裁協(xié)議書（Arbitration Agreement）

By this agreement________and________．Hereby agree to refer all disputes and differences whatsoever between them or all disputes and differences between them arising out of or in connection with a contract between them dated the________,20________or the disputes and differences set out in the Schedule to this Agreement MR.________or a single arbitrator who failing agreement shall be appointed by the president of the________on the application of either party．Or a single arbitrator who failing agreement shall by appointed by the chairman for the time being of THE LONDON COMMON LAW BAR association under THE LANDON BAR arbitration scheme．Or MR.________and MR.________together,if they disagree,with an umpire to be appointed by them．Or MR.________,MR.________and MR.________or one arbitrator to be appointed by each party together（if they disagree）with an umpire who failing agreement between such arbitration shall by appointed by the president of the________on the application of either party.

Dated this________day of________,20_____

Signed on behalf of________signed on behalf of________

（By）________（By）________

（Name）________（Name）________

（七）聘用律師合同（Retaining Agreement）

_

_______州名

________縣名

特此為證：

我，×××，特聘請××為我的律師，以代表我提起訴訟并通過調(diào)解或?qū)徟蟹绞?，就我?0××年×月×日所發(fā)生的事故中所遭受的人身傷害及財產(chǎn)損失向××、和/或其他任何和所有個人、商號和公司提出索賠。

在此，我正式授權(quán)我所指定的律師，以我的名義、地位和為維護(hù)我的利益，在必要時就上述所有或任何一項權(quán)利要求起訴；并委托他以他認(rèn)為最恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞剑ㄟ^或不通過訴訟。以調(diào)解或?qū)徟蟹绞?，最終解決我所提出的所有或任何一項權(quán)利要求；我所指定的律師完全有權(quán)聘用一個或多個其他律師，以替代他自己在準(zhǔn)備起訴或上訴過程中，就我提出是全部或任何一項權(quán)利要求，履行全部或部分法律職責(zé)；此種其他律師的費(fèi)用應(yīng)由我指定的律師承當(dāng)，本合同所規(guī)定的應(yīng)由我所支付的律師費(fèi)用不得因此而增加。

鑒于我所委托的律師按本合同為我提供的服務(wù)，在不經(jīng)起訴而調(diào)解成功時，我將把三分之一（1/3）的索賠所得，或經(jīng)起訴后再和解或判決時，把百分之四十（40%）的判決所得或其他所得款項之凈利完全給予以上指定的律師或律師們。

未經(jīng)本人同意，所委托律師不得就我提出的權(quán)利要求達(dá)成任何妥協(xié)。本合同于20××年×月×日簽字，特此證明。

________________

（聘用人簽名）

（八）證明書（Certificate）

例一：

醫(yī)生證明書

茲證明病人托馬斯先生，男，41歲，因患急性闌尾炎，于2010年6月9日住院。經(jīng)立即施行手術(shù)和十天治療后，現(xiàn)已痊愈，將于2010年6月19日出院。建議在家休息一個星期后再上班工作。

主治醫(yī)生：杰克·霍普金斯

2010年6月18日

例二：

德克薩斯州州務(wù)卿

茲證明________貿(mào)易公司（檔案號1359732）章程在本處已存檔，已向該公司頒發(fā)注冊登記證，未有生效的關(guān)于解散公司的證書，該公司現(xiàn)仍存續(xù)。

特此證明

本人于2010年3月27日在德克薩斯州奧斯丁市本人辦公室正式簽署該文件，并加蓋德克薩斯州州印。

州務(wù)卿

Hernry Cuellar（簽字）

BAM 德克薩斯州（印）

（九）公證書（Notarial Certificate）

例一：

________________聯(lián)邦馬里亞納群島公證書

茲證明________和________于________年________月________日，在我的面前，簽訂前面________合同。經(jīng)查，此行為是他（她）（他們）按合同精神自愿履行的。

________________

公證員（簽名）

例二：

________合同公證書

（ ）字第________號

茲證明________（單位全稱）的法定代表人（或法定代表人的代理人）________和________（單位全稱）的法定代表人（或法定代表人的代理人）________于________年________月________日，在________（地點(diǎn)或本公證處），在我的面前，簽訂了上述《________合同》。

經(jīng)查，上述雙方當(dāng)事人的簽訂合同的行為符合《中華人民共和國民法通則》第五十五條的規(guī)定，合同的內(nèi)容符合《中華人民共和國________法》的規(guī)定。

中華人民共和國________省________市（縣）公證處

公證員（簽名）

________年_____月_____日

四、經(jīng)濟(jì)組織內(nèi)部法律文件類

（一）備忘錄（Memorandums）

Englang（出版商）公司

備忘錄致：全體董事及全體銷售、財政、編輯人員

最近的法蘭克福國際圖書交易會參展報告及提議

今年是我們連續(xù)第六次參加每年一度的法蘭克福圖書交易會。我們一直認(rèn)為，參加這樣的圖書交易會總的來說是很有用的，不僅可以展示我們有代表性的圖書作品，而且——同樣地——可以了解別的出版商（英國的及其他國家的）的出版行情。我們的展臺面積一直是45平方米，并主要由我們的市場營銷人員負(fù)責(zé)。

近年來圖書出版業(yè)增長最快的領(lǐng)域要數(shù)面向外國人的英語學(xué)習(xí)材料。五年前我們很堅決地進(jìn)入了此領(lǐng)域。接著，我們推出了一些有趣的學(xué)習(xí)材料，有針對學(xué)生的和針對教師的。然而，我們的展臺既沒有足夠的空間展示這些產(chǎn)品，并且，對于光臨展臺的教師、監(jiān)察員等人提出的具體的細(xì)節(jié)性的問題，我們的營銷人員也并非全部能夠處理。

因此，我想就如何在以后的展覽中改善我們的展臺提兩點(diǎn)建議。首先，我建議擴(kuò)展我們的展臺面積，比如說，擴(kuò)至60平方米，以使我們有足夠的空間展示我們更多的英語教學(xué)產(chǎn)品。其次，我認(rèn)為有必要在展銷人員中包含至少一名這個新領(lǐng)域的專家，此專家應(yīng)具備當(dāng)場解答一些業(yè)內(nèi)人員咨詢的能力。期待聽到大家對這兩點(diǎn)建議的看法。

Robert Regent

市場部經(jīng)理

（二）商業(yè)通告（Business Notice）

July 3,2009

Dear Sirs，

This is to announce the establishment of

ROCKET CORPORATION

in this city for the purpose of carrying on import and export business as well as otheractivities related to foreign trade.

With the economic development of our country,this corporation will devote itself to commercial communication with more countries and areas．Based on the independence and self-reliance,we will try to expand economic cooperation and exchanges of technology with foreign countries,and will also make most use of common and reasonable international practices flexibly.

A handbook including a general introduction,the scope of business and other topics is enclosed for your reference．We welcome inquiries and discussions about all aspects of trade development and business cooperation.

Very truly yours,

×××

（三）會議記錄（Meeting Minutes）

市場營銷會議記錄

公司預(yù)備今年十月在新的范圍內(nèi)上市Dawoo手機(jī)，為此于09年12月6日召開會議，評估行銷策略。

參加者：Grant先生，銷售經(jīng)理；Salve先生，產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理；Green女士，廣告代理人。

因產(chǎn)品上市，會議開始于對預(yù)算提議的討論。Green女士指出被提議的配額太低。她認(rèn)為必須提高預(yù)期銷售收入用于營銷支出的百分比。Grant先生對這種看法表示支持，他認(rèn)為他們應(yīng)該考慮到第一年銷售額不足以收回成本的情形。然而，Slave先生的觀點(diǎn)與他們的并不一致。

接著，Grant先生指出Dawoo需要建立三個重要因素之間的合理協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系，即：效果、頻率和覆蓋面。Grant先生繼續(xù)說到，他們顯然無法達(dá)成三者的理想組合?？紤]到預(yù)算限制，Green女士建議，好一點(diǎn)的做法是限制地理開支。她解釋說，針對半個市場的全面的廣告活動將比針對整個市場的一半的工作有效。Slave先生和Grant先生同意了這個方案。

Slave先生說，他會為營銷計劃的設(shè)計提供論據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)。

最后，他們考慮了促銷策略的不同方面。Slave先生指出，公司過去一直使用折扣券作為促進(jìn)銷售的方法，但是Green女士對使用這個方法不是很贊成。她說，她覺得融降價、優(yōu)惠和顧客特別服務(wù)為一體的組合更好些。Grant先生感覺，在實物的包裝、設(shè)計和陳列上利用既得資源比較好。由于在這一點(diǎn)上沒能達(dá)成一致，促銷方式于下次會議再議。

