其他調(diào)脂藥物
一、煙 酸 類
【藥理作用】
煙酸屬B族維生素,當(dāng)用量超過維生素作用的用量時(shí),可有明顯的降脂作用。煙酸類藥物降脂作用機(jī)制尚不十分明確,可能與抑制脂肪組織中脂解及減少肝臟中VLDL的合成及分泌有關(guān)。
此外,煙酸還具有促進(jìn)脂蛋白酯酶的活性,加速脂蛋白中三酰甘油水解的作用,因而其降三酰甘油的作用明顯。
【常用藥物】
1.煙酸 有速釋劑和緩釋劑兩種劑型。速釋劑不良反應(yīng)明顯,一般難以耐受,現(xiàn)已不用。
緩釋型煙酸片不良反應(yīng)明顯減輕,較易耐受。
煙酸緩釋片常用量為1~2g,1/d。一般臨床上建議,開始用量為0.375~0.5g,睡前服用;4周后增量至1g/d,逐漸增至最大劑量2g/d。
煙酸可使TC降低5%~20%,LDL-C降低5%~25%,TG降低20%~50%,HDL-C升高15%~35%。適用于高三酰甘油血癥、低HDL-C血癥或以TG升高為主的混合型高脂血癥。
2.阿昔莫司 又名氧甲吡嗪、樂脂平。常用劑量0.25g,2~3/d,其降脂作用機(jī)制、臨床適用范圍及不良反應(yīng)與煙酸相似??墒筎C降低25%,TG降低50%,使HDL-C升高20%
二、膽固醇吸收抑制藥
膽固醇吸收抑制藥依折麥布口服后迅速吸收且廣泛地結(jié)合成依折麥布-葡萄糖苷酸,作用于小腸細(xì)胞刷狀緣,有效地抑制膽固醇及植物膽固醇的吸收,由于減少膽固醇向肝臟釋放,促進(jìn)肝臟LDL受體的合成,又加速LDL的代謝。
常用劑量為10mg/d,此劑量可使LDL-C降低約18%,與他汀類合用對(duì)LDLC、HDL-C和TG的作用進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。
最常見的不良反應(yīng)是頭痛和惡心,CK和肝酶升高。
三、膽酸螯合劑
【作用機(jī)制】
這類藥物也稱為膽酸隔置劑,主要為堿性陰離子交換樹脂,在腸道內(nèi)能與膽酸呈不可逆性結(jié)合,因而阻礙膽酸的腸肝循環(huán),促進(jìn)膽酸隨大便排出體外,阻斷膽汁酸中膽固醇的重吸收。同時(shí)伴有肝內(nèi)膽酸合成增加,引起肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)游離膽固醇含量減少,反饋性上調(diào)肝細(xì)胞表明LDL受體表達(dá),加速血漿LDL分解代謝,使血漿膽固醇和LDL-C濃度降低。
【常用藥物】
1.考來烯胺 即消膽胺,4~5g,3/d,總量每日不超過24g。為了減少不良反應(yīng),增加患者耐受性,可從小劑量開始用藥,1~3個(gè)月內(nèi)達(dá)最大耐受量。
考來烯胺(24g/d)可使TC降低13.4%,LDL-C降低20.3%。不良反應(yīng)是含異味,常引起腸道不良反應(yīng),如惡心、厭食、便秘甚至脂肪痢。
2.考來替泊 即降膽寧,10~20mg,1~2/d??紒硖娌?0mg/d和煙酸3~12g/d可使TC、TG、LDL-C降低22%、26%、23%,HDL-C升高37%。不良反應(yīng)與考來烯胺相似。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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