高頻單詞英語短文
4.3 形合與意合
英語造句常用各種形式手段連接詞、語、分句或從句,注重顯性接應(yīng)(overt cohesion),注重句子形式,注重結(jié)構(gòu)完整。漢語造句少用甚至不用形式連接手段,注重隱性連貫(covert coherence),注重邏輯事理順序,注重功能和意義,注重以神統(tǒng)形。英語中起連接作用的詞語甚多,不僅包括像and,or,but,if,when等連詞,還包括副詞(如therefore,hence,consequently)、形容詞(如next,final)、代詞(如another,still another,this,that)、各種短語(如介詞短語in a word,in short,at least,for example,in addition,by contrast;形容詞短語more than,rather than;動(dòng)詞短語to sum up,to put it another way,to be more exact)以至短句(如that is to say)。漢語中也不是沒有相關(guān)的連接詞語,不過,使用頻率低得多。比如,《天凈沙》原文“意合”特點(diǎn)非常明顯,如果加上一些連接詞,其節(jié)奏與美感便會(huì)大打折扣:枯藤(和)老樹(和)昏鴉,小橋(和)流水(和)人家,古道(和)西風(fēng)(和)瘦馬,(在)夕陽西下(之時(shí)),(卻有)斷腸人在天涯。下面來看一些翻譯實(shí)例,請(qǐng)注意英語句子中的斜體部分。
原文:If winter comes,can spring be far behind?
譯文:冬天來了,春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)么?
原文:As water can float a ship,so can it swallow the ship.
譯文:水能載舟,亦能覆舟。
原文:Put into an old Chinese proverb,it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.
譯文:用一句古老的中國諺語來說:事非經(jīng)過不知難。
原文:If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease,it is called secondary hypertension.
譯文:某種其他疾病伴發(fā)的高血壓,稱為繼發(fā)性高血壓。
原文:He had a disconcerning habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
譯文:他有一種令人難堪的習(xí)慣:一會(huì)兒一個(gè)看法,自相矛盾,變化無常。
原文:Change of information,if any,concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.
譯文:本節(jié)內(nèi)容如有更改,均見本書末附錄。
原文:It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth,and some of them their lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
譯文:那上個(gè)天氣晴朗、金黃可愛的秋天,美好的秋色為那些青年們送別。待到戰(zhàn)后和平時(shí)期,黃葉紛飛的秋天再度來臨時(shí),當(dāng)日的青年已經(jīng)失去了青春,有的喪失了生命。
原文:酒醉智昏
譯文:When wine is in,wit is out.
原文:欲蓋彌彰
譯文:The more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed.
原文:上梁不正下梁歪。
譯文:If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant./When those above behave unworthily,those below will do the same.
原文:聰明一世,糊涂一時(shí)。
譯文:Smart as a rule,but this time a fool.
原文:種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆。
譯文:As you sow,so will you reap.
原文:前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
譯文:While the prospects are bright,the road has twists and turns.
原文:發(fā)展體育運(yùn)動(dòng),增強(qiáng)人民體質(zhì)。
譯文:Promote physical culture and build up the people's health.
原文:不入虎穴,焉得虎子?
譯文:If one does not enter the tiger's den,how can he get a tiger's cub?
原文:跑得了和尚跑不了廟。
譯文:The monks may run away,but never can their temple.
原文:(杭州)西湖如明鏡,千峰凝翠,洞壑幽深,風(fēng)光綺麗。
譯文:Lake is like a mirror,embellished with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.
值得一提的是,英語重形合并不表明它就沒有意合句,愷撒的名言“I came,I saw,I conquered.”就是典型的意合表達(dá)。在語言發(fā)展的早期階段,一個(gè)簡單的思想就用一個(gè)詞、詞組或句子來表示,在此基礎(chǔ)上又有了第二個(gè)意思,就用第二個(gè)詞、詞組或句子來表示。如果這第二個(gè)思想與第一個(gè)思想有某種邏輯關(guān)系,如因果、條件、讓步、時(shí)間等,則把第二個(gè)放到第一個(gè)的后面。往往是原因在前,結(jié)果在后;條件在前,結(jié)果在后;時(shí)間早的在前,時(shí)間晚的在后;讓步在前,結(jié)果在后。這樣就形成了復(fù)合的句子,這就是意合。但是意合的句子無形式標(biāo)志,有時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義。因此,后來就有了標(biāo)示各種關(guān)系的連接詞出現(xiàn),這就出現(xiàn)了形合?,F(xiàn)代英語中有許多從古英語或中古英語中遺留下來的諺語、成語仍是意合句,例如:Man proposes,God disposes./No discord,no concord./No pains,no gains./Easy come,easy go./Out of sight,out of mind./First come,first served./Like father,like son./Nothing venture,nothing gain.
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