Grant先生將負(fù)責(zé)盡快安排進(jìn)一步的會議。

（四）會議議程（Agenda）

終局性會議議程（發(fā)布于2010年2月）

科羅拉多大學(xué)的會議議程

丹佛的科羅拉多大學(xué)和健康科學(xué)中心

（第一天）

星期三，2010年1月19日——董事會研究會議

中午12：00　戰(zhàn)略性計劃研究會議以及之后的大學(xué)間體育研究會

（第二天）

星期四，2010年1月20日——董事會商務(wù)會議

上午8：00　執(zhí)行會會議

董事會將在公眾會中再投票召集人選召開執(zhí)行會，處理特殊事務(wù)；在執(zhí)行會后，公眾會將立刻重新集合，但不會早于上午10：00。

內(nèi)容

1．核準(zhǔn)2009年12月8日-9日召開的會議的會議記錄（不早于上午10：00）

2．報告

總統(tǒng) Hoffman

主辦校園大學(xué)校長

Regents特別委員會和聯(lián)絡(luò)活動董事會

科羅拉多高等教育委員會（副總裁Burns）

管理

　　　成員會主席Muth

　　　職員會主席Pat Beals Moore

　　　校園學(xué)生論壇主席Joseph Neguse

3．動議

1．同意從“復(fù)原醫(yī)學(xué)部”到“物理理療部”的部門名稱的變動－核準(zhǔn)

2．選擇工程公司為中央效用種植的冷水?dāng)U充執(zhí)行質(zhì)量保證－核準(zhǔn)

3．2009-2010學(xué)年，調(diào)整全體教員薪水-核準(zhǔn)

4．修正科羅拉多大學(xué)關(guān)于科羅拉多春天車庫和辦公室空間的項目計劃－核準(zhǔn)

5．為科學(xué)空間研究建立學(xué)院－核準(zhǔn)

6．建立克里斯多夫和凱薩琳基金，類似科羅拉多大學(xué)捐助的捐贈－核準(zhǔn)

7．建立海倫日內(nèi)瓦史密斯獎學(xué)金基金，類似科羅拉多大學(xué)捐助的捐贈－核準(zhǔn)

4．下次董事會定于2010年2月23日-24日在科羅拉多大學(xué)舉行。

（五）Contracts ＆ Agreements

1．This Contract is made this 15th date of Oct.,2010 in Nanjing,China by and between ABC（Full Name）Company under the law of ~ ,having its registered address in ~ ,its legaladdress is ~（hereafter referred to as the “Buyer”）and the DEF（Full Name）Company under the law of ~ ,having its registered address in ~ ,its legal address is ~（hereafter referred to as the “Seller”）；whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as bellow：

1）Name of Commodity；

2）Specifications,Quantity and Unit Price；

3）Total Value（USD）；

4）County of Origin and Manufacturers；

5）Packing：

Packing must be suitable for ocean shipment and sufficiently strong to withstand rough handing．Bales must be press-packed and hooped,with adequate inside waterproof protection and the outer wrapping must comprise good quality canvas．Cases or other outside containers must be externally of the smallest cubic dimension consistent with adequate protection of the goods.

Package must bear full marks and shipping numbers stenciled in good quality stencil ink in large plain characters on two sides and one end of each package．All bales must be marked“use no hooks”.

2．1）This Contract is made out in two Origins,each copy written in Chinese and English languages,both texts being equally valid．In case of any divergence of interpretation,the Chinese text shall prevail.

2）The annexes as listed in Articles 20 to this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract.

3）Any amendment and / or supplement to this Contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document（s）,forming integral part（s）of the Contract.

4）This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.

3．If the other party fails to perform its obligation in the contract within the time limit agreed upon in this Contract,and fails to eliminate or remedy such breach within 15 days following the receipt of the notice thereof from the non-breaching party and still again fails to perform the Contract within the period of time allowed for delayed performance,in such case the non-breaching party shall be entitled to rescind the Contract by a written notice to the defaulting party and still have the right to claim damages from the defaulting party.

五、法律學(xué)術(shù)類文本

（一）你有權(quán)保持沉默：米蘭達(dá)規(guī)則（You Have the Right to Remain Silent—The Miranda Decision）

在犯罪嫌疑人的權(quán)利方面，沒有比“米蘭達(dá)訴亞利桑那州案”更著名的了，那是1966年的一個判例。許多人視米蘭達(dá)案為沃倫法院正當(dāng)程序判決中最為核心的一個案件。

該案涉及到恩納斯托·米蘭達(dá)，他因涉嫌綁架并強(qiáng)奸一名年輕女子而在亞利桑那州的菲尼克斯市被捕。在警察局總部被害人指認(rèn)他犯了罪。經(jīng)過兩個小時的訊問，米蘭達(dá)承認(rèn)了被指控罪行并簽了字，法院后來據(jù)此給他定了罪。

在最終的上訴中，聯(lián)邦最高法院作出的司法意見對之后幾十年的刑事司法產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。法院判定對米蘭達(dá)的定罪是違憲的，因為“整個警察訊問的氛圍和氣氛是在犯罪嫌疑人沒有被告知其權(quán)利和提供律師幫助的情況下進(jìn)行的，這樣就可能使犯罪嫌疑人屈從于訊問者的意志?！?/p>

法院進(jìn)一步說，被告人“在任何訊問前必須被告知有權(quán)保持沉默，其所作的任何陳述可能成為對其不利的證據(jù)；他有權(quán)要求律師在場；如無力聘請律師而又有此要求時，得于訊問前為其指派律師。犯罪嫌疑人必須在訊問的全過程中都享有該權(quán)利。在被告知這些警示和權(quán)利后，犯罪嫌疑人可以在知情并理智的情況下放棄這些權(quán)利，同意回答問題或作供述。但是，除非并只有在警示和棄權(quán)在審判中由公訴人出示，否則任何訊問的結(jié)果都不能作為對其不利的證據(jù)?！?/p>

為了保證犯罪嫌疑人在被捕時得到適當(dāng)?shù)慕ㄗh，如今著名的米蘭達(dá)權(quán)利是在訊問前便宣讀的。這些權(quán)利寫在米蘭達(dá)警示卡上，警察局廣泛使用。在訊問18歲及18歲以上的被羈押人之前，必須告知其這些權(quán)利。

這些權(quán)利如下：

1．你有權(quán)保持沉默。你所作的任何陳述在法庭上可能成為對你不利的證據(jù)。

2．你有權(quán)和律師談話，并有權(quán)在訊問過程中要求律師在場。

3．如果你想在訊問前或訊問過程中有律師在場但無力聘請時，法庭將會在訊問前免費(fèi)為你指派一名律師。

4．如果你愿意在沒有律師的情況下回答問題，你仍有權(quán)隨時停止回答提問。

（二）法的淵源和等級（Sources and Hierarchy of Law）

憲法

美國憲法是“領(lǐng)土上的最高法律”。它規(guī)定了美國政府的基礎(chǔ)，保證了美國公民的自由和權(quán)利。沒有法律可以與憲法的任何原則沖突并且在美國沒有政府的職權(quán)可以凌駕于憲法之上。唯一有權(quán)解釋憲法的是聯(lián)邦法院并且它還可以評估聯(lián)邦或州法律的合憲性。

國際條約

依照憲法，美國簽訂的條約根據(jù)美國憲法也需同聯(lián)邦法令一樣尊重最高法律。在條約和聯(lián)邦法令沖突的情形下，遲頒布的或更具體的法規(guī)有效。美國作為一方簽訂的條約可以在美國條約服務(wù)署找到。大部分的法令，條約及其他國際法規(guī)集都是由國務(wù)院發(fā)布，還包括聯(lián)合國條約集。條約通常由聯(lián)邦法貫徹實行。

聯(lián)邦法

聯(lián)邦法首先在法律單行本上公布，然后編撰到成文法規(guī)大全，隨后進(jìn)入美國法典。引用聯(lián)邦法的一個例子是：42 U.S.C.sec．9607，是指美國法典9607章42條。聯(lián)邦法院可以對聯(lián)邦法提出質(zhì)疑。

