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        ? 首頁 ? 理論教育 ?法律文本的詞匯特點

        法律文本的詞匯特點

        時間:2023-04-01 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:英語法律文本的復雜性和嚴謹性首先表現(xiàn)在詞匯方面。大致說來,法律英語多來自三種詞源:古英語與中世紀英語、拉丁語與法語。此外,羅馬曾對不列顛進行為期三百多年的統(tǒng)治,因此英國法深受羅馬法影響,英國法律中從而也吸收了很多拉丁語的詞匯。盡管后來法語不再是英國法定的語言,但是很多法語中的法律詞匯仍保留下來,并沿用至今。

        第十二章 法律文本的翻譯

        第一節(jié)  法律文本的詞匯特點

        法律文本是一種有特殊效力的文本,總體包括兩方面內(nèi)容:一是具有普遍約束力的規(guī)范性法律文件,具體指各種法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)及規(guī)章等;二是不具有普遍約束力的非規(guī)范性法律文件,即狹義的法律文書,是指國家司法機關(guān)、律師及律師事務(wù)所、仲裁機關(guān)、公證機關(guān)和案件當事人依法制作的處理種類訴訟案件以及非訴訟案件的具有法律效力或法律意義的非規(guī)范性文件的總稱。

        專用于法律文本的語言稱為法律語言,它具有權(quán)威性、莊嚴性、程式性、實效性、強制性,精確性等特點,因而要求用詞準確、行文正式、因循守制、句式冗長等等。總之,法律語言既有一般語言的特色,又在用詞遣句方面有其獨到之處。

        英語法律文本的復雜性和嚴謹性首先表現(xiàn)在詞匯方面。英語法律文本的詞匯主要有以下六大特點:1.具獨到含義的普通詞匯;2.詞源多樣化;3.法律行話;4.贅言贅語;5.模糊詞語;6.規(guī)約性情態(tài)動詞;9.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。

        1.具獨到含義的普通詞匯

        日常生活中的很多常見詞匯放在法律環(huán)境中,詞意便發(fā)生了變化。對此不夠熟悉的讀者或譯者很容易犯想當然的錯誤,從而誤解原文含義。

        類似的例子還有很多。這些詞語雖然出現(xiàn)在法律文本中,但并不僅限于法律用詞,很多是金融、經(jīng)貿(mào)類術(shù)語,因此翻譯法律文本時一定要注意查證,尤其是在文本讀來不夠通順之處,更是要著力考查此詞是否是一詞多義的,并通過上下文弄懂該詞的意思。

        2.詞源多樣化

        英語本身是開放性的語言,很多詞語來源于其他語種,法律英語中也不例外,此外,由于現(xiàn)代法律與古代法典的傳承關(guān)系,部分古代詞語也沿習至今,這使得法律英語的詞源呈多樣化趨勢。大致說來,法律英語多來自三種詞源:古英語與中世紀英語、拉丁語與法語。

        古英語詞語與古漢語一樣,莊重、準確,用在法律文本中可以使其顯得更為正式,也更有助于顯示法律的神圣性和權(quán)威性。盡管說目前英美國家提倡法律人士在起草法律文件時盡量少用或者避免使用此類詞語,但是適當?shù)氖褂霉庞⒄Z和中世紀英語詞匯是有必要的。這些詞語中最有代表性的是there, here, where等詞與by, in, of, to, under, after等構(gòu)成的副詞。(參見第十一章)

        其次是拉丁語,該語言在英語的發(fā)展和演變過程中一直占有特殊的地位,在法律英語中則更顯權(quán)威。拉丁語在西方歷史上長期被視為“有教養(yǎng)者使用的語言”,也曾經(jīng)是歐洲人著述法律規(guī)則和法律命題的“通用語言”。此外,羅馬曾對不列顛進行為期三百多年的統(tǒng)治,因此英國法深受羅馬法影響,英國法律中從而也吸收了很多拉丁語的詞匯。常見的有:

