◆第三章◆　選詞填空

選詞填空是一種新題型，對(duì)于考生而言，既陌生又有一定的難度，具有較強(qiáng)的區(qū)分度。該題型考一篇長(zhǎng)度為250個(gè)單詞左右的文章，在文章中去除了10個(gè)單詞，后面有15個(gè)單詞選項(xiàng)，要求考生選擇正確的單詞填入文章。主要是通過(guò)給出具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查學(xué)生的詞匯運(yùn)用和英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，考查考生對(duì)諸如連貫性、一致性、邏輯聯(lián)系等語(yǔ)篇、語(yǔ)段整體特征以及單詞在實(shí)際語(yǔ)境中的理解。備選的單詞中名詞、動(dòng)詞居多，形容詞和副詞可能會(huì)分別出現(xiàn)3～4個(gè)。新題型和原來(lái)的詞匯題相比，更注重實(shí)際運(yùn)用，從單一的一句話考查上升到對(duì)篇章的理解。

一、解題步驟與技巧

1．解題步驟

1）閱讀選項(xiàng)，詞性分類

首先要仔細(xì)閱讀選項(xiàng)?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)詞性把每個(gè)單詞進(jìn)行分類歸納，如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞各有幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

2）跳讀全文，抓住中心

接著考生應(yīng)該跳讀全文，根據(jù)首段原則以及首末句原則，迅速抓出文章的主題。判定文章主題對(duì)于篇章的整體把握具有很大的積極意義。

3）瞻前顧后，靈活選擇

在進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)，根據(jù)空格前后的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系判斷應(yīng)填入的詞性，從而大大縮小選擇范圍。根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)在邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)選擇合適的選項(xiàng)填空。

4）復(fù)讀全文，謹(jǐn)慎調(diào)整

填空完成后，再次復(fù)讀全文，自我感覺(jué)上下文是否通順、內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系是否連貫，如有問(wèn)題，仍需謹(jǐn)慎地微作調(diào)整。對(duì)于模棱兩可的空，在所選詞和所剩詞之間進(jìn)行對(duì)比，確定最后答案，確保選擇的正確性。

2．解題技巧

1）首先辨別詞性

（1）不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞可以通過(guò)詞綴來(lái)判斷（見(jiàn)后面詞綴歸納）。

（2）認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞要注意詞性的單一性和多樣性（尤其是對(duì)我們平時(shí)熟悉的單詞，更要多考慮多詞性的情況，需要在平時(shí)記憶單詞時(shí)更加關(guān)注詞性，以及一詞多義）。如must，平時(shí)熟知此詞作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但它也可作名詞：Warm clothes are a must in the mountains．（在山區(qū)，保暖的衣服是絕對(duì)必要的。）

（3）動(dòng)詞歸類要細(xì)分，是動(dòng)詞原形、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞，還是第三人稱單數(shù)，其形式需根據(jù)在句中的語(yǔ)法功能進(jìn)行判斷。

2）如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)一組近義詞或反義詞時(shí)，往往有一個(gè)是干擾選項(xiàng)。反義詞考查考生對(duì)文章語(yǔ)境色彩的辨析，只要辨析考點(diǎn)所填單詞是積極意義還是消極意義，就不難排除干擾項(xiàng)。近義詞考查的是考生對(duì)詞匯的精確理解和對(duì)詞匯搭配用法的掌握，要求辨析其細(xì)微的區(qū)別。

3）不定冠詞（a/an）幫助判斷考點(diǎn)是否為元音開頭的單詞，縮小選擇的范圍。

4）要有總體觀，不必按順序做題。先把自己最有把握的詞選出，然后刪除該選項(xiàng)，為吃不準(zhǔn)的選項(xiàng)縮小選擇范圍。

3．常用詞匯后綴

A．名詞后綴

1）-or/er/ess/crat/cis：做某件事情或職業(yè)的人或物，如worker，debtor。

2）-acy，表示“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，境遇”，如democracy，accuracy，diplomacy。

3）-ance，-ence表示“性質(zhì)，狀況，行為，過(guò)程，總量，程度”，如importance，diligence，difference，obedience。

4）-ancy，-ency，表示“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，行為，過(guò)程”，如frequency，urgency，efficiency。