代理規(guī)則和行政命令

聯(lián)邦行政機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布規(guī)章制度是一個準(zhǔn)立法行為；有效的聯(lián)邦規(guī)章有法律效力并且優(yōu)于州法律、法規(guī)。規(guī)章制度只有在國會賦予的法定職權(quán)內(nèi)頒布?？偨y(tǒng)也有廣泛的權(quán)力發(fā)布行政命令。行政命令是行政機(jī)構(gòu)中總統(tǒng)對其他官員的指示。被提議和生效的法規(guī)，行政命令及其他行政機(jī)構(gòu)的通知都將即日發(fā)布與聯(lián)邦公報上。公布在聯(lián)邦公報上的規(guī)則不能對任何人生效并且也不會出版。每個聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)必須公布：對其組織結(jié)構(gòu)的描述；機(jī)構(gòu)功能的總體陳述；程序規(guī)則，可用格式及所有資料的描述，最終報道及檢查；及機(jī)構(gòu)所采取的所有實質(zhì)性規(guī)則或總體適用性的陳述。規(guī)則可以被聯(lián)邦法院質(zhì)疑。聯(lián)邦法院是唯一有權(quán)去評論機(jī)構(gòu)規(guī)則和行為的，以保證其遵照聯(lián)邦法律的實質(zhì)性。對聯(lián)邦公報的正式引用包括卷、頁、年份，如下所示：聯(lián)邦公報43卷，11,110頁（1978）。終局行政規(guī)則首先公布在聯(lián)邦公報上，然后是聯(lián)邦規(guī)則法典。引用法典的例子有：40 C.F.R．pt．260，指聯(lián)邦規(guī)則法典第260部第40條。

司法意見

美國是普通法系國家，每個州依據(jù)普通法由一個法律體系，除了路易斯安那（其依據(jù)的是法國民法典）。普通法系沒有成文法的基礎(chǔ)，法官通過在斷案中適用從前的案例（先例）來建立普通法系.盡管明顯地受到成文法權(quán)威的影響，但大多數(shù)法律，特別是關(guān)于財產(chǎn)、合同及侵權(quán)仍舊是普通法系的傳統(tǒng)部分。這些領(lǐng)域的法大多由州管轄，因此州法律是普通法系的基本淵源。聯(lián)邦普通法在范圍上相對狹窄一些，這是由于其主要限于沒有法令規(guī)定的明顯的聯(lián)邦問題。

美國最高法院和大多數(shù)上訴法院的判決錄都能在各自法院的官方匯編中找到。這些至少從1887年開始，到今日為止的判決也可以在一個非官方的匯編體系——國家報告體系中找到。當(dāng)談及一個案子時，典型的引用包括案例名稱，匯編中的卷、頁數(shù)以及日期。如下所示：Kleppe v．New Mexico,426 U.S．529（1976）。引用聯(lián)邦上訴法院時可將卷簡寫作：F.,F.2d,或 F.3d，地方法院的卷可簡寫作：F．Supp。其他專門聯(lián)邦法院例如破產(chǎn)法院等的判決也將編纂。

引用州案例的體系是相同的。一個正確的引用是：Wagen v．Ford Motor Co.,97 Wis．2d 260,294 N.W．2d 437（1980），是指案例判決于1980年，位置在威斯康星州案例匯編（官方匯編）第二系列97卷260頁，同時亦可以在國家報告體系第二西北部分294卷437頁找到。

州憲法和州法令

州憲法是州的最高法律。各州法令必須與其憲法相一致。聯(lián)邦憲法和法律可以優(yōu)先于所有州的憲法和法律。市府憲章、法令、規(guī)章及法規(guī)僅適用于當(dāng)?shù)貑栴}；同時聯(lián)邦和州法律明顯的優(yōu)先于它們。

引用

為確保所有關(guān)于法律的出版物及寫作都有統(tǒng)一的引用格式，在美國對法律資源的引用大多都遵從統(tǒng)一引用體系，就是被大家所知的范本。范本每隔幾年會由法學(xué)院協(xié)會更新。范本提供所有州及聯(lián)邦法院、成文法編輯及行政規(guī)章的簡寫。

（三）美國法院體系（The U.S．Court System）

美國法院體系是政府聯(lián)邦體系的組成部分，它以兩級結(jié)構(gòu)為特點(diǎn)：包括州法院和聯(lián)邦法院。每個州都有自己的法院體系，由民事和形式初審法院組成，有時還包括上訴法院和州最高法院。聯(lián)邦法院體系則包括：一系列面向相對較小的地區(qū)的初審法院（稱為地方法院），巡回法院——審理來自眾多位于特定地區(qū)的地方法院的上訴案件，和聯(lián)邦最高法院。由于一些爭議事項（比如聲稱州的某一法律違憲）可以訴諸兩個法院體系的任何一個，因此這兩個體系在某種程度上是重疊的。然而在某種程度上，這兩個體系又是垂直的，聯(lián)邦法院體系位于州法院體系之上。在州最高法院敗訴的當(dāng)事人可以上訴至聯(lián)邦最高法院。

因此，典型案件開始于州法院體系或聯(lián)邦法院體系的一個初審法院——一個具有普遍管轄權(quán)的法院。大多數(shù)案件止步于初審法院。比如刑事案件的被告被宣告有罪，由法院作出判決隨之案件終結(jié)，人身傷害訴訟則隨著初審法院作出判決（或當(dāng)時方作出庭外和解）而終結(jié)。但有時，在審判法院敗訴的一方十分重視該案件而使程序并未終止于此。在這類案件中，在初審法院的“敗訴方”可以將案件上訴至高一級法院。

（四）我國刑法中的正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)（About Justifiable Defence in Chinese Criminal Law）

Justifiable defence is the act being exempted from crimes,namely,this act appears to cause damage to lawful rights and interests,but in essential it protects lawful rights and interests．Therefore,Chinese Criminal Law definitely prescribes that this act doesn’t constitute crimes.

According to Criminal Law,an act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the state and the public,or his own or other people’s individual rights,rights of property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement,thus harming the perpetrator,is justifiable defence,and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.

Justifiable defence must include the following conditions：Firstly,the purpose of this act is to prevent the interests of the state and the public，or a person’s own or other people’s individual rights,rights of property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement．Secondly,there must exist an unlawful infringement,including criminal acts as well as other illegal acts．Thirdly,the unlawful infringement must be on going,which means an unlawful infringement has begun and has not finished yet．Fourthly,an actor can only defend against the person who himself commits unlawful infringement．Finally,the act of justifiable defence can not obvious exceed the limit of necessity and cause serious damage．If a person’s act of justifiable defence obvious exceeds the limits of necessity and causes serious damage,which is considered as undue defence,he shall bear criminal responsibility．However,he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.

Moreover,in order to effectively protect lawful rights and interests and encourage citizensto carry out actively justifiable defence,our Criminal Law prescribes that if a person acts in defence against an on-going assault,murder,robbery,rape,kidnap and other crime of violence that seriously endangers his personal safety,thus causing injury or death to the perpetrator,it is justifiable defence instead of undue defence,and he shall not bear criminal responsibility．According to this provision,it is not undue defence to the acts in defence against crime of violence that seriously endangers one’s personal safety.

Justifiable defence is an important problem in criminal jurisprudence．It is an effective way to protect the rights and interests of the state and people．However,in practice,it is also difficult to judge the limits of justifiable defence sometimes．It need further research by experts of criminal jurisprudence gradually.

（五）行政法的概念和基本原則（The Concept and Basic Principles of Administrative Law）

Administration refers to those activities such as organization and regulation．The concept of administration in administrative legal system refers to the regulation of state and public affairs,namely,decision-making,organization and management of state and public affairs by administrative subject according to law,which is often referred to as public administration.

Administrative law is the general term of all legal norms and principles that regulates the different kinds of social relations occurring in the course of implementation of administrative power by administrative subject.

Then I would like to introduce the basic principles of administrative law．This problem is one of the elementary theoretical issues in administrative jurisprudence,which denotes the fundamental rules guiding the enactment and application of administrative law．The basic principles mainly consist of legality and reasonableness.

1．Legality is the foremost principle of administrative law,which means that administrative subject must implement administrative activities according to lawful authorization,form and procedure,and undertake corresponding legal responsibility for its illegal administrative activities．The basic content of the principle of legality is as follows．Firstly,the administrative authority of administrative subject shall be set or conferred by law．Secondly,administrative activities carried out by administrative subject must comply with administrative legal specifications．Thirdly,administrative subject’s activities against law are invalid．Fourthly,administrative subject must undertake corresponding legal responsibility for its illegal administrative activities.

2．The principle of reasonableness is a supplement to the principle of legality．It requires administrative activities of administrative subject be not only legal,but also reasonable．The specific requirements of this principle are：Firstly,administrative activities should comply with objective rules．Secondly,administrative activities should comply with the aim of the enactment of relevant laws．Thirdly,administrative activities should comply with the benefit ofstate and people．Fourthly,administrative activities should have sufficient objective basis．Fifthly,administrative activities should comply with justice and fairness．Sixthly,unreasonable administrative activities should undertake corresponding legal responsibility．The principle of administrative reasonableness is the principle of administrative law instead of administrative procedural law；so,it is applicable to administrative activities of administrative subject rather than the judicial action of judicial departments.

The basic principles of administrative law are controlling and binding the various administrative legal systems of our country more and more．Along with the development of socialist market economy and the construction of the socialist country ruled by law,the content of those principles will be increasingly improved.

