肺血栓栓塞外科與介入治療
一、肺動脈血栓清除術(shù)
早在1908年,Trendenburg就提出肺動脈血栓清除術(shù)(pulmonary thromboemlectomy)治療急性肺血栓栓塞(PTE),觀察到至少50%的致命性的PTE可以存活15min,因此,設(shè)計的手術(shù)方案是急診開胸后,阻斷主、肺動脈同時切開肺動脈取栓。但完成此項手術(shù)的必要條件是及時準(zhǔn)確的臨床診斷及具備隨時可以開展手術(shù)的人員與設(shè)備。動物實驗證實了手術(shù)的可行性,但3例適合手術(shù)的患者均在術(shù)前死亡。首例手術(shù)直到1924年才由Trendenburg的學(xué)生Kirschner成功完成。體外循環(huán)及肺動脈造影的臨床應(yīng)用,促進(jìn)了肺動脈血栓清除術(shù)的開展。1961年,Cooley首次在體外循環(huán)輔助下完成肺動脈血栓清除術(shù)。1985年,Delcampo回顧了651例肺血栓切除術(shù),總死亡率為42%。肺動脈血栓切除術(shù)從第一次應(yīng)用至今已近百年,療效仍不確定,病死率高,僅經(jīng)積極的保守治療無效的大面積PTE伴休克的患者才被考慮。
二、PTE的介入治療
1969年,Greenfield等應(yīng)用狗急性大面積PTE模型,首次報道了用負(fù)壓抽吸除栓導(dǎo)管取出肺動脈內(nèi)血栓,并于1971年將此項技術(shù)成功地用于2例急性大面積PTE患者,術(shù)后癥狀迅速改善。20世紀(jì)90年代前,導(dǎo)管介入取栓的方法主要是沿用Greenfield的技術(shù),利于真空導(dǎo)管產(chǎn)生的負(fù)壓將血栓吸出;進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)90年代后,隨著導(dǎo)管技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,取栓方法趨向多樣化,用于PTE的導(dǎo)管有水解取栓導(dǎo)管(hydrodynamic thrombectomy catheter)、Oasis導(dǎo)管(Oasis catheter)、流解取栓導(dǎo)管(rheolytic thrombectomy catheters,AngioJet)等。至今尚無大樣本的隨機(jī)對照試驗來比較各種碎栓和除栓導(dǎo)管的優(yōu)劣。目前較為公認(rèn)的介入治療適應(yīng)證為大面積PTE并存在溶栓和抗凝治療禁忌,或經(jīng)溶栓和積極內(nèi)科治療無效,或缺乏手術(shù)條件等。為防止溶栓治療中血栓繼續(xù)脫落,可事先放置下腔靜脈濾器,再行操作。關(guān)于介入治療的臨床價值和遠(yuǎn)期療效目前尚存在爭議。
三、下肢靜脈結(jié)扎與腔靜脈濾器
1934年,Homans等第一次以靜脈結(jié)扎來防止DVT脫落發(fā)展為PTE。當(dāng)時沒有肝素和口服抗凝藥,更無腔靜脈濾器,靜脈結(jié)扎成為唯一預(yù)防PTE的方法,而雙側(cè)股靜脈結(jié)扎是主要的治療方法。1944年,Homans提出如果不能確定栓子來源,可以行下腔靜脈(IVC)結(jié)扎。當(dāng)肝素和口服抗凝藥出現(xiàn)后,靜脈結(jié)扎的使用率明顯降低。
1969年,Mobin-Uddin等報道了局麻下經(jīng)靜脈放置IVC傘狀濾器預(yù)防PTE。1973年,Greenfield等介紹了一種經(jīng)靜脈IVC濾器,并基本取代靜脈結(jié)扎成為預(yù)防PTE的手段。IVC濾器的公認(rèn)應(yīng)用指征是活動性出血,或有抗凝治療的嚴(yán)格禁忌、復(fù)發(fā)性PTE、CTEPH等。1998年,PREPIC(Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Care)研究組首次報道了腔靜脈濾器與單獨抗凝療效的隨機(jī)比較研究,近期PE發(fā)生率腔靜脈濾器組顯著低于單獨抗凝組(1.1%vs 4.8%),但隨訪2年P(guān)E發(fā)生率兩組間無顯著差異(3.4%vs 6.3%),并發(fā)現(xiàn)腔靜脈濾器安置并未降低PTE患者的短期死亡率、嚴(yán)重出血等并發(fā)癥。隨訪8年,PE發(fā)生率腔靜脈濾器組顯著低于無濾器組(6.2%vs 15.1%),但置入腔靜脈濾器顯著增加了深靜脈栓塞的發(fā)生(35.7%vs 27.5%),對長期存活率無明顯影響。因此,腔靜脈濾器的臨床價值尚須進(jìn)一步評價。
2001年,我國《肺血栓栓塞證的診斷與治療指南》(草案)建議腔靜脈濾器適應(yīng)證:①下肢近端靜脈血栓,而抗凝治療禁忌或有出血并發(fā)癥;②經(jīng)充分抗凝而仍反復(fù)發(fā)生PTE;③伴血流動力學(xué)變化的大面積PTE;④近端大塊血栓溶栓治療前;⑤伴有肺動脈高壓的慢性反復(fù)性PTE;⑥行肺動脈血栓切除術(shù)或肺動脈血栓內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)的病例。對于上肢DVT病例還可應(yīng)用上腔靜脈濾器。
置入濾器后,如無禁忌證,宜長期口服華法林抗凝,定期復(fù)查有無濾器上血栓形成。
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