        法律英語中還有大量來源于法語的單詞,如attorney, court, judge, summons (傳票), verdict等等。這主要有兩個原因。其一,諾曼征服后,法語在英國境內(nèi)成為了統(tǒng)治語言,14世紀法語成為英國法律的通用語言,并一直使用至15世紀末期;其二,相較英語而言,法語詞語的意義比較單一,不容易產(chǎn)生歧義,因此使用該種詞匯使得行文更加嚴謹,為法律人員廣泛使用。盡管后來法語不再是英國法定的語言,但是很多法語中的法律詞匯仍保留下來,并沿用至今。

        3.法律行話

        社會上的一些集團、群體,由于工作上、活動上或其他目的上的共同性,在相互之間交往交流時,會創(chuàng)造、使用一些不同于其他社會群體的詞匯、用語或符號,這就是行話。在法律界也是如此。尤其是在法庭辯詞等行內(nèi)法律文書中,行話會大量使用。這些行話一方面使得法律界人士交流順暢,效率提高,另一方面也可以增加大眾對法律的敬畏。

        常見的法律行話有:

        4.贅言贅語

        法律英語中的累贅詞是指連用兩個或三個彼此互為同義詞或近義詞的詞語,從而加強語氣并澄清概念。在翻譯中要特別小心甄別這類詞匯以保證譯文的精確性,因為這類詞匯中有些用詞的意義并不完全相同。

        續(xù)表

        5.模糊詞語

        雖然法律語言要求表達準確,但是這與法律文本中的模糊詞語并不矛盾。模糊與含混是不同的概念。模糊是一種修辭手段,模糊語言的運用可以增強表述的全面性,從而提高法律的使用范圍。法律英語中恰當使用模糊,能夠給予量刑者一定的余地依照具體情況酌情考量,這是實現(xiàn)立法意圖和司法目標不可或缺的手段。

        例1:Customs formalities shall be duly completed in accordance with this Law.

        譯文:應(yīng)依照本法律規(guī)定適當辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)。

        說明:此句中的duly一詞便是法律中模糊詞語的體現(xiàn),用來表示一種不確定的、隨情況變化而變化的情況,但在此等情景下卻非常貼切、靈活。

        例2:The customs may consult and make copies of contracts, invoices, account books, certificate of foreign exchange settlement and payment, bills, business letters and telegraphs, voice and image recording products, and other materials reflecting the relationship and transaction activities of buyers and sellers in order to examine the authenticity and accuracy of the declared value.

        譯文:海關(guān)為審查申報價格的真實性和準確性,可以查閱、復制與進出口貨物有關(guān)的合同、發(fā)票、賬冊、結(jié)付匯憑證、單據(jù)、業(yè)務(wù)函電、錄音錄像制品和其他反映買賣雙方關(guān)系及交易活動的資料。

        說明:例2中在列舉一系列查閱復制材料后使用了模糊語“其他反映買賣雙方關(guān)系及交易活動的資料”,適當對此處未能涵蓋、但又可能發(fā)生的情況留出了余地,此處這種必要的模糊處理使原文更為嚴謹,法律適用范圍更廣。

        6.歸約型情態(tài)動詞

        法律文本大多是對適用對象做出的規(guī)約、許可、授權(quán)、禁止等。因此英語的法律條文里使用很多規(guī)約性的情態(tài)動詞,如shall, may, can, should, ought to, 等。其中出現(xiàn)頻度最高是shall。此處的“shall”并非助動詞,而是情態(tài)動詞,表示強烈的義務(wù)關(guān)系,比“should”語義更強,用來強調(diào)法律強制效力。該詞并不局限在第一人稱后使用。(參見第十一章)

        第二節(jié)  法律文本的句式特點

        1.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)

        法律文本的一大特點是使用名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)代替短句,從而使句子簡化,同時這種結(jié)構(gòu)也增強了文本的正式性和嚴謹性,但是另一方面這些堆砌的詞匯所含信息量大且密集,往往會使文本更為晦澀難懂。