5）-bility，表示“動(dòng)作，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)”，如possibility，flexibility，feasibility。

6）-dom，表示“等級(jí)，領(lǐng)域，狀態(tài)”，如freedom，kingdom，wisdom。

7）-hood，表示“資格，身份，年紀(jì)，狀態(tài)”，如childhood，manhood，falsehood。

8）-ion，-sion，-tion，-ation，-ition，表示“行為的過(guò)程，結(jié)果，狀況”，如action，solution，conclusion，destruction，expression，correction。

9）-ism，表示“制度，主義，學(xué)說(shuō)，信仰，行為”，如socialism，criticism，colloquialism，heroism。

10）-ity，表示“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，程度”，如purity，reality，ability，calamity。

11）-ment，表示“行為，狀態(tài)，過(guò)程，手段及其結(jié)果”，如treatment，movement，judgment，punishment，argument。

12）-ness，表示“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，程度”，如goodness，kindness，tiredness，friendliness。

13）-ship，表示“情況，性質(zhì)，技巧，技能及身份，職業(yè)”，如hardship，membership，friendship。

14）-th，表示“動(dòng)作，性質(zhì)，過(guò)程，狀態(tài)”，如depth，wealth，truth，length，growth。

15）-tude，表示“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，程度”，如latitude，altitude（海拔）。

16）-ure，表示“行為，結(jié)果”，如exposure，pressure，failure，procedure（手續(xù)）。

17）-grapy，表示“……學(xué)，寫法”，如biography，calligraphy，geography。

18）-ic，ics，表示“……學(xué)，……法”，如logic，mechanics，electronics，linguistics。

19）-ology，表示“……學(xué)，……論”，如biology，zoology，technology（工藝學(xué)）。

20）-nomy，表示“……學(xué)，……術(shù)”，如astronomy，economy，bionomy（生態(tài)學(xué)）。

B．形容詞后綴

1）-able，-ible，如visible，flexible。

2）名詞-ish，如foolish，bookish，selfish（注意accomplish，vanish是動(dòng)詞）。

3）-ive，如active，sensitive，productive。

4）-like，如manlike，childlike。

5）名詞-ly，如manly，fatherly，scholarly，motherly。

6）-some，如troublesome，handsome。

7）-ful，如beautiful，wonderful，helpful，truthful。

8）-ous，如dangerous，generous，courageous，various。

9）-ent，-ant，如violent，predominant。

10）-most，如foremost，topmost。

11）less，表示否定，如countless，stainless，wireless。

C．動(dòng)詞后綴

1）-ize，表示“做成，變成，……化”，如modernize，mechanize，democratize，organize。

2）-en，表示“使成為，引起，使有”，如quicken，weaken，soften，harden。

3）-fy，表示“使……化，使成”，如beautify，purify，intensify，signify，simplify。

4）-ish，表示“使，令”，如finish，abolish，diminish，establish。

5）-ate，表示“成為……，處理，作用”，如separate，operate，indicate。

D．副詞后綴

1）（形容詞）-ly：bad→badly　壞地/惡劣地；careful→carefully　小心地。

2）-wise：clock→clockwise（a．/ad．）順時(shí)針?lè)较虻模ǖ兀?；like→likewise　同樣地。

3）-wards：out→outwards　向外面地；north→northwards　向北方地。

二、選詞填空真題精講

One in six．Believe it or not，that’s the number of Americanswho struggle with hunger．Tomake tomorrow a little better，F(xiàn)eeding America，the nation’s largest　1hunger-relief organization，has chosen September as Hunger Month．As part of its 30 Ways in 30 Days program，It’s asking　2across the country to help the more than 200 food banks and 61，000 agencies in its network provide low-income individuals and families with the fuel they need to　3．

It’s the kind of work that’s done every day at St．Andrew’s Episcopal Church in San Antonio．People who　4at its front door on the first and third Thursdays of each month aren’t looking for God—they’re there for something to eat．St．Andrew’s runs a food pantry（食品室）that　5the city and several of the　6towns．Janet Drane is itsmanager．

In the wake of the　7，the number of families in need of food assistance began to grow．It is　8that49 million Americans are unsure ofwhere they will find their nextmeal．What’smost surprising is that 36% of them live in　9where at leastone adult isworking．“It used to be that one job was all you needed．”says St．Andrew’s Drane．“The people we see now have three or four part-time jobs and they’re still right on the edge　10．”