（六）知識產(chǎn)權(quán)（Intellectual Property）

Generally,intellectual property is intangible and is created by intellectual effort as opposed to physical effort．In the United States,patents,copyrights and trademarks are governed by federal law．Trade secrets are governed by state law.

A patent is a governmental grant of an exclusive monopoly as an incentive and a reward for a new invention．To be patentable,an idea must be novel,useful and nonobvious．1 in the U．S．A．,the owner of a patent controls the right to make,sell and use a product for a period of seventeen years and a design for fourteen years．If one manufactures,sells,or uses a patented invention without authorization of the patent owner,he has probably committed patent infringement．The infringement exists even if the infringer did not know about the patent．Infringers can be liable for damages and may be enjoined from future infringement.

However,the party challenged with patent infringement can escape liability in a variety of ways．One way is by proving that the challenged product or process is outside the scope of the patent．Another way is by proving that the patent is invalid because it fails to meet the criteria for patentability．A third way is to establish that the patent holder has misused the patent．Misuse of a patent occurs when a patent holder uses the patent to achieve something illegally．The most common type of misuse occurs when the patent holder uses the patent to violate the antitrust laws.

A copyright protects the physical expression of intellectual or artistic effort,not the idea．A copyright is effective for the life of the creator plus fifty years．Anyone who creates an original work is protected by an automatic common law copyright．Published materials without statutory copyright protection are said to be in the public domain and may be used by anyone,without the consent of the creator．To obtain statutory copyright protection,materials must be published with the copyright notice,which takes the form of the word “copyright” or the abbreviation copr．,or the symbol ? followed by the name of the copyright owner．Copyrights may be registered with the Register of Copyright and copies of the copyrighted material are provided by the Library of Congress．If one violates the copyright created by the copyrightnotice,he may only be enjoined from future violations．If he violates a copyright created by registration,he may be liable for damages,fines or imprisonment．Owners of copyrights may assign their ownership to others.

A trademark is a mark on goods that distinguishes the marked goods from competing goods．The mark may be a word,picture or design．In order to qualify as a trademark,the mark must not be overly descriptive or generic．Trademarks are protected through registration．Unauthorized use of the registered trademarks of others is illegal．Public perception plays a significant role in trademark law．If the public comes to perceive that a trademark is generic,it will lose its legal status as a trademark．Public perception can also create a legal right for an attribute of a product．If a product’s shape or style or features are arbitrary and nonfunctional,and the general public comes to view these features as associated with a particular product,they are said to have acquired a secondary meaning,which may be registered and protected.

A trade secret may consist of any formula,device or compilation of information which is used in one’s business,and which gives him an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it．Trade secrets must be kept secret．To qualify for protection,the secret must give the firm a competitive advantage．Unlike patents and copyrights,there is no time limit on the life of a trade secret．It is effective as long as the secrecy is maintained．The law protects trade secrets from wrongful appropriation．This does not mean that a competitor cannot use the same manufacturing process．It only means that the competitor must arrive at the idea independently.

附錄：常用法律術(shù)語英漢對照表

A

a law 法規(guī)、法例

argumentative question 爭論性的問題

attempt 企圖

abate 降低、減少、排除

abduct 拐騙、誘拐

abortion 墮胎

abscond 潛逃、逃跑

absolve 宣告無罪

abstract 摘要，無因性

abuse（people）虐待、辱罵

abuse（power）濫用權(quán)利

abuse（office）濫用職權(quán)

acceptance of bribes 受賄

accessory 從犯

accident 事故、意外

accomplice 共犯、幫兇

accord and satisfaction 和解與清償

according to law 按照法律、依照法律、與法律一致

accusation 指控、控告

accused 被告

acquittal 宣告無罪

act of Congress 國會法案

act of God 不可抗力、天災(zāi)

adjudication 判決、裁定

admitted into evidence 接收為證據(jù)

admissible evidence 可接納的證據(jù)

admission 供認(rèn)、招認(rèn)

adoption 收養(yǎng)、領(lǐng)養(yǎng)、認(rèn)養(yǎng)；采用、接納

Adult Probation and Parole 成人緩刑與假釋

adultery 通奸

advisement of rights 權(quán)利告誡

advocate（n）辯護(hù)人

advocate（v）辯護(hù)；倡導(dǎo)

affiant 宣誓人、立誓詞人

affidavit 宣誓書、經(jīng)宣誓的書面陳述

affirm 確認(rèn)、（上訴院）維持原判

aggravated 加重的

aggravated circumstances 增加嚴(yán)重性的情節(jié)

agreement 協(xié)議

aid and abet 協(xié)謀、教唆、幫兇

aiding escape 協(xié)助逃跑

aiding prostitution 協(xié)助賣淫

alias 別名、化名、假名

alibi 不在現(xiàn)場的證據(jù)

alien 外僑、僑民

alimony （付給前配偶的）贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)

allegation 指稱、指控

alleged thief 被指稱為竊賊的人

allocution 認(rèn)罪供詞、自白供詞

amnesty 大赦

ancillary 附屬的

animal control officer 動物檢疫人員

animal cruelty 虐畜罪

anticompetitive practices 防止競爭措施

antitrust act 反托拉斯法案，發(fā)信托案

appeal 上訴

appearance 出庭

appellate court 上訴法庭

applicability 可適應(yīng)性

appoint 指定、委派、委任

appraisal 估價

aquatic wildlife 野生水中動物、魚類

arbitration 仲裁、公斷

argument 爭辯、辯論

arm of the law 法律的權(quán)利

armed robbery 持械搶劫

arraignment 提審、提訊、提堂、過堂

arraignment hearing 提訊聽證

arrest 逮捕、拘捕

arrest on suspicion 因有疑而被捕

arrest warrant 逮捕證、通緝令

arresting officer 執(zhí)行逮捕的警員

arsenal 彈藥庫、槍械庫

arson 縱火罪

ascertain 確定、查明

aspersion 中傷、誹謗

assassin 刺客、暗殺兇手

assailant 攻擊者

assault 攻擊

assault and battery 毆打罪、傷害人身罪

assess 估價、征收

assets 資產(chǎn)

asylum 庇護(hù)

atrocity 暴行

attempted crime 犯罪未遂

attempted murder 謀殺未遂

audit 稽查、查賬、審計、審核

authenticate 鑒定、認(rèn)證

auto burglary 偷汽車?yán)锏臇|西

auto theft 偷汽車

automobile homicide 車禍殺人

autopsy 驗尸、尸體剖檢

avow 招認(rèn)、承認(rèn)

award（v）判給

award（n）裁定額

B

backup 后援、后備

badge（of a police officer）徽章

bail 保釋、保釋金

bail bond 保釋保證金、保金

bail bondsman 保釋代理人

bail forfeiture 保釋金沒收

bail jumping 棄保潛逃、保釋中逃跑、逃保

Bail Reform Act 保釋修正案

bailey 法庭

bailiff 法警、法庭執(zhí)行官

ban 禁止、禁令、取締

bandit 盜賊、土匪

banish 流放、驅(qū)逐

bar 律師業(yè)

bar association 律師協(xié)會

barricade 臨時防御、障礙物

befouling water 污染水源

behavior 品性、行為

bench 法官席、法官

bench trail 法官（無陪審團(tuán)）審訊

bench warrant 法庭傳票

beyond reasonable doubt 理無置疑、無合理懷疑

bias 偏見

bicycle path 自行車/腳踏車/單車專用道

bid 投標(biāo)、出價

bigamy 一夫多妻制；重婚罪

bill（in a legislature）議案

bill of lading 提貨單、提單

bill of particular 訴訟明細(xì)書

Bill of Rights 人權(quán)法案、基本權(quán)利法案

bind over 責(zé)令待審

binding 有約束力的、附有義務(wù)的

binding agreement 有約束力的協(xié)議

birthright 與生俱來的權(quán)利

black market 黑市

blackmail 勒索、敲詐、訛詐

blood alcohol 血液內(nèi)的酒精含量

blood test 驗血

bludgeon 杖刑

board certified（medical）擁有（醫(yī)學(xué)）公會認(rèn)可的資格執(zhí)照

board examiner（medical）（醫(yī)學(xué)）公會監(jiān)考員

boating infractions 劃船游樂方面的違規(guī)