        例 1:Fees with regard to the construction, installation, assembling, servicing and technical services provided to goods, such as workshops, machinery, equipment etc., after importation;

        譯文:廠房、機械、設(shè)備等貨物進口后進行建設(shè)、安裝、裝配、維修和技術(shù)服務(wù)的費用

        分析:文章中使用with regard to…加上一連串名詞來代替定語從句,在后文又用介詞短語after importation 代替after they are imported, 使句子層次大為簡化。名詞如construction, installation, assembling, importation 比相應(yīng)動詞construct, install, assemble, import 聽來嚴謹正式,但是此類詞語難度比動詞大,須仔細辨識,加大了閱讀難度,而且該處結(jié)構(gòu)本身修飾關(guān)系也很復雜。

        2.多為陳述句

        法律英語文書的主要功能是明確法律關(guān)系,限定法律條文,規(guī)定相應(yīng)人員的權(quán)利和義務(wù)等,所以法律英語的基本句式通常是陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)。疑問句、感嘆句和祈使句在法律文本中十分罕見。

        例2:The opening Bank shall actively assist the accounting firm to prudently and, after receiving the bank enquiry letter, verify the relevant data and material, clearly issue its opinion, duly seal its business chop evidencing the legitimate authority and reply within 5 business days after receiving the bank enquiry letter.

        譯文:開戶銀行應(yīng)當積極配合會計師事務(wù)所的工作,在收到銀行詢證函后,認真核對有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)資料,明確簽署意見,加蓋對外具有法定證明效力的業(yè)務(wù)專用章,并在收到詢證函之日起5個工作日內(nèi)回函。

        3.多長句

        法律英語所述的關(guān)系相對來講非常復雜,立法者總要將某個問題相關(guān)的全部情況通盤考慮在內(nèi),才能最大限度地避免漏洞,造成對法律的曲解,因此法律文本的邏輯性強,句子頗長,大局嵌套小句,定語后置現(xiàn)象普遍,結(jié)構(gòu)復雜。

        例3:Unit price of the said imported goods, same goods or similar goods that are sold to buyers without a special relationship with the seller in the maximum quantity at the first level of sales links, which occurred at the same time or approximately at the same time as the importation of the goods; however, items stipulated in article 22 of this set of regulations shall be deducted.

        譯文:與該貨物進口的同時或者大約同時,將該進口貨物、相同或者類似進口貨物在第一級銷售環(huán)節(jié)銷售給無特殊關(guān)系買方最大銷售總量的單位價格,但應(yīng)當扣除本條例第二十二條規(guī)定的項目。

        例4:Where employers constitute, modify or determine such bylaws or significant matters in direct relation to the real benefits of workers as the remuneration, working time, rest and vacation, work safety and health care, social insurance and welfare, job training, job discipline or quota management, the draft thereof shall be discussed at the workers?congress or by all the workers, which shall bring forward schemes and opinions.

        譯文:用人單位在制定、修改或者決定有關(guān)勞動報酬、工作時間、休息休假、勞動安全衛(wèi)生、保險福利、職工培訓、勞動紀律以及勞動定額管理等直接涉及勞動者切身利益的規(guī)章制度或者重大事項時,應(yīng)當經(jīng)職工代表大會或者全體職工討論,提出方案和意見。

        例5:The customs may consult and make copies of contracts, invoices, account books, certificate of foreign exchange settlement and payment, bills, business letters and telegraphs, voice and image recording products, and other materials reflecting the relationship and transaction activities of buyers and sellers in order to examine the authenticity and accuracy of the declared value.

        譯文:海關(guān)為審查申報價格的真實性和準確性,可以查閱、復制與進出口貨物有關(guān)的合同、發(fā)票、賬冊、結(jié)付匯憑證、單據(jù)、業(yè)務(wù)函電、錄音錄像制品和其他反映買賣雙方關(guān)系及交易活動的資料。

        4.被動語態(tài)

        法律英語句子中大量地使用被動句,這是因為很多法律條文中有必要清楚表明動作的承受對象,而動作的發(fā)出者毋庸置疑是參與事件的一方或多方,因此不需要特別指明。此外,被動語態(tài)的使用還體現(xiàn)了法律文書的客觀性。

        例6:Customs duties of import and export goods may be levied by means of ad valorem, specific duties, or otherwise specified by the State.