這篇2012年6月的選詞填空選自Time雜志，講述的是美國(guó)采取了一系列的食品援助行動(dòng)為低收入者提供食物，經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條讓越來(lái)越多的人陷入溫飽危機(jī)，其中甚至包括有工作的人。

1．K）domestic（形容詞辨析題）

空格處應(yīng)該填一個(gè)修飾名詞organization的形容詞?？晒┻x擇的有B）surrounding，K）domestic和N）circling。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義判斷，正確答案為domestic（“國(guó)內(nèi)的”）。

如何判斷空格處應(yīng)該填一個(gè)形容詞：

形容詞在句子中通常作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，或者作為表語(yǔ)位于be動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞的后面。

形容詞的前后最常見(jiàn)的是名詞、副詞、be動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞；也可能有比較級(jí)more或最高級(jí)most。

要注意的是，有的選項(xiàng)既可以是動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞形式，也可以視作形容詞，需要加以分辨。（如該題中的surrounding，circling等。）

例如：

Decades ago，there were only a　（1）number of drugs available，and many of them caused　（2）side effects in older people，including dizziness and fatigue．　（2007-06）

解析：（1）空格處前有冠詞a，后有名詞number，因此此處需要一個(gè)表示程度的形容詞來(lái)修飾number，答案為limited（“有限的”）。

（2）此處需要一個(gè)形容詞修飾后面的名詞side effects。根據(jù)上下文，這些藥物會(huì)引起如頭暈、疲勞等副作用，答案為significant（“重大的、顯著的”）。

2．M）communities（名詞辨析題）

空格處應(yīng)該填一個(gè)名詞，作動(dòng)詞asking的賓語(yǔ)；通過(guò)空格后的across the country，推斷空格處可能是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，在communities和households之間作出選擇，應(yīng)選communities（“社區(qū)”“團(tuán)體”）。

如何判斷空格處應(yīng)該填一個(gè)名詞：

名詞在句子中通常作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)（包括動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)和介詞的賓語(yǔ)），如果判斷句子缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，空白處就可以在名詞中尋找。

名詞前常常有冠詞或形容詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾（可根據(jù)a/an縮小選擇名詞的范圍，an接元音音節(jié)開始的名詞）；及物動(dòng)詞后面也常接名詞。

空白處前面是介詞，空白處充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，這種情況下，空白處也可能是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞。

可以從所需名詞是用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)形式，來(lái)縮小所選名詞的范圍。

例如：

Thismodern　for painmanagement has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which aremore effective and with fewer side effects than ever before．　?。?007-06）

解析：此處需要一個(gè)名詞作句子的主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)名詞是單數(shù)，且可以與介詞for搭配。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞lead to后面表示的是結(jié)果，即帶來(lái)了眾多比以前更有效，而且副作用更小的創(chuàng)新療法。那么主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是原因，即現(xiàn)代人們對(duì)于疼痛治療的重視。答案為respect，它除了表示“尊重，尊敬”外，還有“重視”的意思。

3．A）survive（動(dòng)詞辨析題）

空格前面有need to，由此判斷空格處應(yīng)該是填一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的原形。通過(guò)上下文語(yǔ)境，在A）survive，H）gather和O）accumulate這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中作出選擇，“為低收入者提供使他們得以生存的食物”，故survive（“生存”“幸存”）為正解。

4．H）gather（動(dòng)詞辨析題）

定語(yǔ)從句中缺少謂語(yǔ)，因此空格處需要填入動(dòng)詞。主語(yǔ)是people，時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，由此判斷空格處應(yīng)是動(dòng)詞原形。在H）gather和O）accumulate二者之間，根據(jù)語(yǔ)義判斷出正確答案應(yīng)是gather（“聚集”）。

5．C）serves（動(dòng)詞辨析題）

定語(yǔ)從句中缺少謂語(yǔ)，因此空格處需要填入動(dòng)詞。定語(yǔ)從句先行詞是單數(shù)（a food pantry），時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，由此判斷空格處應(yīng)是動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)，在選項(xiàng)中直接鎖定serves（“為……服務(wù)”）。

