◆第三章◆　四級作文的語篇

四級考試作文最為常見的是說明文和議論文，其次為應(yīng)用文，包括建議、投訴、祝賀、拒絕、道歉、感謝、邀請、申請、求職、海報、競選演說辭、日程安排等生活學(xué)習方方面面涉及的信函和公告。應(yīng)用文涉及一些相對固定的表達方式，平時應(yīng)該多加積累。偶爾會涉及記敘文，要求考生敘述某個事件發(fā)生的經(jīng)過。

從歷次作文考題來看，占絕對主導(dǎo)地位的還是說明文和議論文。因此，掌握這兩種文體的語篇類型至關(guān)重要。

以下就四種最常見的語篇類型舉例說明。

一、說明文：現(xiàn)象解釋型和問題解決型

1．現(xiàn)象解釋型說明文：對某種現(xiàn)象和變化產(chǎn)生的原因及其影響進行解釋說明，闡明自己的觀點。

例如：2007年12月英語四級作文

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled What Electives to Choose．You should write at least120 words following the outline given below．

1）各大學(xué)開設(shè)了各種各樣的選修課

2）學(xué)生出于各種原因選擇不同的選修課

3）以你自己為例……

With the reform of Chinese higher education，more and more colleges and universities put emphasis on nurturing students’abilities．Asa result，elective coursesare available notonly for excellent academic performers but also for students about the average level．

Certainly，students have different reasons to choose their own electives．For some，practical skills are the essence of college education，and therefore，courses on computer science，marketing，and finance are highly preferred．On the other hand，others may hold the idea of liberal education and electives concerning literature，history，and philosophy are the most welcome．

Takeme as an example：being a disciple of free education，I stand for the notion that university is not a place for survival skills，but a palace of knowledge and critical reasoning．Althoughmymajor is chemistry，the electives Iattendmost frequently are English literature，an Introduction to Classic Music，and Different Schools ofWestern Painting．They really widenmy horizon．

從全文來看，該語篇呈現(xiàn)出以下規(guī)律：

第一段：（描述現(xiàn)象）描述現(xiàn)象或變化。

第二段：（說明原因）原因一……原因二……原因三……

第三段：（闡述觀點）陳述理由……總結(jié)全文，提出建議或希望。

2．問題解決型說明文：針對某一問題的危害或重要性進行說明并提出解決方案。

例如：2008年12月大學(xué)英語四級作文

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bag．You should write at least120 words following the outline given below．

1）一次性塑料袋的使用

2）使用一次性塑料袋帶來的問題

3）限制一次性塑料袋的意義

In our daily life，most people use disposable plastic bags for shopping and other purposes．However，the excessive use of disposable plastic bags has resulted in a great damage to our environment．

The problems brought by disposable plastic bags are various，ranging from environment to people’s health．In the first place，it takes years for the plastic products to decompose and be absorbed by the soil．Secondly，the use of disposable plastic bags will indirectly do harm to people’s health．Sometimes people buy hot food packed into disposable plastic bags for saving time to wash their dining utensils．Yet they are not informed of the chemicalmaterial the bags release in high temperature．Therefore，they are also eating the poisonous stuff while enjoying the tasty food．

It’s enlightening and significant that our government has banned the use of disposable plastic bags officially，and people will be charged for the use of such bags．This action is reducing the consumption of bags to a great extent．It is a greatmeasure for the sustainable development of our earth．

從全文來看，語篇呈現(xiàn)出以下規(guī)律：

第一段：總述問題。

第二段：陳述表現(xiàn)/危害。

第三段：陳述解決方法。

二、議論文：對比選擇型和觀點論證型

1．對比選擇型議論文：對兩種觀點或?qū)δ骋皇挛锏膬?yōu)缺點進行對比分析，然后表達自己的觀點。

例如：2005年12月大學(xué)英語四級作文

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30minutes to writea shortessay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists？You should writeat least120 words following the outline given below．

1）名校校園正成為旅游新熱點

2）校園是否應(yīng)對游客開放，人們看法不同

3）我認為……

When it comes to whether the university campus should be open to tourists，there is no complete agreement among people．Some people take it for granted that university campus should embrace tourists across the country．However，othersmaintain that the university campus should be closed to tourists．

Those who hold the first opinion believe that refusing tourists contradicts universities’proclaimed spirit of openness．In addition，they point out that no university has the right to reject taxpayers visiting the campus because it is a public place．However，still others think differently．In their opinion，toomany touristswill add a burden to the security department of the university．Besides，they argue that these tourists will destroy the quiet environment and influence students’normal study．

Weighing up these two arguments，I prefer the former one．For one thing，by visiting the university，high school students can experience the campus atmosphere and be stimulated to make a better preparation for the college entrance exam．For another，a university should be an open place and impart the spirit of openness．Considering these，Imay reasonably conclude that the university campus should welcome all tourists．

從全文來看，語篇呈現(xiàn)出以下規(guī)律：

第一段：提出問題。

第二段：對比兩種觀點。

第三段：表明作者觀點。

2．觀點論證型議論文：用論據(jù)論證某種觀點的正確性

例如：1997年1月大學(xué)英語四級作文

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Practice Makes Perfect．You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline（given in Chinese）below：

