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        ? 首頁(yè) ? 理論教育 ?標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及其翻譯

        標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及其翻譯

        時(shí)間:2023-04-01 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:第三章 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及其翻譯Punctuation is a tool that the draftsman can ill afford to neglect.He should master it and use it as finishing device together with other typographical aids in carrying meaning.But he should not rely solely on it to do what an arrangement of words can do.It is here that punctuation marks are the most abused.——Reed Dickerson,The Fundamentals of Legal Drafting,1965:117.在前面的章節(jié)中,我們談及在援引法律淵源時(shí),我國(guó)與英美法系國(guó)家,以及英美法系國(guó)家內(nèi)部都存在差異。在司法實(shí)踐中,因標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的有無(wú)而造成巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的案件不在少數(shù)。

        第三章 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及其翻譯

        Punctuation is a tool that the draftsman can ill afford to neglect.He should master it and use it as finishing device together with other typographical aids in carrying meaning.But he should not rely solely on it to do what an arrangement of words can do.It is here that punctuation marks are the most abused.

        ——Reed Dickerson,The Fundamentals of Legal Drafting,1965:117.

        在前面的章節(jié)中,我們談及在援引法律淵源(法律與判例)時(shí),我國(guó)與英美法系國(guó)家,以及英美法系國(guó)家內(nèi)部都存在差異。如美國(guó)和加拿大的法律在援引時(shí)使用逗號(hào),而英國(guó)則不使用標(biāo)點(diǎn),而美國(guó)在援引法典時(shí)也不使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。在條款表述中,我國(guó)法律中與英美法系所使用的序列號(hào)和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),以及其他的一些情況下所使用的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)都有差異。在翻譯時(shí)是應(yīng)依照原文的表述方式,還是按照目的語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣做相應(yīng)調(diào)整呢?

        在司法實(shí)踐中,因標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的有無(wú)而造成巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的案件不在少數(shù)。例如在Anderson v.State Farm Mut.Auto.Ins.Co.(1969)270Cal.App.2d346)一案中,法院對(duì)逗號(hào)的使用進(jìn)行了分析,以決定被保險(xiǎn)人是否符合保險(xiǎn)條款的規(guī)定范圍。該保險(xiǎn)條款規(guī)定:

        Such insurance as is afforded by this policy..with respect to the owned automobile applies to use of a non-owned automobile by the named insured..and any other person or organization legally responsible for the use by the named insured..of an automobile not owned or hired by such other person or organization provided such use is with the permission of the owner or person in lawful possession of such automobile.[1]

        上訴法院認(rèn)為,從語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)法角度而言,保險(xiǎn)條款并無(wú)歧義,即被保險(xiǎn)人屬于保險(xiǎn)條款規(guī)定的保險(xiǎn)范圍,盡管她是在未經(jīng)許可的情況駕駛別人的車而受傷。[2]除應(yīng)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境做其他解釋外,限制性從句應(yīng)修飾與其最近的先行詞。[3]如果在organization與provided之間有一個(gè)逗號(hào)(comma),則另當(dāng)別論,但事實(shí)是其間并未使用逗號(hào)。因此,由provided引導(dǎo)的但書只修飾除被保險(xiǎn)人之外的其他個(gè)人或組織(other person or organization)。[4]

        如果該案尚不足以凸顯標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的重要性,那另一個(gè)案件則足以讓人側(cè)目。Toronto Globe and Mail(July 8,2006)曾以“The$2-million comma”的醒目標(biāo)題刊出了下列報(bào)道:

        “It could be the most costly piece of punctuation in Canada.A grammatical blunder may force Rogers Communications Inc.to pay an extra$2.13million to use utility poles in the Maritimes after the placement of a comma in a contract permitted the deal’s cancellation.The controversial comma sent lawyers and telecommunications regulators scrambling for their English textbooks in a bitter 18-month dispute that serves as an expensive reminder ofthe importance of punctuation.”[5]

        該報(bào)道的主角Rogers Communications因一個(gè)逗號(hào)就損失了200多萬(wàn)美元。該事件的爭(zhēng)議焦點(diǎn)是合同的Section 8.1,其規(guī)定如下:

        Subject to the termination provisions of the SSA,the SSA shall be effective from the date it is made and shall continue in force for a period of five(5)years from the date it is made,and thereafter for successive five(5)year terms,unless and until terminated by one year prior to notice in writing by either party.(para.16CRTC Decision 2006-45)

        即,Rogers Communications在約定使用期限時(shí),在terms與unless之間增加了一個(gè)逗號(hào)(見畫線處),從而使加拿大廣播電視及通訊委員會(huì)(CRTC)做出下述認(rèn)定:“根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)使用的有關(guān)規(guī)則,在unless and until這一結(jié)構(gòu)前使用逗號(hào),表示其修飾前面的兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)”。[6]即如果沒有第二個(gè)逗號(hào),則可以(免費(fèi))使用5年,在該5年到期后能否續(xù)展則取決于雙方的決定,而使用該逗號(hào)后就把前面的續(xù)展有效期給限定于雙方的意思表達(dá)了。

        在我國(guó)也有類似的因句讀而涉訴的情況。例如,古時(shí)候有一老頭兒續(xù)弦,后妻生了一子。老頭兒立下遺囑:“七十老翁產(chǎn)一子人曰非是也家業(yè)盡付與女婿外人不得干預(yù)”。老頭死后,女婿與后妻就遺囑的斷句產(chǎn)生分歧。女婿認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣斷句:“七十老翁產(chǎn)一子,人曰非是也。家業(yè)盡付與女婿,外人不得干預(yù)?!钡笃拚J(rèn)為遺囑的真實(shí)意圖明顯是要將產(chǎn)業(yè)留給自己的兒子:“七十老翁產(chǎn)一子,人曰‘非’,是也,家業(yè)盡付與,女婿外人,不得干預(yù)?!倍司环?,遂告官。結(jié)果縣官與后妻的斷句法相同,后妻勝訴。

        我國(guó)古代類似的合同糾紛[7],以及上述加拿大的Rogers Communications一案那種一字千金的教訓(xùn),足以使我們重視標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。對(duì)我們從事法律翻譯的人士而言,如何處理源語(yǔ)與目的語(yǔ)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)也將決定翻譯的成敗。有學(xué)者曾撰文探討西文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和中文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之關(guān)系,指出中西標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)部分具有各自的起源和個(gè)性,部分具有共同的起源和共性,并因兩類標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)系統(tǒng)起源和特性的差異而存在同形的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不同用法的現(xiàn)象,因而存在標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的翻譯問題,隨后就將拉丁法律文獻(xiàn)翻譯為中文時(shí)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換問題,尤其探討了冒號(hào)和分號(hào)的翻譯問題。[8]該文探討的是拉丁語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換問題,但其中提及“因符號(hào)系統(tǒng)的差異必然導(dǎo)致標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)使用上的差異”這一結(jié)論,對(duì)英漢法律法規(guī)同樣適用。盡管本章內(nèi)容理應(yīng)在第四章里介紹,但基于其特殊性,單列一章,簡(jiǎn)要介紹標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的發(fā)展史,進(jìn)而對(duì)英、漢法律中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用差異進(jìn)行梳理,并對(duì)其間的轉(zhuǎn)換進(jìn)行探討。

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