如何判斷空格處應(yīng)該填一個(gè)動(dòng)詞：

動(dòng)詞在句子中通常作謂語(yǔ)（包括主句或從句的謂語(yǔ)）或者以分詞的形式（-ing或-ed）出現(xiàn)作主句的伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

動(dòng)詞前面最常見(jiàn)的是名詞、代詞、介詞和副詞。名詞、代詞充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。介詞或副詞常常和動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成搭配，形成短語(yǔ)。

動(dòng)詞后面有時(shí)也可以跟名詞或形容詞，構(gòu)成主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

空白處前有to，應(yīng)特別注意它是不定式標(biāo)志的to還是介詞to，如果是前者，則空白處應(yīng)為動(dòng)詞原形；如果是后者，則空白處應(yīng)為動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。

確定空白處需要?jiǎng)釉~之后，根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷空白處動(dòng)詞的具體形式（原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞）。

例如：

Years ago，doctors often said thatpain was a normal partof life．In particular，when older patients　of pain，they were told itwas a natural partof aging and they would have to learn to live with it．　?。?007-06）

解析：句子缺少謂語(yǔ)，因此空格處需要填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。這個(gè)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是過(guò)去式，而且可以與介詞of搭配，答案為complained（“抱怨”）。

6．B）surrounding（形容詞辨析題）

空格前面是定冠詞the，空格后面是名詞towns，由此判斷空格處需要形容詞修飾后面的名詞。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，“圣安德魯教堂管理的食品室為城市和……的城鎮(zhèn)服務(wù)”，推斷出surrounding（“周圍的”）為正確答案。

7．F）recession（名詞辨析題）

空格前面是定冠詞the，可知此處需要一個(gè)名詞，應(yīng)在F）recession，G）households 和L）competition之間作出選擇。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，“需要食物資助的家庭數(shù)量在增加”，其原因（in the wake of…“隨著……而來(lái)，作為……的結(jié)果”）應(yīng)該是recession（“經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退”）。

8．E）reported（動(dòng)詞辨析題）

本句使用的是It is…that句型，其中it作形式主語(yǔ)，is后面應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式或形容詞作表語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的是真正的主語(yǔ)。在D）reviewed和E）reported進(jìn)行選擇，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，that后引導(dǎo)出的是一則報(bào)道的信息，故此處選擇reported（“報(bào)道”）最為恰當(dāng)，It is reported that…（“據(jù)報(bào)道”）是常用句型。

9．G）households（名詞辨析題）

空格處前面是一個(gè)介詞in，后面是由where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，判斷空格處需要一個(gè)名詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，“讓人吃驚的是這些人中36%的家庭都至少有一個(gè)成年人在工作”，由此推斷出households（“家庭”）最恰當(dāng)。

10．J）financially（副詞辨析題）

句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，空格位于句尾，因此判斷空格處需要填入一個(gè)副詞。在I）formally和J）financially之間進(jìn)行選擇。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，“以前的人有一份工作就夠了，現(xiàn)在的人打三四份工還有溫飽危機(jī)”，故financially（“經(jīng)濟(jì)上、財(cái)政上”）是正確答案。

如何判斷空格處應(yīng)該填一個(gè)副詞：

副詞在句子中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。副詞可以修飾的詞只有形容詞和動(dòng)詞，放在其前后均可。

副詞還可以作整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ)，表示上下文句子的轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等邏輯關(guān)系，可以通過(guò)上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系作出判斷。

句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整的情況下，空格處首先考慮副詞，且其位置經(jīng)常在句首或句尾。

副詞也可以和動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成固定搭配的短語(yǔ)。

例如：

Times have changed．Today，we take pain________．Indeed，pain is now considered the fifth vital sign，as important as blood pressure，temperature，breathing rate and pulse in determining a person’swell-being．　　　　　?。?007-06）

解析：句子主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整，此處需要一個(gè)副詞修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞take。結(jié)合上下文提到的人們對(duì)于疼痛的前后態(tài)度對(duì)比，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在人們開始認(rèn)真對(duì)待疼痛。此處選擇seriously（“嚴(yán)肅地、認(rèn)真地”）。Take…seriously（“重視，認(rèn)真對(duì)待……”）也是一個(gè)?？嫉墓潭ù钆?。