        譯文:進出口貨物關(guān)稅,以從價計征、從量計征或者國家規(guī)定的其他方式征收。

        例7:After the foreign-invested enterprise is established, the balance of the upfront expenses shall be transferred into the special deposit account of RMB capital funds in accordance with Article 8 of these measures or returned through the original route.

        譯文:外商投資企業(yè)設(shè)立后,剩余前期費用應(yīng)當轉(zhuǎn)入按本辦法第八條規(guī)定開立的人民幣資本金專用存款賬戶或原路退回。

        5.具有獨特法律含義的句式

        此外,法律英語中在表達特定含義時有很多約定俗成的獨特表達句式,如subject to, notwithstanding, to the extent that等等,這些句式在日常生活英語中多已廢除不用,它們的出現(xiàn)使法律文本對普通讀者來說晦澀深奧,作為譯者則要注重對這些結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和掌握,方能在翻譯時處理自如。

        第三節(jié)  法律文本的翻譯

        在進行法律文本翻譯時,譯者的主要任務(wù)是力求通過語言轉(zhuǎn)換達到內(nèi)容和效力的完全相等。換句話說,除了意義上的對等外,在法律翻譯中要盡可能保留原文的法律意圖,以保證在司法實踐中原文與譯文能產(chǎn)生相同的應(yīng)用。

        為了確保完成上述任務(wù),譯者在翻譯過程中需要遵循四條基本原則:1.準確性;2.統(tǒng)一性;3.簡練性;4.專業(yè)性。

        1.準確性

        法律必須具有確定性,因此 法律文本翻譯對準確性的要求遠遠高于其他行業(yè)。缺乏準確性的譯文會導致對政策法規(guī)的錯誤理解和執(zhí)行,這要求譯者對法律術(shù)語、概念、條款、規(guī)范等有清晰的認識,并且注重對詞語及結(jié)構(gòu)的準確表達。此外,如前文所說,法律英語中有很多贅言,此時也應(yīng)仔細甄別,并本著準確性的原則予以處理。

        例1:Where a company fails to make allocation to the statutory reserve fund and statutory welfare fund in accordance herewith, such company shall be ordered to make full allocation to the required funds, and a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan may be levied on the company.

        譯文:公司不按照本法規(guī)定提取法定公積金、法定公益金的,責令如數(shù)補足應(yīng)當提取的金額,并可對公司處以一萬元以上十萬元以下的罰款。

        分析:原文談及對于公司不按要求提取兩種款項的情況作出了懲罰規(guī)定,這兩種款項分別為“statutory reserve fund”與“statutory welfare fund”,一般并列連詞前后兩端如果有重復性用詞,為了簡潔起見可予以刪除,但是法律文本中如果刪除后文的“statutory”一詞,則可能產(chǎn)生對后一項費用的界定不明,因此在翻譯的過程中也要注意準確保留這個詞,才使得譯文與原文等效。

        2.統(tǒng)一性

        統(tǒng)一性表現(xiàn)在同一種表達方式在不同法律文本中,或者同一種表達方式在同一文本的前后文中應(yīng)該有統(tǒng)一譯法,這樣才會使文本更具可讀性,各項條文與規(guī)定更為清晰易懂,促進法規(guī)的對外宣傳,并提高文本的權(quán)威性。

        例2:Where an institution conducting assets appraisal, capital verification, or testing and verification provides a false certificate, the illegal income so derived shall be confiscated, and a fine of not less than 2 times but not more than 5 times the illegal income shall be imposed, and the relevant authority in charge may order such institution to cease operation, and revoke the qualification certificates of the persons directly responsible.

