第四節(jié) 制裁模式及其翻譯
制裁為法律后果,指法律規(guī)范對人們的行為的態(tài)度,合法的予以保護許可,違法的予以撤銷、制裁等;常使用“處……(徒刑、罰款)(impose a fine)”、“取消(資格)(be disqualified)”、“剝奪(deprive sb.of)”,或者具體的制裁(如吊銷營業(yè)執(zhí)照)(revoke the license)等;//be sanctioned/sentenced/fined;be guilty of..;on conviction(convicted of);..is liable to..;a fine of not more than..等。
法律英語的制裁模式分為主動和被動模式,在翻譯時可相應地譯為主動或被動。但應注意的是,法律漢語中最為典型的句式是“處字句”,即受事施事化的表述模式,以及前面所述的“對”字句,即可省略施事的無主句或者不省略施事的主謂句。故須應先分清其邏輯關系,而后譯為符合目的語表述規(guī)范的句子。
例1 In any proceeding instituted pursuant to section 15of this Act against any person,the commission or the appropriate regulatory agency may impose a civil penalty if it finds that such person has failed to supervise another person who commits such a violation,if such person is subject to his supervision.
依據(jù)本法第15條的規(guī)定而對某人提起訴訟時,委員會或相關管理機構一旦認定其未能對應受其監(jiān)管之人盡監(jiān)管之責,有權/可對其進行民事處罰。
即將其譯為主謂句。
例2 76-3-205.Infraction conviction-Fine,forfeiture,and disqualification.
(1)A person convicted of an infraction may not be imprisoned but may be subjectto a fine,forfeiture,and disqualification,or any combination.…(Utah Criminal Code of 1973)
行為人被判有罪的,可不處以監(jiān)禁,但可單處或并處罰金、沒收財物或剝奪資格。以“的”字句表假定條件,并譯為“處”字句。
例3 76-3-301.Fines of persons.
(1)A person convicted of an offense maybe sentenced to pay a fine,not exceeding:
(a)$10,000for a felony conviction of the first degree or second degree;(Utah Criminal Code of 1973)
對被判有罪的行為人,可分別處以下列金額的罰金:(1)其一級或二級謀殺罪名成立者,$10,000以下罰金……
即以“對”字句和“處”字句結合使用進行處理。
例4 違反第二款規(guī)定構成犯罪的,一經(jīng)定罪,可就每項罪名處250,000元以下罰金。
譯1:A person/Every person who contravenes subsection(2)is guiltyof an offence and,on conviction,is liable to a fine of not more than¥250,000for each offence.上述譯文比較嚴格按照原文句式進行翻譯,將“犯罪”和“定罪”分別處理。從上面的結構例子可以看出,其實可以使用縮略結構(convicted of)表達了“犯罪”和“定罪”。故可改譯為主動或被動模式:
譯2:A person convicted of an offence under subsection(2)is liable to/maybe sentenced to a fine of not more than¥250,000for each offence.(即以被處罰人為主語)
譯3:Where a person is convicted under subsection(2),a fine of not more than¥250,000for each offence may be imposed.(即以具體的處罰為主語)
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