三、選詞填空練習(xí)

Exercise One

A bookless life is an incomplete life．Books influence the depth and breadth of life．They meet the natural　1for freedom，for expression，for creativity and beauty of life．Learners，therefore，must have books，and the right type of book，for the satisfaction of their need． Readers turn　2to books because their curiosity concerning allmanners of things，their eagerness to share in the experiences of others and their need to　3from their own limited environment lead them to find in books food for themind and the spirit．Through their reading they find a deeper significance to life as books acquaint them with life in the world as it was and it is now．They are presented with a　4of human experiences and come to　5other ways of thought and living．And while　6their own relationships and responses to life，the readers often find that the　7in their stories are going through similar adjustments，which help to clarify and give significance to their own．

Books provide　8material for readers’imagination to grow．Imagination is a valuable quality and amotivating power，and stimulates achievement．While enriching their imagination，books　9their outlook，develop a fact-finding attitude and train them to use leisure 10．The social and educational significance of the readers’books cannot be overestimated in an academic library．

A）abundant　B）characters　C）communicating D）completely　E）derive

F）desire　G）diversity　H）escape　I）establishing　J）narrow

K）naturally　L）personnel　M）properly　N）respect　O）widen

Exercise To

Every year in the firstweek ofmy English class，some students inform me thatwriting is too hard．They never write，unless assignments　1it．They find the writing process　2 and difficult．

How awful to be able to speak in a language but not to write in it—　3English，with its rich vocabulary．Being able to speak but notwrite is like living in an　4mansion（豪宅）and never leaving one small room．When Imeet students who think they can’t write，I know as a teachermy　5is to show them the rest of the rooms．My task is to build fluency while providing the opportunity inherent in any writing activity to　6the moral and emotional development ofmy students．One greatway to do this is by having studentswrite in a journal in class every day．

Writing ability is like strength training．Writing needs to be done　7just like exercise；just as muscles grow stronger with exercise，writing skills improve quickly with writing practice．Ioften see a rise in student confidence and　8after only a few weeks of journal writing．

Expressing oneself in writing is one of the most important skills I teach to strengthen the whole student．When my students practice journal writing，they are practicing for their future academic，political，and　9lives．They build skills so that some day they might write a greatnovel，a piece of sorely needed legislation，or the perfect love letter．Every day that they write in their journals puts them a step　10to fluency，eloquence（雄辯），and command of language．

A）closer　B）daily　C）emotional　D）enhance　E）enormous

F）especially　G）hinder　H）mission　I）painful　J）performance

K）profession　L）remarkably　M）require　N）sensitive　O）urge

Exercise Three

In familieswith twoworking parents，fathersmay havemore impacton a child’s language development thanmothers，a new study suggests．

Researchers　192 families from 11 child care centersbefore their children were a year old，interviewing each to establish income，level of education and child care arrangements．Overall，itwas a group ofwell-educatedmiddle-class families，withmarried parents both living in the home．

When the children were 2，researchers videotaped them athome in free-play sessionswith both parents，　2all of their speech．The study will appear in the November issue of The Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology．

The scientistsmeasured the　3number of utterance（話語(yǔ)）of the parents，the number of differentwords they used，the complexity of their sentences and other　4of their speech．On average，fathers spoke less than mothers did，but they did not differ in the length of utterances or proportion of questions asked．

Finally，the researchers　5the children’s speech at age 3，using a standardized language test．The only predictors of high scores on the test were the mother’s level of education，the　6of child care and the number of differentwords the father used．

The researchersare　7why the father’s speech，and not themother’s，had an effect．

“It’s well　8that the mother’s language does have an impact，”said Nadya Pancsofar，the lead author of the study．It could be that the high-functioning mothers in the study had　9had a strong influence on their children’s speech development，Ms．Pancsofar said，“or itmay be thatmothers are　10in a way we didn’tmeasure in the study．”