        Where an institution conducting assets appraisal, capital verification or testing and verification provides a report with material omission due to its negligence, it shall be ordered to make rectification, and where the circumstance is relatively serious, a fine of not less than 2 times but not more than 3 times the income so derived shall be imposed, and the relevant authority in charge may order such institution to cease operation, and revoke the qualification certificates of the persons directly responsible.

        譯文:承擔資產(chǎn)評估、驗資或者驗證的機構(gòu)提供虛假證明文件的,沒收違法所得,處以違法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罰款,并可由有關(guān)主管部門依法責令該機構(gòu)停業(yè),吊銷直接責任人員的資格證書。

        承擔資產(chǎn)評估、驗資或者驗證的機構(gòu)因過失提供有重大遺漏的報告的,責令改正,情節(jié)較重的,處以所得收入一倍以上三倍以下的罰款,并可由有關(guān)主管部門依法責令該機構(gòu)停業(yè),吊銷直接責任人員的資格證書。

        3.簡練性

        為了使譯文更便于理解,行文更順暢,對于原文中過于復雜的表達,在不影響其內(nèi)容表達與效力相等的情況下,可對一些詞句適當予以刪節(jié),以使行文更為簡練。

        例3:In any of the following circumstances which has led to the divorce of husband and wife, the innocent party shall be entitled to claim damages: a.bigamy; b.cohabitation between a person who has a spouse but co-habitat with a third person; c.domestic violence; d.maltreating or deserting any family.

        譯文:有下列情形之一,導致離婚的,無過錯方有權(quán)請求損害賠償:(一)重婚的;(二)有配偶者與他人同居的;(三)實施家庭暴力的;(四)虐待、遺棄家庭成員的。

        4.專業(yè)性

        專業(yè)性是要求在翻譯過程中應(yīng)使用約定俗成的專業(yè)術(shù)語及句式,以使譯文莊重、地道、準確。

        十大常見法律英語特殊句式有:

        (1)subject to: 受??支配

        例4:No other products shall any longer be subject to consolidated industrial and commercial tax.

        譯文:其他產(chǎn)品都不再征收工商統(tǒng)一稅。

        (2)without prejudice to: 在不影響??的條件下

        例5:The offer was accepted without prejudice to the current pay negotiations.

        譯文:該提議獲得接納,但對目前正在進行的工資談判并無影響.

        (3)where: 凡

        例6:Where an Offshore Investors remit its RMB profits out of China, the Bank may directly process the remittance after reviewing the relevant materials such as such as the resolution of the foreign-invested enterprise on profits disposal and the evidence on tax payment.

        譯文:凡是境外投資者將其所得的人民幣利潤匯出境內(nèi)的,銀行在審核外商投資企業(yè)有關(guān)利潤處臵決議及納稅證明等有關(guān)材料后可直接辦理。

        (4)for the purpose of: 就??而言

        例7:For the purposes of this Law, the one-person company with limited liability means a company with limited liability where there is only one shareholder who is a natural person or a legal person.

        譯文:本法所稱一人有限責任公司,是指只有一個自然人股東或者一個法人股東的有限責任公司。

        (5)provided that: 但是

        例8:At the end of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease, provided that the renewed term may not exceed twenty years commencing on the date of renewal.

        譯文:租賃期間屆滿,當事人可以續(xù)訂租賃合同,但約定的租賃期限自續(xù)訂之日起不得超過二十年。

        (6)notwithstanding: 盡管

        例9:Monetary conditions were largely stable in 1999, notwithstanding occasional turbulence in the external environment in the aftermath of the Asian financial turmoil.

        譯文:盡管外部環(huán)境在亞洲金融風暴后仍偶有波動,1999年貨幣狀況大致穩(wěn)定。

        (7)save (except) for: 除??以外

        例10:It is also a Basic Law requirement that new recruits to the Civil Service on or after July 1, 1997, should normally be permanent residents of the HK SAR, save for certain exceptions, for example to fill professional and technical posts.

