第十七節(jié)　與先行詞it結(jié)構(gòu)句型轉(zhuǎn)換

某些結(jié)構(gòu)與先行詞it結(jié)構(gòu)互相轉(zhuǎn)換的例子不勝枚舉。為幫助學(xué)習(xí)，本節(jié)僅歸納如下幾種主要轉(zhuǎn)換情況：

一、某些半助動詞(semi-auxiliary verbs)加不定式結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的句子可轉(zhuǎn)換成It．．．that分詞結(jié)構(gòu)

常見的半助動詞有be certain to，be(un)likely to，appear to，happen to，chanced to(只用過去形式)，seem to，turn out to等。例如：

She is unlikely to have got our letter．

It is unlikely that she has got our letter．

她多半還沒接到我們的信。

When the accident took place，I happened to be in that bus．

It(so)happened that I was in that bus when the accident took place．

事故發(fā)生時，我碰巧在公共汽車上。

She doesn't seem to have enough confidence in herself．It seems that she doesn't have enough confidence in herself．

她似乎對自己沒有充分的信心。

He chanced to be out when she called．

It chanced that he was out when she called．

她來拜訪他時，他正巧出去了。

The person I spoke to turned out to be an Italian．

It turned out that the person I spoke to was an Italian．

我說的那個人結(jié)果證明是意大利人。

上述半助動詞也可用于there be存在句中，如：

There is certain to be trouble at the factory．

It is certain that there is trouble at the factory．

廠里一定有麻煩。

There appears to be no doubt about it．

It appears that there's no doubt about it．

看來這是毫無疑問的了。

二、某些形容詞+ly構(gòu)成的副詞作評注性狀語

這些副詞常見的有clearly，obviously，apparently，possibly，certainly，evidently，strangely fortunately，regrettably，curiously，oddly，reasonably，interestingly，hopefully，luckily，foolishly，understandably，naturally等。例如：

Obviously，there is much room for improvement in our work．

It is obvious that there is much room for improvement in our work．

顯然，在我們工作中還有很大的改進(jìn)余地。

Not unnaturally，we had all felt rather alarmed．

It was not unnatural that we had all felt rather alarmed．

自然，我們都感到十分恐懼。

Understandably，her appointment has not been confirmed．

It is understandable that her appointment has not been confirmed．

可以理解，她的任命未被批準(zhǔn)。

Hopefully，the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue．

It is hoped that the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue．

如果順利的話，雙方就這個重要問題可能會達(dá)成協(xié)議。

在“It+be+adj．+that”分句中的形容詞，如果是strange，fortunate，regrettable，reasonable，curiouse等表示感情色彩的形容詞，that分句中常用should+不定式一般形式或不定式的完成形式。轉(zhuǎn)換時需要注意should的處理。如

Not unreasonable，he protested strongly against it．

It is not unreasonable that he should protest strongly against it．

不無道理，他強(qiáng)烈反對。

Strange enough，the burglar had not taken the diamond away．

It is strange enough that the burglar should not have taken the diamond away．真奇怪，盜賊竟沒將寶石竊走。

Fortunately，Roberts returned the cheque．

It is fortunate that Roberts should have returned the cheque．

幸運(yùn)的是，羅伯特茨歸還了支票。

此外，sure enough，even more important，what is more important，in fact等評注性狀語也可以與It+be+adj．+that分句結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

Sure enough，a solution will be worked out to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned．

It is sure enough that a solution will be worked out to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned．

想必將會給所有有關(guān)黨派做出一個滿意的決斷。

What is more important/Even more important，we should not let it happen again．

It is more important that we should not let it happen again．

更重要的是，我們不能讓它再發(fā)生。

In fact，only four of them passed the exam．

It is a fact that only four of them passed the exam．

事實上，他們中僅有四人通過了考試。

三、兩種被動句的轉(zhuǎn)換

“It+passive(被動態(tài))+that分句”被稱為習(xí)慣被動句(idiomatic passive)。相當(dāng)于漢語中某些習(xí)語如“據(jù)說、據(jù)信、據(jù)報道、據(jù)了解、據(jù)統(tǒng)計、據(jù)推測、大家知道(認(rèn)為)、人們相信、眾所周知”等故意避免以動作執(zhí)行者作主語的用法。這種被動句還可轉(zhuǎn)換成“主語+被動態(tài)+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”這一被動式結(jié)構(gòu)。在這里我們將含先行it作形式主語的被動句稱為句型I，將不含先行it作形式主語的被動句稱為句型II并指出，這兩種被動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換時，句型II中的不定式形式取決于句型I中that分句的動詞時態(tài)。請看以下情況：

1．That分句謂語動詞為將來進(jìn)行時或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，句型II中的不定式用進(jìn)行形式

It is thought that she will be coming/is coming．

She is thought to be coming．

大家認(rèn)為她會來的。

It is believed that he is working hard．

He is believed to be working hard．

人們相信，他正在努力工作。

2．That分句謂語動詞為一般現(xiàn)在時，句型I的不定式用一般形式

It is said that there are troops on the frontier．

There are said to be troops on the frontier．

據(jù)說，邊境有軍隊。

3．That分句謂語動詞為過去進(jìn)行時，現(xiàn)在(或過去)完成進(jìn)行時，句型II的不定式用完成進(jìn)行形式

It is reported that he was driving carelessly．

He is reported to have been driving carelessly．

據(jù)說，他當(dāng)時開車很不小心。

It is said that they have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan．

They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan．

據(jù)說，他們一直在云南收集民歌。

It was known that the struggle had been going on for twenty years．

The struggle was known to have been going on for twenty years．

眾所周知，這個斗爭一直進(jìn)行了20多年。

4．That分句的謂語動詞為一般過去時，現(xiàn)在(或過去)完成時，句型II中的不定式形式用完成形式

It is felt that very little was done to prevent the accident．

Very little is felt to have been done to prevent the accident．

大家認(rèn)為為防止事故做的事情太少了。

It is supposed that the ship has been sunk．

The ship is supposed to have been sunk．

人們估計船已被擊沉。

It was reported that the enemy had been surrounded two days before．

The enemy was reported to have been surrounded two days before．根據(jù)報道，敵人在兩天前就已被包圍。

It is understood that both sides have agreed to a settlement．

Both sides are understood to have agreed to a settlement．

不言而喻，雙方已經(jīng)同意達(dá)成一個解決辦法。

上述兩種被動態(tài)句型能否相互轉(zhuǎn)換，與句型I的主句主動有關(guān)。能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”，“相信”，“認(rèn)為”，“推測”等意義的動詞，常見的有：assume，believe，expect，fear，feel，know，presume，report，say，think，understand，rumour，anticipate等?？谡Z中常用的suppose也可歸于此類。