body search 搜身

book verb 入案、落案

bookie /bookmaker 賭博（各種比賽）的經(jīng)紀(jì)人

bookmaking 外圍下注

bound 受到約束的

bounty hunter 為領(lǐng)賞而追捕逃犯的人

brandish a weapon 揮動武器（來威脅）

breaking and entering 強(qiáng)行闖入

bribe 行賄、賄賂

brief 摘要書、辨訴狀

bring to justice 移送法辦、繩之以法

burden of proof 舉證責(zé)任

burglary 盜竊、盜竊罪

business license 營業(yè)執(zhí)照

bylaws 規(guī)章、規(guī)程

C

（credit for）time served 已服刑時間

campaign contribution 競選捐獻(xiàn)、競選獻(xiàn)金

cannabis 大麻、大麻類毒品

capital punishment 死刑

carcass 動物尸體

carjacking 劫車

carpool lane 合用車專用道

carrying a concealed weapon 身攜暗器、攜帶暗器

case 案子、訴訟案件

case in chief 主案、控方的證據(jù)

case law 判例法、案例法

causation 因果關(guān)系、造事原因

causing catastrophe 造成大災(zāi)難

caveat 警告、中止訴訟的通知

cease and desist 停止、制止

census 人口普查、人口調(diào)查

certified 被證明的、有保證的

chain of custody 接受監(jiān)管的次序

challenge

a．preemptory challenge 不述理由而要求陪審員退席

b．challenge for cause 有原因要求陪審員退席

challenge（v）反對、質(zhì)問

change of venue 變更審判地點(diǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)移管轄

character evidence 人格證據(jù)、品德證據(jù)

charges 指控、罪名

charge to the jury （法官）對陪審團(tuán)的指導(dǎo)

charitable organization 慈善機(jī)構(gòu)、慈善組織

charity drive 慈善活動

chattel 動產(chǎn)、有形財產(chǎn)

chief justice 首席法官

child endangerment 危害兒童

child labor law 童工法

child molestation 猥褻兒童

child welfare service 兒童福利服務(wù)

choking 窒息

circuit court 巡回法庭

circumstantial evidence 間接證據(jù)、旁證

citation 罰單、傳票

civil code 民事法典

civil enforcement 執(zhí)行民事法典

civil law 民法

civil liberty 公民自由

civil right 公民權(quán)利

claim（n）要求權(quán)

claim（v）聲稱、斷言

claim（damages）索賠

claim（lost or stolen property）認(rèn)領(lǐng)

claimant 債權(quán)人、原告、索賠人

clandestine 暗中的、秘密的

class action lawsuit 集體訴訟

classified（advertisement）分類的

classified（document）保密的

clerk of the court 法庭書記

closing argument 終結(jié)陳述、終結(jié)辯論

cocaine 古柯堿、可卡因

co-conspirator 共謀人、篡謀人

coercion 強(qiáng)迫、脅迫、挾制

cohabitation 同居

commercial drivers license 商業(yè)性駕駛執(zhí)照

commit a crime 犯下罪行

commitment hearing 拘禁聽證

common law 判例法、習(xí)慣法、普通法

common law marriage 普通法/習(xí)慣法上的婚姻

community service 社區(qū)服務(wù)

community standards 共同道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

compelling argument 有道理/有說服力的爭辯

competence 能力、權(quán)限

competent council 合格的律師

competent court 管轄法院、主管法院

complaint 控訴、民事起訴

compulsory education 義務(wù)教育

compulsory process 強(qiáng)制到庭的程序

computer crimes 用計算機(jī)（電腦）犯罪

concealed firearm 夾帶/夾藏的槍械

concealed weapon 夾帶/夾藏武器、暗器

concurrent sentences 合并刑期、同時執(zhí)行

confession 認(rèn)罪、供認(rèn)、招認(rèn)

confidentiality 保密性、機(jī)密性

confinement 監(jiān)禁、拘留

confiscate 沒收、充公

conflict of interest 利益沖突

confrontation of witness 證人對質(zhì)

consecutive sentences 連續(xù)刑期

conspiracy 共謀、篡謀

conspiracy to commit a crime 篡謀犯罪

constable 警察

constitutional right 憲法權(quán)利

contempt of court 蔑視法庭

continuance/continuation（of the case）訴訟延期、展延

contract 契約、合同

contract law 合同法、契約法

contradict 反駁

contradict oneself 自相矛盾

contradiction 矛盾

convict noun 罪犯

convict verb 定罪

conviction 定罪、判罪

coroner 驗尸官

correctional officer 獄警、監(jiān)管警員

corroborate 證實

costs incurred 所引起的費(fèi)用

counsel 律師

counseling 心理輔導(dǎo)

count 罪項

court 法庭、法院

court appointed attorney 法庭任命的律師

court interpreter 法庭翻譯、法庭傳譯

court of appeals 上訴法院

court of last resort 終審法院

court of record 案件記錄所在的法院

credibility 可信度、可信性

creditor 債權(quán)人

crime 罪行

crime lab 罪證化驗室

criminal background information 前科資料

criminal code 刑事法典

criminal information 刑事檢舉書

criminal intent 犯罪意圖

criminal justice 刑事司法

criminal mischief 刑事惡作劇

criminal offense 刑事犯罪

criminal proceedings 刑事訴訟程序

criminal record 犯罪記錄

criminal trespass 非法進(jìn)入他人土地或房屋

cross examination 盤問

crosswalk 行人穿越道、斑馬線、人行橫道

curfew 宵禁、戒嚴(yán)

custodial interference 妨礙監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)

custody（of children）監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)

（take into）custody 拘留、扣押

D

DA（District Attorney）檢察官、檢控官

damage 損失、損害

damages 損害賠償

data 數(shù)據(jù)、資料

de facto 事實上、實際上

de jure 法理上

deadly weapon 致命武器

death sentence 死刑

debate 辯論

debrief（a witness）詢問（證人）

deceit 欺騙、欺詐

deception 欺瞞、蒙騙

（to issue a）decree 頒布法令、命令

deface 毀傷外貌、污損

defamation 誹謗

default 缺席、逾期未……

default judgment 缺席判決

defendant 被告

defense 辯護(hù)、答辯、辯方

defense attorney 辯護(hù)律師

defense exhibit A 辯方呈物甲/證物甲

deferred prosecution 緩期起訴

defraud 詐騙、欺詐

defunct 已死的、已故的、已倒閉的

demolish 拆毀、拆除

denounce 譴責(zé)、斥責(zé)、駁斥

deny（a charge）否認(rèn)、否定

deny（a request or proposal）駁回、否決

department of corrections 懲治局、獄政局、監(jiān)獄局、勞改局

department of motor vehicles 機(jī)動車輛管理局、車管局

department of public safety 公安局、公安機(jī)關(guān)

deportation 遞解出境、驅(qū)逐出境

deposition 宣誓證言、宣誓證詞

deprave 腐化、腐敗

deputy D.A．地區(qū)副檢控官

deputy sheriff 警員

desecration 褻瀆、污辱

destruction of property 破壞財物

detain 扣留、拘留

detainer 扣押令

detention 拘留

diagnosis 診斷

direct evidence 直接證據(jù)

direct examination 直接詢問

disavowal 拒絕承擔(dān)責(zé)任

discharge 撤銷（命令）、釋放

disciplinary action 紀(jì)律處分、懲戒處分

disciplinary measure 紀(jì)律措施

discovery 告知準(zhǔn)備使用的證據(jù)、透露證據(jù)

dismemberment 肢解

dismiss 駁回

dismiss with prejudice 有偏見駁回起訴（不可以再訴）

dismiss without prejudice 無偏見駁回起訴（可以再訴）

disorderly conduct 擾亂治安行為、行為不軌

disposition（juvenile）（對未成年人的）判決、處理

dissident 異議人士、持不同政見者

disturbing public meeting 擾亂公眾會議

disturbing the peace 擾亂治安

diversion 轉(zhuǎn)移、替換

divest 剝奪

divorce 離婚

docket sheet 法院日程表

dog fighting 斗狗

domestic violence 家庭暴力

double jeopardy 雙重判案、一罪重審

dragnet 法網(wǎng)

driver’s education 駕駛培訓(xùn)

driving on a suspended license 在駕照吊銷期間開車

driving record 駕駛記錄

driving under the influence 酒后或吸毒后開車、受影響下駕駛

drug abuse 濫用毒品

drug bust 突擊搜捕毒品及販毒者

drug dealer 販毒者

drug trafficking 販毒

drugs 毒品

drunk driving 酒后開車

due process of the law 適當(dāng)/應(yīng)有的法律程序

duly sworn 正式發(fā)誓

E

eavesdropping 竊聽、偷聽

electric chair 電椅、電刑處死

electronic monitoring 電子監(jiān)視

elements of the offense 犯法要素

eligibility 資格

embezzlement 盜用、侵吞、監(jiān)守自盜

emergency medical service 急救服務(wù)

enhanced penalties 加重刑罰

entrapment 陷阱、圈套

equal protection 平等保護(hù)/保障

escape 逃跑、逃脫

evidence 證據(jù)

examination 審查、發(fā)問、盤問

exclusionary rule 排除不合法證據(jù)的法規(guī)