        譯文:《基本法》又要求,一九九七年七月一日或以后新聘的公務(wù)員,除非屬某些例外情況如擔任專門和技術(shù)職務(wù),否則必須為香港特別行政區(qū)永久性居民。

        (8)in respect of: 有關(guān)

        例11:The defendant counterclaim for loss and damage in respect of a machine sold to him by the plaintiff.

        譯文:有關(guān)原告向其所售機器的被告就其所受損失和損害向原告提出反索賠。

        (9)otherwise (與unless引導的句子連用):另行

        例12:Above term shall apply unless otherwise mention.

        譯文:除非另有說明書,上述條件一概適用。

        (10)shall: 應(yīng)該

        例13:Anyone who commits the act specified in sub-paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding paragraph shall be imposed with a penalty of not more than 10,000 yuan.

        譯文:有前款第(一)項、第(二)項行為的,處一萬元以下的罰款。

        第四節(jié)  翻譯技巧——從句的翻譯

        1.名詞性從句

        名詞性從句主要涉及主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。翻譯時,主語從句一般不改變原有的位置。

        例1:What disappointed us most was that the pattern did not agree with the original design.

        譯文:令我們失望的是圖案與原設(shè)計不符。

        例2:The company denied that it was planning to go public.

        譯文:該公司否認計劃上市。

        例3:A dynamic team with creativity and motivation is what we desire.

        譯文:組建一個充滿創(chuàng)造力和雄心的生機勃勃的團隊是我們的心愿。

        例4:We reached the airport only to hear the announcement that our flight was canceled.

        譯文:我們抵達機場,卻聽到廣播說我們的航班取消了。

        當主語從句過長而用it指代時,可以將其按原順序翻譯,也可將其還原到其本身應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)的位臵。

        例5:It remains a legend how the company developed so quickly from an SME to such an empire of standard products.

        譯文:富有傳奇色彩的是該公司是如何從一家中小企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展為標準產(chǎn)品王國的。

        也可以說成:“該公司如何從一家中小企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展為標準產(chǎn)品的王國是富有傳奇色彩的”。

        2.定語從句

        (1)限定性定語從句

        限定性定語從句與其先行詞大多有很強的修飾限定關(guān)系,因此在翻譯時要提到先行詞前面。

        例6:It will also have its own offices, associates or agents in the countries with which it trades.

        譯文:它在貿(mào)易伙伴所在的國家也擁有辦公室,事務(wù)所或者代理商。

        例7:Except in cases where the insurance is covered by the Buyers as arranged, insurance is to be covered by the Sellers with a Chinese insurance company.

        譯文:除經(jīng)約定保險歸買方投保者外,由賣方向中國的保險公司投保。

        倘若定語從句過長,將其移臵先行詞前面會造成漢語中動詞及其賓語相距太遠,結(jié)構(gòu)因此松散,造成理解上的困難。

        例8:The Equipment and Material which are carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material may be expected to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.

        譯文:這些設(shè)備和材料得以依照其數(shù)據(jù)和特性,以最佳條件精心包裝,因此有望承受長途海上和內(nèi)陸運輸與反復搬運。

        (2)非限定性定語從句

        由于修飾限定關(guān)系較弱,因此在翻譯非限定性定語從句時可以采用更為靈活的譯法。其中最常采用的是將非限定性定語從句一般保留在原位,不轉(zhuǎn)換到先行詞之前。

        例9:The Buyer shall establish a Letter of Credit before the above-stipulated time, failing which, the Seller shall have the right to rescind this Contract upon the arrival of the notice at Buyer or to accept whole or part of this Contract non fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for the direct losses sustained, if any.

        譯文:買方應(yīng)在上述規(guī)定日期之前開立信用證,否則賣方有權(quán)通知買方取消合同,或接受買方全部或部分未履行合同。此外,賣方還有權(quán)就直接損失索賠。

        例10:In the last three years, our two offices have employed an average of fifty people, a lot of whom have been with the practice for many years.