A）already　B）analyzed　C）aspects　D）characters　E）contributing

F）describing　G）established　H）quality　I）quoted　J）recording

K）recruited　L）total　M）unconscious　N）unsure　O）yet

ExerciseFour

When we think of green buildings，we tend to think of new ones—the kind of high-tech，solar-paneled masterpieces thatmake the covers of architecture magazines．But the U．S．has more than 100 million existing homes，and itwould be　1wasteful to tear them all down and　2them with greener versions．An enormous amount of energy and resourceswent into the construction of those houses．And itwould take an average of 65 years for the　3carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home tomake up for the resources lost by destroying an old one．So in the broadest　4，the greenesthome is the one thathas already been built．But at the same time，nearly half of U．S．carbon emissions come from heating，cooling and　5 our homes，offices and other buildings．“You can’t deal with climate change without dealing with existing buildings，”says Richard Moe，the president of the National Trust．

With some　6，the oldest homes tend to be the least energy-efficient．Houses built before 1939 use about 50% more energy per square foot than those built after 2000，mainly due to the tiny cracks and gaps that　7over time and let inmore outside air．

Fortunately，there are a　8number of relatively simple changes that can green older homes，from　9ones like Lincoln’s Cottage to your own postwar home．And efficiency upgrades（升級(jí)）can save more than just the earth；they can help　10property owners from rising power costs．

A）accommodations　B）clumsy　C）doubtful　D）exceptions E）expand

F）historic　G）incredibly　H）powering　I）protect　J）reduced

K）replace　L）sense　M）shifted　N）supplying　O）vast

Exercise Five

What determines the kind of person you are？What factorsmake you more or less bold，intelligent，or able to read amap？All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were　1．The study of how genes and environment interact to influence　2activity is known as behavioral genetics．Behavioral genetics has made important　3to the biological revolution，providing information about the extent to which biology influencesmind，brain and behavior．

Any research that suggests that　4to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial．Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can　5based on something that is beyond your control，such as your genes？It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex，race and eye color．But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced，how　6they are，or what career they are likely to choose？A concern of psychological scientists is the　7to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture（養(yǎng)育），by genetic makeup and the environment．Increasingly，science　8that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits．From this perspective，people are born　9like undeveloped photographs：The image is already captured，but theway it　10appears can vary based on the developmentprocess．However，the basic picture is there from the beginning．

A）abilities　B）achieve　C）appeal　D）complaints　E）contributions

F）displayed　G）essentially　H）eventually　I）extent　J）indicates

K）proceeds　L）psychological　M）raised　N）smart　O）standard

ExerciseSix

The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth，scientists said yesterday．

While elderly people　1to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger，this has a（n）　2effecton their brain’s performance and they would benefit from gettingmore，according to research．

Sean Drummond，a psychiatrist（心理醫(yī)生）at the University of California，San Diego，said that older people aremore likely to suffer from broken sleep，while younger people are better at sleeping　3straight through the night．

More sleep in old age，however，is　4with better health，andmostolder peoplewould feel better and more　5if they slept for longer periods，he said．

“The ability to sleep in one chunk（整塊時(shí)間）overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to　6well does not change，”Dr．Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego．

“It’s　7amyth thatolder people need less sleep．Themore healthy an older adult is，themore they sleep like they did when they were　8．Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from　9to get asmuch sleep as they did in their 30s．That’s　10from person to person，but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount as we need at 75．”

A）alert　B）associated　C）attracting　D）cling　E）continuing

F）definitely　G）different　H）efficiently　I）formally　J）function

K）mixed　L）negative　M）sufficient　N）tend　O）younger

ExerciseSeven

With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2，050，researchers，businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）and jobs．Underlying all this　1will be the demand for energy，which is expected to double over the next 40 years．

Finding the resources tomeet this demand in a　2，sustainable way is the cornerstone（基石）of our nation’s energy security，and will be one of the major　3of the 21st century．Alternative forms of energy—bio-fuels，wind and solar，to name a few—are　4 being funded and developed，and will play a growing　5in theworld’s energy supply．But experts say that，even when　6，alternative energy sourceswill likelymeetonly about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2，050．

For example，even with　7investments，such as the　93 million for wind energy development　8in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act，important alternative energy sources such aswind and bio-fuels　9only about 1% of themarket today．

Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of　10—both traditional and alternative．

A）stable　B）solutions　C）significant　D）role　E）progress

F）marvelous　G）included　H）growth　I）exactly　J）consist

K）comprise　L）competitions　M）combined　N）challenges　O）certainly