excusable homicide 可原諒的殺人

exculpatory 申明無罪的

exhibit 呈物、證物

exoneration 證明無罪、免除責(zé)任

exoneration of bail 免除保釋金

expert witness 專家鑒定證人

exploitation 利用、剝削

explosive 炸藥、爆炸物

expose（a crime）揭露、揭發(fā)

expunge 刪除、剔除

extortion 勒索

extradition 引渡

eyewitness 目擊證人

F

fabrication 捏造、偽造

fact 事實、真相

failure to appear 不出庭罪

fair use 公平使用

fallacy 謬論

false accusation 誣告罪

false alarm 虛驚

false arrest 非法逮捕

falsification of documents 偽造文件

falsification of evidence 偽造證據(jù)

felony 刑事重罪

fencing 買賣贓物

field sobriety test 現(xiàn)場清醒測驗

file（n）檔案、卷宗

file（v）提交、入檔、提出（訴訟）

find（n）拾得物、掘獲物

find（v）判定

finding 判決、調(diào)查結(jié)果

fine 罰款

fingerprints 指紋

fire code 防火規(guī)章

fire marshal 消防局長

fire prevention 防火措施

firearms 槍械

firecrackers 鞭炮、爆竹

fireworks 煙火、焰火、煙花

flagellate 鞭打

flammable material 易燃物品

for the record 記錄在案

foreclosure 贖回權(quán)的取消

forensic 法庭的、用于法庭的

forensic expert 法醫(yī)、科學(xué)鑒定專家

forensic psychiatry 司法精神病學(xué)

forensic science 科學(xué)鑒定學(xué)

forensics 法醫(yī)學(xué)

forfeit 放棄、失去

forgery 偽造

fornication 私通

foster home 寄養(yǎng)家庭、收養(yǎng)所

foul language 粗話

found liable 判定有責(zé)任

frame up 造假陷害

fraud 行騙、欺詐

frisk 搜身

fugitive 逃犯

G

gag order 禁止談?wù)摿?/p>

gallows 絞刑臺

gaming 賭博

gang 幫派、團(tuán)伙

garnish 扣押錢財

gas chamber 毒氣室

genocide 種族滅絕

gimmick 手法、手段

gist （訴訟中的）主旨、要點(diǎn)、大意

good behavior 品行良好

good cause 正當(dāng)理由

good faith effort 有誠意的努力

grace period 寬限期

graffiti 亂涂亂寫

graft 受賄、瀆職

grand jury 大陪審團(tuán)

grand theft 重偷竊罪

grievously sinful 罪孽深重

grievance 不滿、冤情

gross negligence 嚴(yán)重失職

groundless 無根據(jù)、沒道理

ground 理由

guardian 監(jiān)護(hù)人

guilty 有罪

gun runner 軍火走私販

gunshot wound 槍傷

H

habeas corpus 人身保護(hù)法

habitual offender 慣犯

habitual sex offender 性慣犯

habitual violent offender 暴力慣犯

hallucinogen 幻覺劑

handcuff 手銬

handgun 手槍

harassment 騷擾

harbor a criminal 窩藏罪犯

hate crime 仇恨罪

hazardous material 危害物品、危險材料

hazing 戲弄、惡作劇

hearing 聆訊

hearsay 傳聞

heroin 海洛因

highway patrol 高速公路巡警

hijacking 劫持

hit and run 駕車肇事后逃跑

hoarding 囤積

hoax 騙局

home detention 軟禁

homicide 殺人、他殺

hostage 人質(zhì)

hostile witness 敵對證人

hot pursuit 緊追

hung jury 不能做出一致決斷的陪審團(tuán)

hunting certificate/license/permit 狩獵許可

hunting tag 狩獵標(biāo)牌

I

identification 身份證

identify 認(rèn)出、辨認(rèn)、分辨

illegal alien 非法居留者

illegal immigration 非法移民

illegal immigration broker 蛇頭

illegitimate child 私生子、非婚生子

illicit 非法

illusory 錯覺的

immunity 豁免權(quán)

immunity from liability 責(zé)任豁免權(quán)

immunity from prosecution 檢控豁免權(quán)

impeachment of witness 指責(zé)證人

impersonation of judge 假扮法官

impersonation of police officer 假扮警察

implicate 牽連、牽涉

implied consent 默認(rèn)、默示同意

impound 沒收、扣押、充公

imprisonment 徒刑、下獄、坐牢、禁錮

in camera 不公開

in session 開庭

inadmissible 不可接納的

incarceration 監(jiān)禁

incest 亂倫

inchoate offenses 犯罪未遂

incite 煽動、鼓動

inconsistent（statements）矛盾（供詞）

incriminate 歸罪、使負(fù)罪

indictment 大陪審團(tuán)起訴書、大陪審團(tuán)公訴書

indigent 貧窮的

indirect evidence 間接證據(jù)

inducement 誘惑

infiltration 滲透

influence peddling 招權(quán)納賄

informant 告密者、線人

information 正式起訴書

informed consent 知情的同意

infraction 違規(guī)、違例

inherent right 固有權(quán)利

inheritance 繼承；遺產(chǎn)

injunction 禁令、強(qiáng)制令

injustice 不公正、不正義、不法

inmate 囚犯

insanity 精神錯亂

instigate 煽亂、慫恿

insurance 保險

insurgent 叛亂的

intent 意圖

interference with public servant 妨害公務(wù)罪

INTERPOL 國際刑事警察組織

interstate 州際

intimidation 恐嚇

intoxilyzer 酒醉測試器

investigation 調(diào)查

irrational 不合理智的

issue（n）問題、爭論點(diǎn)；

issue（v）發(fā)行、發(fā)出、分配

itemize 列舉、詳細(xì)列舉

J

jail 拘留所、監(jiān)獄

jailbreak 越獄

jay-walk 違章穿越馬路

John/Jane Doe 無名氏

joy riding 偷車兜風(fēng)

Judge Advocate General 軍法局長、軍法處長

judgment 判決

judicial 司法的

judicial notice 司法上應(yīng)有的知識

judiciary 司法系統(tǒng)

jump bail 棄保潛逃

junk dealer 收售舊物者

jurisdiction 司法權(quán)、管轄權(quán)、判決權(quán)

jurisprudence 法理家

jurist 法學(xué)家

juror 陪審員

juror,alternative 候補(bǔ)陪審員

juror,prospective 待選陪審員

juror,sworn 正選陪審員

jury 陪審團(tuán)

jury box 陪審團(tuán)席

jury instructions（法官給）陪審團(tuán)的指示

jury tempering 非法干預(yù)陪審團(tuán)

jury trial 陪審團(tuán)審案

juvenile court 青少年/未成年人法庭

juvenile delinquent 青少年/未成年人罪犯

K

kidnapping 綁架、綁票

killer 兇手

kiting 開空頭支票

kleptomania 盜竊狂

knowingly 知情地、故意地

L

labor law 勞工法、勞動法

landmark decision 里程碑式的判決

larceny 盜竊罪

laser-sight weapon 激光瞄準(zhǔn)武器

law code 法典、法例

law enforcement agency 執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)

law firm 律師事務(wù)所

law school 法學(xué)院

lawsuit 官司、訴訟、案件

lead council 首席律師

leading question 誘導(dǎo)發(fā)問

lechery 淫亂行為

legal age 法定年齡

legal aid 法律援助

legal aide 法律助理

legal council 法律顧問

legal obligation 法律義務(wù)

legal system 法律體制

legal tender 法定貨幣

legalese 法律術(shù)語

legality 合法性

legislature 立法機(jī)關(guān)

leniency 寬恕、寬大處理

lethal injection 致命性注射劑

lethal weapon 致命兇器

letter bomb 信件炸彈

lewd conduct 猥褻行為、淫穢行為、下流行為

liability 應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任、債務(wù)

liable 法律責(zé)任

liability insurance 責(zé)任保險

libel 誹謗罪

lie detector 測謊器

lie in wait 埋伏以待

lien 留置權(quán)、扣押權(quán)