        譯文:過去三年來,我們的兩家辦公室平均雇用了五十名員工,其中很多已經(jīng)從業(yè)多年了。

        但是有些情況下,例如非限定性定語從句和先行詞限定關(guān)系較強,非限定性定語從句譯為漢語后篇幅很短,或者修飾先行詞的還有限定性定語從句時,為了行文流暢可以將定語提前。

        例11:Meeting the daily challenge of competition, in both large-scale and small-scale contexts and succeeding in our work is only possible with a team that is capable of enthusiasm, and which is built on a basis of friendship and mutual trust.

        譯文:只有一個熱情的團隊,一個建立在友誼和相互信任基礎(chǔ)上的團隊,才能不論任務(wù)大小都有可能在日常競爭中成功,在工作中勝出。

        句中有非限定性定語從句時,也可以將句子拆分,譯成兩個并列句:

        例12:The manufacturer desires to appoint some overseas agents for its business abroad, who will work on commission.

        譯文:廠商希望指定一些海外代理負責其國外業(yè)務(wù)。這些代理以傭金為工作報酬。

        此外,有些非限定性定語從句實際表示目的或結(jié)果,可以將其譯為狀語從句。

        例13:It is necessary for us to conduct amicable negotiation on the quality discrepancy, which may help sustain our long-term cooperation.

        譯文:有必要就質(zhì)量異議進行友好協(xié)商,以便維持我們的長期協(xié)作。

        3.狀語從句

        英語狀語從句根據(jù)功能的不同可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、讓步、目的等狀語從句。一般說來,狀語從句在英語中位置靈活,既可以置于主句之前,又可以置于主句之后。因此在翻譯狀語從句時主要的問題是在于怎樣將它們放入恰當?shù)奈恢茫鯓犹幚砗镁渑c句之間的連接關(guān)系。

        (1)按原語序翻譯

        狀語從句可以按照其原來語序翻譯為漢語。

        例14:If you find the quality of our products unsatisfactory, we?re prepared to accept return of the rejected material within a week.

        譯文:如果貴方對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不滿意,我們將在一星期內(nèi)接受退貨。

        例15:In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.

        譯文:若其年齡超過15歲,則由買方承擔因此產(chǎn)生的平均保險費以外的費用。

        例16:We will personally deliver and install your office furniture for you so your project is done correctly, on-time and on-budget.

        譯文:我方將上門為貴方辦公家具送貨并且安裝,以便貴方項目順利地按時在預算金額內(nèi)完成。

        (2)轉(zhuǎn)換語序

        對于和漢語邏輯位置不同的狀語從句,應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)換其位置。

        例17:Why pay full price when you can get beautiful professional-quality furniture at up to 80% off?

        譯文:在能夠以高達兩折的折扣獲得專業(yè)水準的家具時,為何要支付全價呢?

        例18:I am contacting you because I can help you improve the pulling power of your advertising without increasing your advertising budge。

        譯文:因為我們可以幫助貴方不增加廣告預算而提高其吸引力,所以與貴方聯(lián)系。

        例19:The Purchaser agrees to complete all operations on each zone before beginning cutting in the next portion or zone.

        譯文:買方同意在開始下一地區(qū)砍伐前完成該地區(qū)所有操作。

        例20:Business is possible if you can lower the price to HK$2,150.

        譯文:你方若能減價到2 150港元,可能成交。

        (3)轉(zhuǎn)換狀語從句類型

        狀語從句也可以根據(jù)其邏輯關(guān)系翻譯成其他類型的狀語分句。

        例21:Where there is any quality discrepancy, the seller needs to look into it right away.

        譯文:倘若有質(zhì)量異議,賣方需要立即調(diào)查。

        例22:The Seller may, when it deems it reasonable and in the best interest of the Seller, allow the Purchaser to continue performance under the Contract.

        譯文:若賣方認為合理且符合買方最佳利益,可以允許買方繼續(xù)履行合同。

        (4)譯為非狀語從句

        例23:Consumers are tight in our spending because the economic is in recession.

        譯文:經(jīng)濟蕭條致使消費者支出緊縮。

        例24:No modifications of this Contract or waiver of its terms and conditions shall be effective unless they are made in writing and signed by the parties.

