一、社會習俗與酒

(一)節(jié)日習俗

節(jié)日飲酒，最能體現(xiàn)群體之間分享、慶祝、納吉等親友情結和信仰習俗。清明節(jié)時，人們用酒祭奠亡靈，以酒表達掃墓者對先人的追思;端午節(jié)時，人們飲雄黃酒以驅瘟疫避邪;中秋節(jié)時，人們飲酒賞月，慶祝團圓等。春節(jié)除夕夜，年長者守歲相邀飲酒為樂。正月初一長幼依次拜賀，進屠蘇酒。如：

◆ 一面說著，一面男一起，女一起，一起一起俱行過禮。左右兩旁設下交椅，然后又按長幼挨次歸坐受禮。兩府男婦小廝丫鬟亦按差役上中下行禮畢，散壓歲錢、荷包、金銀錁，擺上合歡宴來。男東女西歸坐，獻屠蘇酒、合歡湯、吉祥果、如意糕畢，賈母起身進內間更衣，眾人方各散出。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第五十三回)

But the men in one group and the women in another paid their respects together，after which they took seats on both sides in order of seniority to receive the salutations of their juniors．When all the men and maid-servants of both mansions had paid their respects according to their degree，there was a distribution of New-Year money，as well as pouches and gold and silver ingots．Then they took their seats for the family-reunion feast，the men on the east side，the women on the west，and New-Year wine，“happy-reunion soup”，“l(fā)ucky fruit”and“wish-fulfillment cakes”were served，until the Lady Dowager rose and went into the inner room to change her clothes，whereupon the party broke up.(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

【注】社日是祭土地神的日子，古代社日分春社和秋社，分別在春分和秋分前后。春社日是農家的狂歡節(jié)，人們擊鼓吹簫，暢飲春酒，盡醉而歸。如：

◆ 新年正月，公孫回家拜祖父、母親的年回來。正月十二日，婁府兩公子請吃春酒。公孫到了，兩公子接在書房里坐，問了蓬太守在家的安。(吳敬梓《儒林外史》第十一回)

After New Year，Chu Hsien-fu went home to pay his respects to his grandfather and mother．On the twelfth of the first month，after his return，the Lou brothers invited him to dine with them．When the young man arrived，they took him into the library and inquired after Prefect Chu's health．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

(二)祭祀

酒，在春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，就已經是祭祀必不可少的用品。在喪禮、祭祖時，民間歷來有灑杯酒于墳前，以酒祭奠亡靈的習俗。如：

◆ (寶釵)說著扶了鶯兒走到靈前，一面奠酒，那眼淚早撲簌簌流下來了，奠畢拜了幾拜，狠狠的哭了他一場。(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第百十一回)

Then leading on Yinger's arm she went up to the coffin and poured a libation of wine，tears flowing down her cheeks．After that she bowed several times with clasped hands and wept bitterly．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

(三)婚慶

按照中國民間的傳統(tǒng)習俗，家庭成員在其人生的不同階段，要分別舉行誕生禮、成年禮、婚禮等，這些人生禮儀活動都伴有飲酒習俗。據《國語·越語上》載，越王勾踐為滅吳而鼓勵人們多生孩子，“生丈夫，二壺酒，一犬;生女，二壺酒，一豚”，由此可知春秋時就有飲酒慶賀生育的風俗。以后，凡舉行包括誕生、滿月、周歲等在內的誕生禮，都有以酒祝賀的習俗慣例。如：

◆ 只聽寶蟾外面說道：“二爺今日高興阿，那里喝了酒來了?”金桂聽了，明知是叫他出來的意思，連忙掀起簾子出來。只見薛蝌和寶蟾說道：“今日是張大爺的好日子，所以被他們強不過吃了半鐘，到這時候臉還發(fā)燒呢?！?曹雪芹《紅樓夢》第一百回)

She(Jingui)heard Baochan outside saying，“You're in high spirits，Master Ke，today．Where have you been drinking?”

Taking her cue，Jingui lifted the portiere and stepped out．

“Today is Mr．Zhang's birthday，”Xue Ke was telling Baochan．“They forced me to drink half a goblet．Even now my face is still burning．．．”(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)

自古至今，人們在舉行婚禮時，都要以酒慶賀。早在先秦就已經流行夫妻“共牢而食，合巹而酳”。所謂“合巹”，指的是舉行婚禮時用作酒器的瓢，而“酳”則指的是食畢后用酒漱口，因此“合巹而酳”講的是新婚夫婦合用一瓢以酒漱口。到了宋代，合巹的婚儀演變?yōu)榉蚱薰诧嫿槐?。吳自牧《?img class="row1" src="http://image.guayunfan.com/attached/image/20200202/114997/56673b39498ed8a42949643d.jpg" alt="img32">錄》記載：“后用兩盞以彩結連之，互飲一盞，謂之交杯酒?！被槎Y上新婚夫婦共飲交杯酒，表示相親相愛的習俗，一直延續(xù)至今。如：

◆ 明早，歸家大姑娘坐轎子來。這里請了金次福的老婆和錢麻子的老婆兩個攙親。到晚，一乘轎子、四對燈籠火把娶進門來。進房撒帳，說四言八句，拜花燭，吃交杯盞，不必細說。(吳敬梓《儒林外史》第二十七回)

The next morning Kuei's wife arrived by sedan-chair，and Mrs．Pao asked Chin Tzu-fu's wife and Pock-marked Chien's wife to escort the bride to the house．Towards evening the bridal chair arrived，with four pairs of lanterns and torches．The bride and groom went to the marriage chamber，recited the usual phrases，bowed before the decorate candles，drank wine together，and all the rest of it．(楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)