life sentence 無期徒刑、終身監(jiān)禁

lineup 列隊辨認(rèn)嫌疑犯

litigant 訴訟當(dāng)事人

litigation 訴訟、打官司

littering 亂丟垃圾

loaded weapon 裝上彈藥的武器

loan shark 高利貸者

lodge a complaint 投訴

loitering 閑蕩

loophole 漏洞

looting 洗劫、趁亂打劫

losses 損失

LSD 迷幻藥

lynching 私刑處死

M

Mafia 黑手黨、黑社會、黑幫團(tuán)伙

magistrate 裁判官

mail bomb 郵件炸彈

mail fraud 郵件欺詐

mail theft 郵件盜竊

maiming 殘害

making arrest 拘捕、逮捕

malfeasance 惡行、劣跡

malice 惡意

malicious mischief 惡意作弄

malicious prosecution 惡意控告

malign 誣蔑、詆毀

malpractice 失職

mandate 執(zhí)行令

mandatory 規(guī)定的、強(qiáng)制性的

mandatory sentences 規(guī)定刑期

manhunt 搜捕逃犯

manslaughter 過失殺人、誤殺

maritime law 海事法

marshal 法警、庭警

mass hysteria 集體發(fā)瘋

material facts 重要事實

material statement 重要聲明

material witness 重要證人

matter of record 有案可查的事項

maxim 格言

mayhem 殘害身體

mediation 調(diào)停、仲裁

minimum standard 最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

minor 未成年人

Miranda Rights 米蘭達(dá)權(quán)利

mischief 惡作劇

misconduct 不法行為、不端行為

misdemeanor 輕刑罪

misleading question 誤導(dǎo)問題

misnomer 誤稱

misquote 錯誤引用

misrepresentation 虛假不實的陳述

missing 失蹤

mistrial 無效審判（可重審）

mitigating circumstances 減罪細(xì)節(jié)

mitigating factors 減罪因素

modus operandi 作案方法

money laundering 洗錢

monopoly 壟斷

moot（adj.）假設(shè)的、非實際的

moral certainty 確實可靠性

moral standard 道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

moral turpitude 違背道德、卑鄙

motion 動議

motion denied 動議被否決

motion granted 動議被批準(zhǔn)

motive 動機(jī)

mug shot 入案照片

mutilation 切斷、殘害、毀傷

mutiny 兵變、叛變

N

narcotics 麻醉品

native-born citizen 土生公民

naturalization 入境、歸化

negligence 疏忽、過失

negligent homicide 過失殺人

nepotism 任人唯親、裙帶風(fēng)

neutrality law 中立法

next of kin 最近親屬

night court 晚間法庭

no contest 無爭議

nonfeasance 不履行義務(wù)

nonpayment 不支付、未繳納

nonresident 非（某地）居民

not guilty 無罪

notary public 公證人

nuisance 妨害公共利益的行為

null and void 無效、失效

nullify 取消

O

oath 誓言

objection 反對、抗議、異議

obscene 猥褻、淫蕩

obscene phone call 猥褻/淫穢電話

obscenity 猥褻、淫穢、下流

obstructing justice 妨害司法

offense 罪行、犯法

officer 警察、官員

official misconduct 官員瀆職

on the record 記錄在案

open court 公開法庭

opening statement 開案陳述/陳詞

ordinance 法令、條例

ostracism 排斥

outlaw（n）歹徒

outlaw（v）取締、剝奪（權(quán)利）

outstanding warrant 未執(zhí)行的逮捕證、仍有效的通緝令

overrule 駁回、推翻

over act 明顯/公開行為

P

pandering procuring 拉皮條

panel 小組

panel（of jurors）全體陪審員

parade permit 游行示威許可

paradox 自相矛盾

paralegal 律師助理

paramedic 急救人員

paranoia 偏執(zhí)狂、妄想狂

pardon 赦免

parole 假釋

party 當(dāng)事人

pass sentence 宣判

patent 專利

paternity suit 確認(rèn)生父的訴訟

pathologist 病理學(xué)家

patronizing a prostitute 嫖娼、嫖妓

PCP 天使粉（興奮劑）、苯環(huán)己哌啶

pedestrian 行人

penalties 懲罰、罰金

per dim 按日津貼

perjury 偽證

perpetrator 作案者、肇事者

petition 請愿、請愿書

petition（juvenile court）控訴書（青少年/未成年人法庭）

petition the court 向法庭請愿

petty theft 小偷

picket line 警戒線、糾察線

pistol 手槍

plaintiff 原告

plea 答辯

plea and（in）abeyance 暫停答辯

plea bargain 認(rèn)罪求情、認(rèn)罪協(xié)議

plead guilty 認(rèn)罪答辯

plead innocent/not guilty 罪答辯

plight 誓約、困境

plunder（n）掠奪品

plunder（v）搶劫、掠奪

police detail 警察特定任務(wù)隊

police dispatcher 警察調(diào)度員

police dog 警犬

police record 警察記錄

polluting 污染

polyandry 一妻多夫制

polygamy 一夫多妻制

pornographer 制作色情作品的人

pornographic material 色情材料

pornography 色情

port-of-entry 入境口岸

possession of narcotics 持有麻醉品

post bail 交保、提交保釋金

pound 獸欄

power of attorney 委托書、授權(quán)書、代理權(quán)

prank 惡作劇

precedence 優(yōu)先權(quán)

precedent 前例、先例

prejudice 偏見

prejudice to the case 對案情不公、對案情不利

preliminary hearing 初步聽證/聆訊

preliminary injunction 初步禁令

premeditate 預(yù)謀

preponderance of the evidence 絕大多數(shù)的證據(jù)、證據(jù)的優(yōu)勢

prerequisite 先決條件

prescription drugs 處方藥

pre-sentencing investigation 判刑前調(diào)查

pre-sentencing report 判刑前報告

press charges 正式控告

presumption of innocence 無罪推定、無罪假設(shè)、假定清白

protection racket 勒索保護(hù)費(fèi)的組織

pretrial conference 預(yù)審會議

pretrial services agency 預(yù)審服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)

pretrial motions 預(yù)審動議

price control 物價控制

price fixing 價格壟斷

prima facie evidence 表面證據(jù)、初步證據(jù)

prior convictions 前科

prison 監(jiān)獄

prison clothes 囚衣

prison guard 獄警、管教

prison term 刑期

prisoner 囚犯

privacy 隱私權(quán)

privileged information 秘密資料

pro se（pro per）代表自己、自辯

probable cause 頗能成立的原因

probate 遺囑認(rèn)證

probation 緩刑

probation officer 監(jiān)管緩刑犯的官員、緩刑官

professional organization 專業(yè)組織

prohibition 禁令

proof 證據(jù)

prosecution 控方、控告

prosecutor 檢察官、檢控官

prostitute 妓女

prostitution 賣淫

protective custody 保護(hù)性拘留、監(jiān)護(hù)

protective order 保護(hù)令

psychotoxic chemicals 引起精神病的化學(xué)品

public defender 公設(shè)辯護(hù)人/律師

public domain 公有領(lǐng)域/產(chǎn)業(yè)/土地

public monies 公款

punish according to law 法辦

punitive damages 懲罰性賠償

purge 消除、銷案

pursuit 追捕

Q

quack 無牌醫(yī)生

qualification 資格

qualm 疑慮

quarantine 檢疫隔離

quash 撤銷、廢除

quasi 準(zhǔn)、類似、似乎

questionnaire 調(diào)查表

quibble 狡辯

quick court 短期法庭

quid pro quo 交換條件、抵償物

quorum 法定人數(shù)

quota system 配額制

R

racial discrimination 種族歧視

racial segregation 種族隔離

racism 種族主義

racketeering enterprise 敲詐勒索集團(tuán)

radar speed gun 雷達(dá)速度測試器

radar detector 雷達(dá)探測器

radical 激進(jìn)、極端

railroad crossing 鐵路公路交叉道口

ransack 洗劫、徹底搜查

ransom 贖金

rap sheet 警方逮捕記錄

rape 強(qiáng)奸

ratify 批準(zhǔn)、認(rèn)可

real property/real state 不動產(chǎn)、房地產(chǎn)

reasonable doubt 合理的懷疑

rebuttal 反駁

recall a witness 召回證人

receiving stolen property 窩贓

reckless burning 魯莽用火

reckless driving 魯莽駕駛

recognizance 保證（到庭）

reconciliation 調(diào)停、調(diào)解、和解

recourse 追索權(quán)

recess 休息

recidivist 慣犯、累犯

recreational vehicles 大型旅行車

recross 再次盤問

redirect 再次直接詢問

refugee 難民

registered trademark 注冊商標(biāo)

registration（auto）（汽車）上牌/登記

regulation 規(guī)章、規(guī)定

reinstated 恢復(fù)、復(fù)職

release 釋放

release pending trail 得釋在外待審

remain silent 保持沉默

remains（body）殘骸、遺骸

remand 還押

removal hearing 移送聆訊

remedy 補(bǔ)救

reparations 賠償、賠款

repeat offender 慣犯

repeat offense 多次罪行

represent a client 代表客戶

represent to the court 向法官陳述

residence 住處

resisting arrest 拒捕

restitution 歸還、賠償

rest a case 案件證據(jù)已全部提出

restraining order 禁令

retail theft 盜竊零售商品

retract 撤回

retroactive 有追溯效力的

return a verdict 作出判決

reversal 推翻、撤銷、駁回

review/retrial 復(fù)審

revoke 撤銷、吊銷、取消

revolt 叛變、造反

revolver 左輪槍

rifle 步槍、來復(fù)槍

right 權(quán)利

right-of-way 先行權(quán)、通行權(quán)