        譯文:修訂合同或取消條款條件以雙方書面簽字為準。

        例25:The delegation will arrive next week, after we put an end to the seminar.

        譯文:代表團將在下周抵達。屆時我們的研討會已經(jīng)結(jié)束。

        練習

        一、指出下列單詞在法律英語中的特殊含義。

        1.principal  2.negligence   3.creditor   4.accord     5.acquire

        6.bind     7.claim     8.damages    9.declaration  10.review

        二、通讀全文并將下列單詞填入相應(yīng)空白處。

        disputes  justice   pursuit   procedure     plaintiff  roots procedural

        reliance  means    adversary  jurisdictions   claims    judgment

        parties   opposing

        In all jurisdictions there is general agreement that the goal of civil 1 is the just, prompt, and inexpensive determination of 2 before the courts.There is similar agreement that 3 of this goal requires that the law of procedure provides some 4 for performing each of the following basic functions: notifying the defendant that the 5 is bringing suit, informing each party of the 6 and contentions of the other, determining the nature of the dispute and the issues between the 7 , ascertaining the facts, deciding which principles of law govern the case, applying the law to the facts to reach a 8 , giving the judgment effect in some practical way, and having the official actions of lower courts checked by higher courts.With very few exceptions, the differences that exist in the 9 laws of the various 10 are only differences with respect to the means chosen to perform one or more of these functions.In addition, American rules of procedure, with the exception of those in effect in Louisiana, have their 11 in the early English common law.Consequently, most differences are not differences in kind; they are differences in the degree of evolution from early common law concepts.Finally, in all of our jurisdictions much 12 is placed on the assumption that if each of the 13 parties takes the steps and advances the propositions that appear to him or her to best serve his or her own cause, truth and 14 will emerge.Because of this characteristic, our system is often referred to as the 15 system.

        三、把下列句子翻譯成英語。

        1.為保護和改善生活環(huán)境與生態(tài)環(huán)境,防治污染和其他公害,保障人體健康,促進社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的發(fā)展,制定本法。

        2.在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)發(fā)生的違反治安管理行為,除法律有特別規(guī)定的以外,適用本條例。

        3.中外合作者的一方轉(zhuǎn)讓其在合作企業(yè)合同中的全部或者部分權(quán)利、義務(wù)的,必須經(jīng)他方同意,并報審查批準機關(guān)批準。

        4.本辦法自發(fā)布之日起施行。此前有關(guān)規(guī)定,與本辦法不一致的,以本辦法為準。

        5.因進口產(chǎn)品數(shù)量增加,使國內(nèi)相同產(chǎn)品或者與其直接競爭的產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)者受到嚴重損害或者嚴重損害的威脅時,國家可以采取必要的保障措施,消除或者減輕這種損害或者損害的威脅。

        四、把下列篇章翻譯成漢語。

        Articles of Association for Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures

        Chapter 1 General Provision

        Article 1

        In accordance with the “Law of the People's Republic of China on Joint Venture Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the contract signed on in _________, China, by, ×× Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A) and ××× Co., Ltd.(hereinafter referred to as Party A), to set up a joint venture, ×× Limited Liability Company (hereinafter referred to as joint venture company), the Articles of Association hereby is formulated.

        Article 2

        The names of the joint venture company shall be ×× Limited Liability Company.

        Its abbreviation is...

        The Legal address of the joint venture company is at...

        Article 3

        The names and legal addresses of each parties are as follows:

        Party A: ×× Co., China, and its legal address is...

        Party B: ××× Co., Ltd, and its legal address is...

        Article 4

        The organization form of joint venture company is a limited liability company.The liabilities of each party to the joint venture company just limits to its contributed capital, which stipulated in the Articles of Association or in the revised afterwards.The profits, risks and losses of the joint venture company shall be shared by the parties in proportion to their contributions of the registered capital.

        Article 5

        The joint venture company has the status of a legal person and is subject to the jurisdiction and protection of Chinese laws concerned.All activities of the joint venture company shall be governed by the laws.decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.

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