1）怎樣理解“熟能生巧”？

2）例如：在英語學(xué)習中……

3）又如……

The well-known proverb“Practice makes perfect．”means that when we set about a difficult task or begin to learn something new，we need to practice constantly．Getting familiar with something ismerely the first step．Only through constant practice can we get to know how the parts are related and only in thisway can we become skilled in doing the work and in the end have a better command of it．

Many examples can be cited to illustrate this fact．Learning to write English composition is a good case in point．Many students complain thatwriting in English is really a great problem for them．But do you notice how often they practice writing English compositions in their daily life？If they fail to follow what the proverb says，if they don’twrite regularly in English，how can they expect to improve their writing？

Let’s take playing piano as another example．Many want to be famous pianists，but few know the road to success．How can one play the pianowonderfully if he only practices itonce in a while．The road to success is filled with hard work．Only when one persists in practicing hour after hour，day after day can he get to the peak of success．

There are other countless examples in our daily life，but I think the above mentioned are evident enough to illustrate the truth of the proverb．We ought to keep the proverb in mind wheneverwe do something new and difficult．

從全文來看，語篇呈現(xiàn)出以下規(guī)律：

第一段：描述或解讀某種觀點的含義。

第二段：論證觀點（常用的論證方法是舉例論證和列舉原因論證）。

第三段：總結(jié)觀點。

從傳統(tǒng)作文考題來看，以上的語篇類型很容易從給出的中文或英文提綱中識別出來?？忌恍枰獙⑻峋V細化即可。但是如果考題未列出提綱則需要考生認真審題，選擇合適的語篇類型搭建文章。

例如：2011年12月四級作文

Directions：You’re allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying，“Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in theworld，I’ve done it hundredsof times”．You’d write at least120 wordsbut nomore than 180 words．

【提示】針對這種考題，考生需要根據(jù)題目和給出的材料認真審題，提煉出自己的提綱，并將提綱進行細化，生成introduction，body和conclusion。本篇文章的body部分不外乎兩種展開方式：舉例和列舉。本篇文章用舉例論證更易展開。具體來講，本文要求考生從幽默材料入手，強調(diào)“堅強的意志是成功的重要保證”。緊接著展開話題，運用實例闡述主題：只有意志堅定的人才可以走向成功。最后重申主題，呼應(yīng)開頭，并提出希望：新時代的大學(xué)生要培養(yǎng)堅強的意志。從語篇類型來看該考題屬于觀點論證型議論文。

As the saying goes，“Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the word．I’ve done it hundreds of times”，no success can be achieved without a strong will．There is also a saying：“Where there is a will，there is away．”A determined mind and a strong will give us the power to succeed．In this essay Iwill offermy own view on it．

A strongwill is indispensable to the success ofall things in our life and career．Throughout the history，great achievements are made by people of a strong will．Such examples are seen from countries to countries and from time to time．Famous books likeWar and Peace were not written easily．A strong-willed writer can spend hours and hours changing the original scripts in order to create a satisfying work．Valuable artworks made by Picasso were all done after innumerous changes．

We can see from these examples thatnothing succeedswithouta strongwill．If you have a clear target in mind，focus on it and stay strong-willed．Your will and efforts will bring you the expected result after your continuing hard work。

有關(guān)提綱的問題，值得注意的是有許多考生認為30分鐘時間非常有限，列提綱耽誤時間，沒有必要，于是不假思索地動筆就寫，想一句寫一句。結(jié)果最后發(fā)現(xiàn)前面寫的不理想，出現(xiàn)了諸如文章不連貫、觀點不鮮明等問題，想改卻為時已晚。因此在認真審題的前提下，花五分鐘左右的時間擬一個提綱非常必要。

那么如何列提綱呢？

一般來講，四級作文包括三個部分（注意不是三個自然段）：introduction（提出問題），body（分析問題），conclusion（解決問題）。列提綱時考生注意要認真分析標題，提煉出introduction，body和conclusion三個部分要寫的內(nèi)容，并且構(gòu)思出body部分的支撐材料，簡要列在提綱中。

例如：

Directions：You’re allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Fireworks Be Banned？by commenting on both sidesof arguments．You’d write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words．

【分析】通過審題，從文章標題不難看出本文的主題是寫放鞭炮是否應(yīng)該被禁止，通過審題論述正反兩方面觀點產(chǎn)生的原因來展開主題，并通過作者的觀點得出結(jié)論。

擬提綱

Introduction：Should fireworks be banned？Answers to this question vary greatly．

Body 1：

1）some people are in favor of the idea of setting off fireworks

2）always the way to celebrate the new year

3）bring good luck in the coming year

4）add to happy atmosphere

Body 2：

1）others consider it harmful to set off fireworks

2）a threat to people’s life and poverty

3）cause casualties and fire accident

4）pollute the environment

5）noisy

Conclusion：Fireworks should be banned．

Exercise

請完成以下兩篇作文：

1．Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Education Pays based on the statistics provided in the chart below（Weekly earnings in 2010）．Please give a brief description of the chart first and thenmake commentson it．You should write at least120 words but nomore than 180 words．

Education：AWorthy Investment

Weekly Earnings in 2010（﹩）

2．Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay．You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of doing small thingsbeforeundertaking something big．You should write at least120 words but nomore than 180 words．