ringleader 主謀、魁首

risk of flight 潛逃危機(jī)

robbery 搶劫

robbery,armed 持械搶劫

round-the-clock 晝夜

rule of law 法治

rules of evidence 證據(jù)法規(guī)則

ruse 詭計

S

sabotage 蓄意破壞、怠工

sacrilege 瀆圣、冒瀆

sadism 虐待狂

safety inspection（auto）（汽車）安全檢查

safety regulation 安全規(guī)則

sale of a child 販賣兒童

sanction 制裁

sane 神志正常

scapegoat 替罪羊

scene of crime 作案現(xiàn)場

search and seizure 搜查與充公

search warrant 搜查令

secret agent 特務(wù)、特工

Secret Service 特勤部

security fraud 證券欺詐

sedition 煽動叛亂

self determination 自決

self incrimination 自證其罪、自我牽連

self-defense 自衛(wèi)

sensitive 敏感的

sentence 判刑

separation agreement 分居協(xié)議

sequester a jury 隔離陪審團(tuán)

serve a subpoena 送達(dá)傳票

serve papers on a party 送交文件給某方

set bail 定保釋金額

sever case 將案件分離

sexual abuse 性虐待

sexual assault 性侵犯

shackles 手銬、腳鐐

sheriff （縣）警長

shoplifting 入店行竊

shotgun 散彈槍、獵槍

sidewalk 人行道

sight translation 視譯

simultaneous interpretation 同聲傳譯

skid row 貧民區(qū)街道、沒落地段

slander 誹謗

slavery 奴隸制

slip and fall 滑倒

slugs 假硬幣、子彈

smuggling 走私

snowmobile 雪車

sodomy 雞奸、獸奸

solicitation 教唆、拉客

solicitor 法務(wù)官

special agent 特務(wù)、特工

specification 規(guī)格

speedy trial 快速審理

squatter 擅自居住、擅自占地

stalking 潛行追蹤

standard weights 砝碼

standards 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

status quo 現(xiàn)狀

statute 法規(guī)

statute of limitation 時效法規(guī)

statutory law 成文法、制定法

statutory rape 制定法上的強(qiáng)奸

stay a warrant 中止刑事手令

stay of execution 延緩執(zhí)行死刑

sting operation （為捉拿疑犯所設(shè)置的）突擊圈套

stipulation 規(guī)定、協(xié)議

strangulation 勒死、掐死、絞死

strike from the record 從記錄中刪除

subject to prosecution 可被公訴

suborn perjury 唆使提供偽證

submit evidence 提出證據(jù)

subpoena 傳票

substance abuse 濫用藥物

substance abuse prevention 防止濫用藥物的措施

substantive count 實質(zhì)罪項

substantive law 實體法、主法

sue 起訴、打官司

suit 訴訟

summary judgment 即決審判

suppress evidence 壓制證據(jù)

supreme court 最高法院

surcharge 附加費(fèi)

surrogate parenthood 代父母身份

surveillance 監(jiān)視

susceptible 易受影響的

suspect 犯罪嫌疑人、疑犯

suspended license 暫時吊銷執(zhí)照

suspended sentence 緩刑

swear to tell the truth 發(fā)誓說實話

sworn testimony 宣誓作證

syndicate 犯罪集團(tuán)

T

tacit approval 默許

take issue 提出異議、反對

take the stand 到證人席作證、出庭作證

tampering with a witness 干擾證人

tampering with evidence 損壞證據(jù)

tampering with jury 干預(yù)陪審團(tuán)

tariff 關(guān)稅

tax advantage 有利稅率

tax deduction 減稅

tax evasion 逃稅

tax exempt 免稅

tax fraud 稅務(wù)行騙

tax in kind 實物稅、以實物繳納的稅

tax law 稅法

tax rate 稅率

tax return 稅表、報稅單

tax shelter 合法避稅手段

telecommunications fraud 電信行騙

telephone fraud 電話行騙

temporary restraining order 暫時禁令

temporary insanity 暫時性精神錯亂

tenor（gist）要旨、大意

tentative 暫定的

terrorism 恐怖主義

terrorist 恐怖分子

testify under oath/affirmation 宣誓作證

testimony 證詞

the people 人民、公訴人

threatening elected officials 威脅公選官員

time off for good behavior 因表現(xiàn)良好而減刑

time served 已服刑期

tobacco product warning 煙草產(chǎn)品警告

tort 民事侵權(quán)行為

towing regulation 拖車規(guī)定

trade names 商品/商號/商業(yè)名稱

trademark 商標(biāo)

traffic citation 交通罰單

traffic court 交通法庭

trafficking in 非法販賣

transcript 記錄抄本

transliteration 音譯

trespassing 擅自進(jìn)入

trial 審訊

trial on merit 實體審判

trier of fact 事實的審判者

truancy 曠課、逃學(xué)、曠工

truant officer 調(diào)查曠課/曠工的官員

true bill 大陪審團(tuán)簽署的起訴書

true copy 準(zhǔn)確的副本

trumped up charge 誣告、無中生有

truthful statement 真實聲明

twist（the facts）歪曲事實

U

ulterior motive 別有用心、另有動機(jī)

un alienable right 不容剝奪的權(quán)利

unanimous verdict 全體一致的判決

unconstitutional 違憲的

under advisement,take 會考慮周全

under oath 宣過誓

under penalty of 處以……的懲罰

undermine 暗中破壞

underwrite 承保、負(fù)責(zé)保險、負(fù)責(zé)支付

unfair competitive practice 不公平競爭

uniform 一律、一致、統(tǒng)一；

uniform crime reporting 統(tǒng)一的罪案報告方式

unit（police）（警察）小組、警車

unlawful handling of 非法處理

unlawful retention 非法拘留

unlawful sexual intercourse 非法性交

unloaded weapon 沒裝彈藥的槍械

unpremeditated crime 非預(yù)謀罪行

uphold verdict 維持原判

urine test 尿液測試

use of force 使用武力\暴力

usurpation 篡奪、非法使用

usury 高利貸

utter 行使偽造物

utility theft 盜竊公用設(shè)備\

U-turn 汽車調(diào)頭\回轉(zhuǎn)

V

vice 惡性

vice squad 警察緝捕隊、刑警隊

victim 受害者

victim’s right 受害者的權(quán)利

vigilance 警惕、防范

vigilante 民間警戒行動者、民間治安維持者

villain 惡棍

vindication 證實無罪、證實清白

vindictive punishment 報復(fù)性懲罰

vintage vehicle 古董車

violent crime 暴力罪行

visitation 探親、探視；

vulgarity 粗鄙

vulnerability 弱點(diǎn)、易受傷害

vulture 貪婪而殘酷的人

vacate 搬出；撤銷 搬出；

vagrancy 流浪

validation 批準(zhǔn)、證實、使生效

vandalism 肆意破壞財產(chǎn)

vehicular homicide 車禍致死

vendetta 世仇、家族仇殺

venereal disease 性病

venue 審判地點(diǎn)

verbal agreement 口頭協(xié)議

verbatim 咬文嚼字

verdict 判決、裁決

vested rights 既定權(quán)利、應(yīng)有權(quán)利

veto 否決 否

W

waive rights 放棄權(quán)利

waive time 放棄時限權(quán)利

waiver of rights 棄權(quán)書

wanton（willful or reckless）任性、肆意、肆無忌憚

wanton negligence 任意過失

war crimes 戰(zhàn)爭罪行

ward of the court 受法院監(jiān)護(hù)的任

warden 監(jiān)獄長 監(jiān)獄長

warning lights 警告燈

warning sign 警告標(biāo)志

warrant 法令、逮捕證、搜查證

warranty 保單、擔(dān)保

water rights 用水權(quán)

weapon 武器

whereabouts 下落

white supremacy 白人種族至上主義

wildlife 野生動植物

will 遺囑

wire tap 竊聽電話

withdraw 撤回、撤銷

with prejudice 有偏見

without prejudice 無偏見

witness of the defense 辯方證人

witness of the prosecution 控方證人

work furlough 暫準(zhǔn)獄外工作

work release 白天監(jiān)外工作

writ 書面命令、傳票

wrongful act 不法行為、不當(dāng)行為

X

xenophile 崇洋媚外

xenophobe 仇外 仇外

X-rated film 色情電影

Y

yes/no question 是非問題

yield 讓步、屈服

youth authority 少年罪犯管理機(jī)構(gòu)

Z

zealot 狂熱、過分熱心

zoning 城市區(qū)劃